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Coal Age : devoted to the operating, technical and business problems of the coal-mining industry, Vol. 31, No. 21

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McGr a w- Hi l l

P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y , I n c . D e v o te d to t h e O p e r a tin g , T e c h n ica l an d B u s in e s s

P r o b le m s o f th e C oal-M in in g I n d u str y »

Volume 31 NEW YORK, MAY 26, 1927 Number 21

The Man and the Machine

N O W H E R E has the w o r l d seen a finer d e m o n s t r a t i o n of p e r f e c t c o - o r d i n a t i o n of m a n a nd m a ­ c h i n e t h a n t h a t g i v e n by the i n c o m p a r a b l e L i n d b e r g h . H i s a c h i e v e m e n t stands o u t as one of t he m os t t h r i l l i n g a d v e n t u r e s of all t i me. As one r eads C a p t a i n L i n d b e r g h ’s o w n s tor y of his flight, told w i t h r a r e c h a r m a n d s imp l ic i ty , h e is conscious of L i n d b e r g h ’s sense of in de b te dn es s to t h a t s p l e n d i d m e c h a n i s m t h a t m a d e success possible. B a c k of this a c h i e v e m e n t lies y ea rs of t h o r o u g h g o i n g r e s e a r c h a nd e x ­ p e r i m e n t a t i o n .

G U I D E D by a w h o l e s o m e i n h e r i t a n c e t he boyish L i n d b e r g h took u p the t h r e a d s Of a v i a ti on w h e r e v e r h e f o u n d t h e m a n d a p p l i e d his i n t e ll i ge nc e to c o m ­ p l e t e his k n o w l e d g e of t he a r t a n d the science of flying. O u t of his u n d e r s t a n d ­ i n g of t h e e l eme nt s of his w o r k i n g field—

t he a i r — a n d of his w o r k i n g i n s t r u m e n t t he m a c h i n e — h e b u i l t p a t i e n t l y t o w a r d u l t i m a t e success. P e r f e c t c o - o r d i n a t i o n !

T H E C A B L E a n d the r a d i o b r i n g us this s tor y j us t as t he A m e r i c a n M i n ­ in g C o n g r e s s closes its m os t successful c o nv en t i o n. H e r e a g a i n in C i n c i n n a t i w a s d r i v e n h o m e to the g r e a t b as ic coal i n d u s t r y t h e necessity a nd v a l u e of co - or ­ d i n a t i n g m a n p o w e r a nd m a c h i n e p ow e r . T h e p r o g r a m w a s d e d i c a t e d to an analysis of p r og r e s s m a d e in t he a p p l i c a t i o n o m a c h i n e p o w e r to t he m i n i n g a n d p r e p ­

a r a t i o n of coal.

I T was a w o r k i n g c onv ent i on . O p ­ er at or s c a m e to l e a r n h o w m a c h i n e s co ul d i m p r o v e t h e i r q u a l i t y a n d r e ­ d u ce t h e i r costs. M a n u f a c t u r e r s w e r e e ag e r to s h o w h o w i n t i m a t e l y th e y h a d st ud ie d t he needs of o p e r a t i n g m e n a n d h o w w e l l p r e p a r e d t h e y ar e to p r o v i d e e q u i p m e n t d e s i gn e d to a c c o m p l i s h t h e r e ­ sults des ir ed. T h i s i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e ­ t ween the o p e r a t o r s a nd the m a n u f a c t u r e r s is b et t er u n d e r s t o o d t o d a y t h a n ever.

T H E m a c h i n e has a r r i v e d . I t r e m a i n s n o w f o r t he o p e r a t o r to d e v e l o p t h r o u g h c a r e f u l m a n a g e m e n t t he n ece s­

sary c o - o r d i n a t i o n of his m a n f orces w i t h m a c h i n e s of p r o d u c t i o n . T h e m a n u f a c ­ t ur e r s of c o a l - m i n i n g e q u i p m e n t h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e i r a b i l i t y a n d t h e i r d e ­ sire to serve t he o p e r a t o r . 1 hey, too, h a v e a r r i v e d . T h e c o n v e n t i o n e m p h a s i z e d , t h r o u g h e x h i b i t a nd p r o g r a m , t h a t the coal i n d u s t r y is in t he process of m a k i n g g r e a t strides in e c o n o m y a n d q u a l i t y of p r o d u c t i o n . I t is off to a n e w start.

