WlADOMOSCI PARAZYTOLOGICZNE T. VII, NR 4/516, 1961
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CARYOPHYLLAE- IDAE (CESTOIDEA) AND THEIR VERTEBRATE HOSTS
BY
JOHN S. MACKIEWICZ*
Neuchatel, Suisse
Since the discovery of the first caryphyllaeid in North America by Linton in 1893, numerous other species have been descri:bed from North American freshwater fish. Subsequent work has been almost entirely of a systematic nature. More than anyone -else, Hunter (1927) has contribu- ted the most to our understanding of the North American Caryophyllaei- dae, in fact the group as a whole. Other workes include Linton (1893, 1897), Cooper (1920), Lamont (1921), Lyster (1940), Fischthal (1951, 1953, 1954), Haderlie (1953), Anthony (1958). The following summary is com- piled from the literature and thus the quantitative aspects may not reflect the actual situation.
As of June 1, 1961 the number of genera and species from North Ame- rica as reported in the literature is:
Subfamily
Caryophyllaeinae , Capingentinae
Lytocestinae
Number of
I . . genera
!
spec1es7 3 1
15 3 1
Of the 11 genera, the following can be said:
1. 6 are monotypie and have been reported only from North America;
they are Capingens, Hunter, 1927; Pseudolytocestus, Hunter, 1929; Spar- toides, Hunter, 1929; Pliovitellaria, Fischthal, 1951; Bialovarium, Fischthal, 1953; and Atractolytocestus, Anthony, 1958.
2. Glaridacris has the most species, 6; Biacetabulum in next with 3.
Paper read at the 7th Congress of the Polish Parasitological Society, 01s7.tyn- -Kortowo, 11-14 VI 1961.
* N.I.H. (USA) Postdoctoral Fellow.
840 J. S. MACKIEWICZ
3. Glaridacris has been reported from more hosts. about 13: Biaceta- bnlum in next with 8.
4. Except for Caryophyllaeus, a genus still poorly understood, all of the other genera, when subject to critical analysis, appear to be diffe- rent from those found anywhere else in the world. This includes Mono- bothrium and possibly Biacetabulum. The status of Archigetes remains undecided; the record of Ward (1911) is not of Archigetes.
The question of the genus remains as one of the principal problems of this group, not only in North America, but Eurasia as well. As yet stable, objective generic characters have not been found; until they are the pro- fusion of genera will continue to exist.
Regarding the 19 species the following can be said:
l. More are found in the Caryophyllaeinae (15) than any other sub- family. Capingentinae (3), Lytocestinae (1).
2. Glaridacris catostomi Cooper appears to have the widest geographi- cal distribution.
3. Glaridacris confusus Hunter is reported from more vertebrate hosts (8) than any other species. G. catostomi in next with 6.
4. No Eurasian or African species of Caryophyllaeidae have been found in Ncrth America. The record of Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Pallas) by Reh- der (1959) from Cyprinus carpio in Iowa involves an undescribed species, now in press.
Most of the species appear to be distinct enough so that the problem of synonyms is not a serious one as yet. However, the fact that as many as 4 species may occur in the same host at the same time has lead to some confusion in determinations. For this reason and others it is impossible to compile from the literature reliable distribution and host records.
Examples of most described species from N orth America can be found in the U. S. National Museum Helminthological Collection, Agricultural Re- search Center, U.S.D.A., Beltsuille, Maryland, U.S.A.
Concerning the hosts the following can be said:
l. Reliable records indicate that only freshwater fish of the families Cyprinidae and Catostomidae are naturally infected with these cestodes. Personal examination of the caryophyllaeid reported by Griffith (1953) from Tetaluridae in Washington indicates that a non-caryophyllaeid ce- stode, Cyatocephalus, in involved. The caryophyllaeids recorded from amphibia may be considered as either accidental or of highly questionable determination.
2. 13 genera and a:bout 28 species of fish have been found infected.
The majority of published records are from catostomid fish.
3. 8 genera of Caryophyllaeidae are from Catostomidae; 7 genera are from Cyprinidae.
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CARYOPHYLLAEIDAE W PÓŁNOCNEJ AMERYCE 841
4. The genera (6) of Catostomidae, with the number of fish species infected, are as follows: Catostomus, 8; Ictiobus, 3; Carpiodes, 3; Moxo- stoma, 2; Erimyzon, 2; and Hypentelium, 1.
5. The genera (7) of Cyprinidae, with the number of fish species in- fected, are as follows: Notropis, 2; the remainder each with 1 sp., Notemi- gonus, Hyborhynchus, Nocomis, Gilia, Mylocheilus, and Cyprinus.