A L L p r a i s e to t he A m e r i c a n M i n i n g

f \

Congress, its officers a n d associates w h o m a d e this m e e t i n g possible a n d to those m a n u f a c t u r e r s a n d o p e r a t o r s w h o i n s p i r e d the Co ng r es s to a n e w a p p r e c i a ­ tion of h o w r a p i d l y t h e i n d u s t r y is m o v ­ i n g t o w a r d c o m p l e t e r m e c h a n i z a t i o n . T h e coal i n d u s t r y in t he m i d s t of this d r a m a of c o - o r d i n a t i o n of m e n a n d m a ­ chines salutes t he g r e a t L i n d b e r g h a n d his a l m o s t h u m a n m a c h i n e .

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752 C O A L A G E VOL.31, No.21

New Id eas B o rn as U sers a n d M akers o f M ach in ery M eet a n d F ra te rn iz e at M in in g C ongress

T H E C O A L I N D U S T R Y w e n t to s c h o o l a g a in la s t w e e k f o r a n o th e r p o s t - g r a d u a t e r e v ie w in t h e la t e s t a d v a n c e s in m a n a g e ­ m e n t a n d m e c h a n iz a tio n d e s ig n e d to e n a b le t h e c o a l m in e s o f t h e c o u n tr y to b e t t e r s e r v e t h e g r e a t A m e r ic a n p u b lic .

F o r f o u r d a y s , o p e r a t in g o fficia ls fr o m c h i e f e x e c u t iv e s d o w n to m a s ­ t e r m e c h a n ic s a n d fo r e m e n th r o n g e d t h e M u s ic H a ll a t C in c in n a t i, O h io, t o li s t e n to t h e p r o g r a m o f th e F o u r t h A n n u a l C o n v e n tio n o f P r a c ­ t ic a l O p e r a t in g M en a n d to s t u d y t h e e x h ib i t s o f t h e N a t io n a l E x p o s it io n o f C oal M in e E q u ip m e n t , h e ld u n d e r t h e a u s p ic e s o f t h e A m e r ic a n M in ­ in g C o n g r e s s .

T h e y c a m e s i n g ly a n d in g r o u p s to le a r n h o w t o p r e p a r e a b e tt e r p r o d u c t f o r t h e c o n s u m e r , r e d u c e p r o d u c tio n c o s t s t h r o u g h g r e a t e r m e c h a n iz a tio n a n d m o r e e ffic ie n t o p e r a t in g p r a c t ic e s a n d to m a k e th e t a s k o f w in n in g t h e c o a l le s s h a z a r d ­

o u s f o r t h e m e n w h o t o il u n d e r ­ g r o u n d . T h e y h e a r d m e n w h o a l­

r e a d y h a d p u t t h e n e w e r m a c h in e r y to p r a c tic a l t e s t d e s c r ib e th e r e s u lt s o f t h e ir e x p e r im e n ts . T h e n t h e y s w a r m e d o u t in t o t h e tw o w in g s o f th e b u i l d in g - w h i c h h o u s e d th e e x ­ h ib i t s to s e e t h e n e w e q u ip m e n t w h ic h h a d m a d e p r o g r e s s p o s s ib le .

De l e g a t io n 3 5 Str o n g

O n e la r g e b it u m in o u s p r o d u c in g c o m p a n y t h o u g h t s o m u c h o f t h e c o n ­ v e n t io n a n d e x h ib it io n t h a t i t h a d a d e le g a t io n o f 3 5 m e n in a tt e n d a n c e . P a r t i e s o f t e n a n d t w e lv e w e r e c o m ­ m o n . M e m b e r s a n d v i s i t o r s g a th e r e d b y t h e h u n d r e d s in t h e a u d it o r iu m o f t h e h a ll to h e a r f e l lo w o p e r a t in g offi­

c ia ls d is c u s s t h e m o s t r e c e n t d e v e l­

o p m e n ts in p r e p a r a tio n , m e c h a n ic a l lo a d in g , s a f e t y , c u t t in g a n d b la s t in g . S o k e e n w a s t h e i n t e r e s t t h a t m e e t ­ i n g s r a n f a r b e y o n d t h e i r sc h e d u le d t im e . A t t h e c lo s e o f e a c h s e s s io n l i t t l e k n o ts o f e a g e r m e n su r r o u n d e d

th e s p e a k e r s a n d s u b j e c t e d th e m t o a f r i e n d ly fire o f q u e s t io n s .

A ll d a y lo n g , f r o m T u e s d a y m o r n ­ in g u n t i l F r id a y a f t e r n o o n , t h e d e le ­ g a t e s s t r e a m e d up a n d d o w n t h e a is le s o f t h e e q u ip m e n t e x p o s it io n . A r a il c la m p c a u g h t th e e y e o f o n e o p e r a t o r ; a n o t h e r v is u a liz e d th e p o s ­ s i b i l i t i e s o f a p o r ta b le e le c t r ic s a w f o r c u t t in g m in e t im b e r ; a t h ir d e x ­ a m in e d t h e n e w 2 0 -to n lo c o m o tiv e b u ilt f o r t h e B e r th a -C o n s u m e r s Co.

a n d c o m m e n te d on t h e t r e n d to w a r d r a ilr o a d p r a c t ic e in m in e lo c o m o tiv e d e s ig n .

P u m p s , a u t o m a t ic s u b s t a t io n s , v ib r a t in g s c r e e n s , m o d e ls o f c o a l- c le a n in g p la n t s , s w it c h e s a ll c la im e d a t t e n t io n . L o a d in g m a c h in e s w e r e a s p e c ia l c e n te r o f in t e r e s t to m e n w h o w e r e c o n s id e r in g t h e q u e s t io n o f w h e t h e r t h e y sh o u ld in s t a ll su c h e q u ip m e n t n o w o r w a it u n t il m o r e a d v e n tu r o u s c o m p e t it o r s h a d ta k e n t h e le a d . B o o t h s s h o w in g th e n e w e s t in s a f e t y d e v ic e s w e r e n o t n e g le c t e d .

“Uncle” Jerry Morrow

T h e h e a d o f t h e M o r r o w M a n u f a c t u r i n g ' C o. w a s p r o b a b l y t h e d e a n o f t h e c o a l m e n a t t h e C i n c i n n a t i c o n ­ v e n t i o n . B o r n 8 4 y e a r s a g o , M r . M o r r o w h a s b e e n c o n ­ n e c t e d w i t h t h e c o a l i n d u s ­ t r y f o r 52 y e a r s . H e s t a r t e d in t h e W e l l s t o n d i s t r i c t w i t h o n e m i n e r in t h e d a y s w h e n m i n i n g m a c h i n e r y w a s s t i l l l a r g e l y in t h e d r e a m s t a g e . I n r e c e n t y e a r s “ U n c l e "

J e r r y h a s b e e n d e v o t i n g h i s a t t e n t i o n t o m a n u f a c t u r i n g . H e s e r v e d in t h e U . S . N a v y d u r i n g t h e C iv il W a r .

James F. Callbreath

T h e s e c r e t a r y o f t h e A m e r i ­ c a n M i n i n g C o n g r e s s h a s s o t h o r o u g h l y i d e n t i f i e d h i m s e l f w i t h t h e w o r k a n d t h e s u c ­ c e s s o f t h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a t i t is a l m o s t i m p o s s i b l e t o t h i n k o f t h e C o n g r e s s w i t h o u t t h i n k i n g o f M r. C a l l ­ b r e a t h — in f a c t t h e n e x t g l o s s a r y o f m i n i n g p r o b a b l y w i l l m a k e t h e t e r m s s y n o n y ­ m o u s . M r. C a l l b r e a t h h a s b e e n g u i d i n g t h e d e s t i n i e s o f t h e C o n g r e s s s i n c e 1 9 0 4 . N o t t h e l e a s t o f h i s a c h i e v e m e n t s i s t h e a n n u a l C i n c i n n a t i c o n ­ v e n t i o n a n d e x p o s i t i o n .

Dr. Henry Mace Payne

A s c o n s u l t i n g e n g i n e e r a n d r i g h t - h a n d a i d t o S e c r e t a r y C a l l b r e a t h , D r . P a y n e i s k e p t b u s y i n o ffice a n d fie ld w o r k f o r t h e A m e r i c a n M i n i n g C o n g r e s s . I n r e c e n t m o n t h s h e h a s b e e n d e v o t i n g c o n ­ s i d e r a b l e t i m e t o a r o u s i n g p u b l i c i n t e r e s t in t h e m i n e r a l r e s o u r c e s o f t h e S o u t h a n d n o w a c t s a s s e c r e t a r y o f t h e S o u t h e r n D i v i s i o n o f t h e C o n g r e s s . D r . P a y n e , w h o i s w e ll k n o w n to t h e c o a l i n ­ d u s t r y , w a s v e r y m u c h o n t h e j o b d u r i n g t h e C i n c i n n a t i c o n v e n t i o n .