6. The fish with the most species of caryophyllaeids is Ictiobus bu- balis (Raf.), with 6 genera and 6 species.
7. The caryophyllaeid fauna of the introduced Cyprinus carpio (L.) appears to be distinct from that of the same host in Eurasia. There do not appear to be any caryophyllaeids from the introduced species Tinca tin- ca (L.). However, more work is needed before definite statements can be made regarding the helminth fauna of these two fish.
8. Catostomus catostomus (Forster), the only catostomid fish found both in Asia and North America has had 2 sipecies of Glaridacris de- scribed from it in North America. Very 'little in known of the helmintho- fauna of the same host in Asia.
9. The data are too few to permit analysis of host-specificity problems.
At least in the case of Glaridacris, there does not appear to be a pronoun- ced host-specificity.
10. In generał the hosts are bottom feeders, often found both in streams and laikes.
Most records of caryophyllaeids are from the central and the central- eastern part of North America. More surveys must be made in the north- ern, western, and southern part of the continent before accurate patterns of distribution can be established. Preliminary investigations on Glarida- cris catostomi indicate that this species probably occurs throughout the range of its principle host, Catostomus commersoni (Lacep.) Some other species appear to be more restricted in their range.
The complete life-cycle of any North American caryophyllaeid has not been demonstrated. Experimental life-cycle work has recently (1960) been completed and is now (june, 1961) being conducted; how ever, these results are as yet unpublished.
Because most North American cyprinid and catostomid fish have not been examined systematically for parasites, there can be no doubt that new caryophyllaeid species are yet to be discovered. Until more is known of the life-cycles, intraspecific variation, and the total number of species, it is difficult to erect reliable schemes of classification and to elucidate the relationship of North American caryophyllaeids with those frorn other parts of the world.
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne z. 4·, 5, 6
Author's address:
Suisse, Neuchći.tel 17 11. Rue Emile -Argand
13
842 J. S. MACKIEWICZ
LITERATURE
1. A n t ho ny, J. D.: Atractolytocestus huronensis n. gen., n. sp. (Cestoda: Lyto- cestidae) with notes on its morphology. - Trans. Am. Microscop. Soc. 77 : 383-390, 1959.
2. Cooper, A. R.: Glaridacris catostomi n. g., n. sp., a cestodarian parasite. - Trans. Am. Microscop. Soc., 39 : 5-24, 1920.
3. Fis c h t ha I, J. H.: Pliovitellaria wisconsinensis n. g., n. sp., (Cestoda: Caryo- phyllaeidae) from Wisconsin cyprinid fish. - Jour. Parasit., 37 : 19-194, 1951.
4. Fis c h t ha I, J. H.: Hypocaryophyllaeus gilae n. sp. (Cestoda: Caryophyllaeidae) from the Utah chub. Gilia straria in' Wyoming. - Proc. of Helminth. Soc. Wash.
20: 113-117, 1953.
5. Fis c h t ha I, J. H.:Bialovarium nocomis Fischthal 1953 (Cestoda: Caryophyl- laeidae) from the Horny-head chub, Nocomis biguttatus (Kirtland). - Proc. Hel- minth. Soc. Wash. 21: 117-120. 1954.
6. Griffith, R. E.: Preliminary survey of the parasites of fish of the Polouse area. - Trans. Am. Microscop. Soc., 72 : 51-57, 1953.
7. Ha der 1 ie, E. C.: Parasites of the fresh-water fishes of northern California. - Vniv. Calif. Publ. Zool., 57 : 303-440, 1953.
8. Hu n ter. III, G. W.: 1927: Studies on the Caryophyllaeidae of North America.
III Biol. Monog., 11 : 1866 p. (Distributed May 23, 1930).
9. Lam o n t, M.: Two new parasitic flatworms. Oce. Papers Mus. Znol.. Univ.
Mich. No. 93 : 7, 1921.
10. Li n to n, E.: On fish entozoa from Yellowstone National Park. Rept. U. S.
Comm. of Fish and F'isheries for 1889 to 1891. 545-564, 1893.
11. Li n to n, E.: Notes on cestode parasite of fishes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus .. 20 : 423- -456, 1897.
12. Lyster, L. L.: Parasites of fresh-water fish II: parasitism of speckled and lake trout and the fish found associated with them in Lake Commandant. - Que. Can. Jour. Res. 18 (2, sec. D) : 66-78, 1940.
1:3. Re h der, D. D.: Some aspects of the life history of the carp, Cyprinus carpio, in the Des Moines River, Boone County. Iowa. - Iowa State .Tour. Sci. 34 (1):
11-26, 1959.
14. W ar d, H. B.: The discovery of Archigetes in' America. with a discussion of its structure and affinities. - Science N. S .. 33 : 272-273, 1911.