Ezra Yan Horn

“ F i r s t c a t c h y o u r h a r e " is a n o ld r u l e i n s u c c e s s f u l g a m e c u l i n a r y a r t . M r. V a n H o r n , w h o w a s c h a i r m a n o f t h e p r o g r a m c o m m i t t e e o f t h e C i n c i n n a t i c o n v e n t i o n , e v i d e n t l y h a s t a k e n t h a t r u l e t o h e a r t f o r h e w a s a b l e t o a s s e m b l e a b a t t a l i o n o f w o r t h - w h i l e s p e a k e r s a n d r e p o r t t h e m i n i m u m n u m b e r a .w .o .l . W h e n n o t a r r a n g ­ in g c o n v e n t i o n p r o g r a m s o r s i t t i n g in o n w a g e c o n f e r ­ e n c e s , M r. V a n H o r n is b u s y a s g e n e r a l m a n a g e r o f t h e C l a r k s o n C o a l C o.

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Ma y 2 6 ,1 9 2 7 C O A L A G E 7 5 3

N. S. Greensfelder

R e a l h i s t o r y in c o a l m i n - in g e q u i p m e n t e x p o s i t i o n s b e g a n in 1 9 2 4 a t C i n c i n n a t i w h e n t h e A m e r i c a n M i n i n g C o n g r e s s a n d t h e N a t i o n a l C o a l A s s o c i a t i o n m e t s i m u l ­ t a n e o u s l y o n t h e b a n k s o f t h e O h iô . T h e t a s k o f d i r e c t ­ i n g t h e 19 2 4 e x h i b i t f e l l to t h e l o t o f N . S . G r e e n s f e l d e r , o f t h e H e r c u l e s P o w d e r C o., w h o c a n n o w lo o k b a c k a n d r e j o i c e i n t h e g r o w t h o f t h e s h o w . M r . G r e e n s f e l d e r is o p e o f t h e t w o h o n o r a r y c h a i r m e n o f t h e M a n u f a c ­ t u r e r s ' D iv is io n .

Col. Warren R. Roberts

W h e r e v e r a n d w h e n e v e r s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f m i n i n g e q u i p m e n t o r m i n i n g p r a c t i c e i s d i s c u s s e d t h e n a m e o f C o l.

R o b e r t s c o m e s t o t h e f o r e . A s c h a i r m a n o f t h e g e n e r a l c o a l c o m m i t t e e o f t h e S t a n d ­ a r d i z a t i o n D i v i s i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a n M i n i n g C o n g r e s s , i t h a s b e e n h i s j o b t o c o ­ o r d i n a t e t h e w o r k o f t h e v a ­ r i o u s s u b c o m m i t t e e s , h e l p i n t h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d s p e e d t h e m o n t o a c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e i r l a b o r s . C o l. R o b e r t s is p r e s i d e n t o f t h e R o b e r t s &

S c h a e f e r C o ., o f C h i c a g o .

H. K. Porter

A s c h a i r m a n o f t h e M a n u ­ f a c t u r e r s ’ D i v i s i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a n M in in g C o n g r e s s , M r. P o r t e r h e a d e d t h e g r o u p t h a t w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s e l l ­ i n g t h e i d e a o f a n e x h i b i t t o t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s o f c o a l m i n i n g e q u i p m e n t . A n i n ­ c r e a s e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 25 p e r c e n t in t h e e x h i b i t s t e s t i f i e s t o t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e e f f o r t s o f M r. P o r t e r a n d h i s

■ a s s o c ia te s . M r. P o r t e r , w h o . i& c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e H y a t t R o l l e r B e a r i n g C o ., w a s r e - e l e c te d c h a i r m a n o f t h e d i v i ­ s i o n a t a m e e t i n g l a s t w e e k .

A. W. Dickinson

T h e g e n e r a l s u p e r i n t e n d e n t . o f t h e U n i o n P a c i f i c C o a l C o . w a s c a l l e d u p o n l a s t w e e k t o d o w h a t is k n o w n in p r o f e s s i o n a l c i r c l e s a s “ d o u ­ b l i n g i n b r a s s . ” H e w a s c h a i r m a n o f o n e o f t h e s e s ­ s i o n s d e v o t e d t o m e c h a n i c a l l o a d i n g a n d a l s o g a v e a s t e r e o p t i c a n t a l k o n l o a d i n g m a c h i n e s . C o m i n g f r o m o p ­ e r a t i o n s w h i c h h a v e a t ­ t r a c t e d n a t i o n w i d e a t t e n t i o n , M r . D i c k i n s o n w a s u n a b a s h e d ' b y t h e d o u b l e d u t y t h u s

t h r u s t u p o n h im .

Major W. Clay Hepburn

A m e ric a n c o a l o p e r a to r s h a v e le a r n e d m u c h f ro m E u ­ ro p e a n m in e s in th e p o s t.

E u ro p e is r e t u r n i n g th e c o m p lim e n t b y s e n d in g o v e r d e le g a tio n s o f m in in g e n g i­

n e e r s to S tu d y h o w w e d o it o n th is sid e o f th e w a t e r s T h e re w e re s e v e r a l B r itis h c o a l m e n a t th e c o n v e n U o n in C in c in n a ti l a s t w e e k . O ne o f th e s e w a s M a jo r W . C la y H e p b u r n , w h o b e lie v e s t h a t p r o g re s s is p r o m o te d b y v is its to o th e r m in e s a n d b y f r e e in te r c h a n g e o f o p in io n .

H. A. Busby

T h e p r e s i d e n t o f t h e K e y ­ s t o n e L u b r i c a t i n g C o . i s o n e o f t h e m o s t a c t i v e m e m b e r s o f t h e M a n u f a c t u r e r s D i v i ­ s i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a n M in in g C o n g r e s s a n d h i s w o r k h a s b e e n r e c o g n i z e d b y h i s e l e c ­ ti o n a n d r e - e l e c t i o n a s a v i c e - c h a i r m a n o f t h e b o a r d o f g o v e r n o r s o f t h e d i v i s i o n . M r. B u s b y is b u s y p l a n n i n g h o w t o m a k e t h e C i n c i n n a t i s h o w s t i l l m o r e s u c c e s s f u l i n t h e y e a r s t o c o m e a n d h o w b e s t t o w i d e n i t s a p p e a l t o p r a c t i c a l c o a l o p e r a t i n g m e n .

L. W. Shugg

W h e n t h e o ld e x p o s i t i o n m a n a g e r r e s i g n e d a s h o r t t i m e b e f o r e t h e n e w s h o w w a s t o b e s t a g e d , a c r y w e n t u p f r o m J e r i c h o t o S c h e n e c ­ t a d y f o r h e l p a n d L . w . S h u g g o f t h e G e n e r a l E l e c ­ t r i c C o . r e s p o n d e d t o t h e c a l l.

A f t e r h i s p e r f o r m a n c e a t C i n c i n n a t i l a s t w e e k s o m e o f t h e o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e M a n u f a c t u r e r s ' D i v i s i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a n M i n i n g C o n ­ g r e s s a r e w o n d e r i n g w h y t h e y w e r e e v e r w o r r i e d . H i s a s s o c i a t e s e x p r e s s e d a p p r e ­ c i a t i o n a t l u n c h e o n M a y 19.

C. L. Herbster

A n e x p o s i t i o n w h i c h a t ­ t r a c t s a n a t t e n d a n c e o f o v e r

3 ,0 0 0 p r a c t i c a l c o a l o p e r a t ­ in g m e n i s b o u n d t o k e e p t h o s e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e s u c ­ c e s s o f t h e s h o w o n t h e j u m p . S o C . L . H e r b s t e r , o f t h e H o c k e n s m i t h W h e e l &

M in e C a r C o ., w h o i s o n e o f t h e v i c e - c h a i r m e n o f t h e b o a r d o f g o v e r n o r s o f t h e M a n u f a c t u r e r s ' D i v i s i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a n M i n i n g C o n ­ g r e s s , w a s n o f r i e n d o f i d l e ­ n e s s y e t w o r k e d w i t h u n ­ r u f f le d g o o d h u m o r .

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754 C O A L A G E Vol.31, N o.21

T h e m in ia t u r e c o a l- d u s t e x p lo s io n s s t a g e d b y t h e U . S . B u r e a u o f M in e s a s p a r t o f it s c a m p a ig n to s p r e a d th e g o s p e l o f r o c k d u s t in g d id n o t e s c a p e n o tic e .

S o m e o p e r a to r s c a m e to t h e c o n ­ v e n t io n s e e k in g li g h t on o n e s p e c ia l p r o b le m . O th e r s w e r e on t h e lo o k ­ o u t f o r a n y t h in g w h ic h m i g h t im ­ p r o v e t h e i r p r o c e s s e s a n d r e d u c e c o s t s . T h e y w e n t s lo w ly fr o m b o o th to b o o th , e a g e r to le a r n w h a t t h e 120 m a n u f a c t u r e r s s e r v i n g th e in d u s t r y h a d to o ffe r . T h e y c a m e fr o m e v e r y im p o r t a n t c o a l- p r o d u c in g d is t r ic t in t h e U n it e d S t a t e s a n d fr o m a b r o a d .

“ Un c l e” Jer r y Morrow

T h e r e w e r e g r e y - b e a r d s lik e

“ U n c le ” J e r r y M o r r o w , w h o s t a r t e d in t h e in d u s t r y in O h io 5 2 y e a r s a g o w it h o n ly o n e m in e r . “ U n c le ” J e r r y , s e r e n e w it h t h e c a lm o f h is 8 4 y e a r s , lo o k s b a ck on t h e d e v e lo p m e n ts in m e r c h a n iz a t io n fr o m th e d im d a y s w h e n a ll la b o r w a s p h y s ic a l a n d th e p ic k a n d s h o v e l r e p r e s e n t e d t h e b u lk o f t h e c o a l- m in in g e q u ip m e n t. A n d b e c a u s e th e in d u s t r y h a s tr a v e le d so f a r , h e i s s u r e t h a t i t w ill t r a v e l s t ill f a r t h e r .

T h e n t h e r e w e r e t h e y o u n g e r m en , s o m e o f th e m f r e s h fr o m t h e la b o r a ­

t o r i e s o f t h e e x p e r im e n t s t a t io n s an d t h e m i n in g s c h o o ls , c r a m m e d w it h t h e n e w e r t e c h n iq u e a n d a l i t t l e im ­ p a t ie n t , p e r h a p s , o f r e m e a s u r in g th e w a t e r a lr e a d y o v e r t h e d a m . T o th e m m o s t o f t h e im p r o v e m e n t in m e t h o d s a n d e q u ip m e n t d is c u s s e d a t t h e c o n ­ v e n t io n w e r e a n old s t o r y . T h e y w e r e s t r a in i n g to p r e s s f o r w a r d to g r e a t e r a c h ie v e m e n ts .

B u t w h e t h e r v e t e r a n s o r j u n io r s in th e s e r v ic e e v e r y m a n p r e s e n t w a s f u l ly a liv e to t h e f a c t t h a t t h e in d u s ­ t r y is r u n n in g a r a c e b e tw e e n t h e in ­ c r e a s e d c o s t s in v o lv e d in t u r n i n g o u t a fin e r p r o d u c t f r o m t h e to p w o r k s a n d th e r e d u c t io n s p o s s ib le in u n d e r ­ g r o u n d c o s t s t h r o u g h th e w id e r u s e o f m e c h a n ic a l e q u ip m e n t, e s p e c ia lly t h e lo a d in g m a c h in e , a n d t h e g r e a t e r e m p lo y m e n t o f t h e f a c t o r y p r in c ip le o f p la n n e d p r o d u c tio n .

T h e d e m a n d s o f t h e p u b lic , i t w a s p o in t e d o u t in t h e s e s s io n s d e v o te d t o t h e c o n s id e r a t io n o f p r e p a r a tio n , a r e b e c o m in g m o r e e x a c t in g . T h e d a y o f s e l li n g c o a l “ a s i s ” h a s v a n ­ is h e d . W a r t im e c o n d it io n s t a u g h t t h e in d u s t r ia l c o n s u m e r m u c h -n e e d e d le s s o n s in t h e m o r e e ffic ie n t u t i li z a ­ t io n o f f u e l . C o m p e titio n b e tw e e n c o a ls a n d b e tw e e n c o a l a n d o th e r f o r m s o f f u e l in b o th t h e d o m e s tic

a n d in d u s t r ia l d iv i s i o n s o f t h e tr a d e h a s fo r c e d t h e d e m a n d f o r h ig h e r s t a n d a r d s o f s i z i n g a n d o f c le a n in g .

A s a r e s u lt, b it u m in o u s co a l, n o le s s th a n an th x -a cite, is r a p id ly b e ­ c o m in g a c u s t o m -ta ilo r e d p r o d u c t.

T h e px'oducer w h o h o p e s to s u r v iv e t h e c o m p e t it iv e s c r a m b le m u s t k n o w in t im a t e ly t h e r e q u ir e m e n t s o f h is c u s t o m e r s a s to s iz e , a s h c o n t e n t a n d o th e r f a c t o r s . H e is f a c e d , to o w it h t h e p i-ob lem o f d e c id in g w h e t h e r t h e a d d it io n a l c o s t n e c e s s a i-y t o p r e p a r e t h e c o a l in t h e m a n n e r w h ic h w ill w in t h e a t t e n t io n o f t h e c o n s u m e r c a n b e a d d e d to t h e s e l li n g p r ic e o r w h e t h e r i t m u s t b e a b so i'b e d in r e d u c tio n s in p i-o d u c tio n c o s t s in s o m e o th e r d ir e c ­ t io n .

So m e Do u b t Ex p r e s s e d

S o m e o f t h e sp e a k e i-s s e e m e d in d o u b t a s to t h e p o s s ib ilit y o f p u t t in g t h e in c r e a s e d c o s t w h e r e i t b e lo n g e d . B u t t h i s w a s n o t t h e u n iv e i's a l v ie w . J . W illia m W e tt e r , g e n e r a l m a n a g e r o f t h e b it u m in o u s o p e r a t io n s o f M a ­ d e ir a , H ill & C o., p io n e e i’s in t h e a d o p tio n o f t h e s a n d flo ta tio n p r o c e s s f o r t h e p r e p a r a tio n o f b it u m in o u s co a l, s p e a k in g fi-o m t h e e x p e r ie n c e o f 19 m o n t h s ’ o p e r a tio n , d u r in g w h ic h t h e R o e k h ill m in e s h a d s h ip p e d o v e r F. J. Maple

O n e r e a s o n t h e c o a l m i n i n g s h o w o f t h e A m e r i c a n M i n ­ i n g C o n g r e s s is s o s u c c e s s ­ f u l i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e m a n ­ u f a c t u r e r s w h o a s s u m e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p u t t i n g i t o v e r k n o w t h e r o p e s . T a k e P . J . M a p le , o f t h e J o h n A . R o e b l i n g s ’ S o n s C o ., o n e o f t h e v i c e - c h a i r m e n o f t h e M a n u f a c t u r e r s ’ D i v i s i o n . L i k e h i s a s s o c i a t e s o n t h e b o a r d o f g o v e r n o r s , M r . M a p l e w a s m o d e s t t o t h e p o i n t o f r e t i c e n c e in d i s c u s s ­

i n g h i s o w n a c h i e v e m e n t s :

“ t h e s h o w ’s t h e t h i n g ” s e e m e d t o b e t h e i r m o t t o .

Joseph D. Zook

T h e v i c e - p r e s i d e n t a n d g e n ­ e r a l m a n a g e r o f t h e O ’G a r a C o a l C o ., w h o w a s c h a i r m a n o f o n e o f t h e s e s s i o n s d e ­ v o t e d to c o a l p r e p a r a t i o n , e n t e r e d t h e c o a l b u s i n e s s v i a t h e r a i l r o a d r o u t e . P r i o r t o j o i n i n g t h e O ’G a r a C o .. M r.

Z o o k w a s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e t r a f f i c d e p a r t m e n t o f t h e C h i ­ c a g o , B u r l i n g t o n & Q u i n c y I t . R . H i s n a t a l d a y — b u t n o t t h e y e a r — is t h e s a m e a s t h a t o f T h o m a s A . E d i s o n — a n d i t is a m a t t e r o f h i s t o r y t h a t b o t h b e g a n t h e i r c a r e e r s a t t h e t e l e g r a p h k e y . A b r i d g e p l a y e r ? W e l l , y e s .

Robert M. Lambie

H a v e y o u s e e n “ B o b ” L a m b i e ? W e a d d r e s s e d a W e s t V i r g i n i a c o a l o p e r a t o r in C o n v e n t i o n H a l l . “ N o ,”

s a i d t h e o p e r a t o r , “ I d o n ’t s e e h o w h e c a n h a v e e n e r g y l e f t f o r C i n c i n n a t i a f t e r a l l t h e r e s c u e w o r k h e h a s b e e n t h r o u g h d u r i n g t h e p a s t f e w w e e k s . ” B u t “ B o b ” c a m e . H o s t s .o f f r i e n d s g r e e t e d h im . T h e y a l w a y s d o w h e r e v e r h e g o e s . T h e r e is s o m e t h i n g g e n u i n e a b o u t t h e c h i e f o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f M i n e s o f W e s t V i r g i n i a t h a t a p p e a l s t o t h e m e n in t h e c o a l i n ­ d u s t r y i n e v e r y s t a t e .

Erskine Ramsay

T h e r e m u s t b e s o m e t h i n g in h e r e d i t y . T h e f a t h e r o f E r s k i n e R a m s a y , c h a i r m a n o f t h e b o a r d o f t h e A l a b a m a C o k e C o r p o r a t i o n , s u n k t h e f i r s t s h a f t m i n e w e s t o f t h e A l l e g h e n y M o u n t a i n s . T h e s o n , w h o h a s b e e n i d e n t i f i e d w i t h S o u t h e r n m i n i n g o p e r a ­ t i o n s f o r o v e r t h i r t y y e a r s , a l s o h a s b e e n a p i o n e e r in t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d d e v e l ­ o p m e n t o f n e w p r o c e s s e s a n d n e w e q u i p m e n t , i n c l u d i n g t h e f i r s t m u l t i p l e - c a r o r t r i p d u m p e r , w h ic h w a s b u i l t b y t h e T e n n e s s e e C o a l , i r o n &

R a i l r o a d C o.

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May 2 6 ,1 9 2 7 C O A L A G E 755

1,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 t o n s o f c o a l p r e p a r e d b y t h i s p r o c e s s , w a s e m p h a t ic in h is d e c la r a t io n t h a t t h e p r e p a r a tio n h ad b e e n a c o m m e r c ia l s u c c e s s . T h e b e t ­ t e r p r e p a r a tio n , h e d e c la r e d , h a d b r o u g h t w id e r m a r k e t s a n d in c r e a s e d p r ic e s .

T h e r e s p e c t iv e a d v a n t a g e s o f th e w e t a n d d r y c le a n i n g p r o c e s s e s , sa n d flo ta tio n , p n e u m a t ic s e p a r a t io n an d t h e o ld e r t y p e s o f s c r e e n in g w e r e th o r o u g h ly d is c u s s e d b y th e v a r io u s s p e a k e r s a t t h e s e s s io n s p r e s id e d o v e r b y H o w a r d N . E a v e n s o n , H . N .

^ E aven son a n d A s s o c ia t e s , P it t s b u r g h , P a .; D r . J . J . R u tle d g e , c h ie f m in in g

e n g in e e r , M a r y la n d S t a t e B u r e a u o f M in e s , B a ltim o r e , M d., a n d J o se p h D . Z ook , v ic e - p r e s id e n t a n d g e n e r a l m a n a g e r , O’G a ra C oal Co., C h ic a g o . T h e v a r io u s p a p e r s p r e s e n t e d a r e r e ­ v ie w e d in g r e a t e r d e ta il e ls e w h e r e in t h i s is s u e o f C o a l A g e .

T h r e e s e s s io n s w e r e d e v o te d to m e c h a n ic a l lo a d in g . T h a t t h i s is a s u b j e c t in w h ic h in c r e a s in g n u m b e r s o f c o a l o p e r a to r s a r e t a k i n g a d eep in t e r e s t w a s in d ic a te d b y t h e la r g e a tt e n d a n c e a t t h e m e e t in g s a n d th e c o n s id e r a t io n g iv e n t h e e x h ib i t s o f lo a d in g m a c h in e s . In d e e d , o n e o p er- . a to r e x p r e s s e d r e g r e t t h a t t h e r e w e r e n o t m o r e t y p e s o f lo a d in g m a c h in e s

on d is p la y . D r. L . E . Y o u n g , v ic e - p r e s id e n t in c h a r g e o f o p e r a tio n s , P it t s b u r g h C oal C o., P it t s b u r g h , P a .;

A . W . D ic k in s o n , g e n e r a l s u p e r in ­ t e n d e n t , U n io n P a c ific C oal C o., R ock S p r in g s , W y o ., a n d D r . A . C. C allen , p r o f e s s o r o f m in in g , U n iv e r s i t y o f I llin o is , U r b a n a , 111., a c te d a s c h a ir ­ m e n o f t h e s e s s io n s on m e c h a n ic a l lo a d in g .

D o u b t in g T h o m a s e s w h o h a v e h e ld t h a t p h y s ic a l c o n d it io n s m u s t be

“ id e a l” b e f o r e a s u c c e s s f u l a p p lic a ­ t io n o f lo a d in g m a c h in e s ca n b e m a d e fo u n d lit t l e c o m f o r t in t h e r e c ita l o f th e e x p e r ie n c e s o f th e m e n w h o a r e a c tu a lly u s i n g t h i s e q u ip m e n t. A s o n e o f t h e s e d e c la r e d , i t w a s p o s s ib le to ta k e a n a v e r a g e m in e a n d b y in ­ s t i l l i n g th e r ig h t s p i r it in t h e w o r k ­ e r s b u ild up d a ily o u tp u t to a p o in t w h e r e p r o fits w e r e a t t r a c t iv e . I f p r a c tic a l im p r o v e m e n t w e r e d e p e n d ­ e n t u p o n “ id e a l” c o n d itio n s , i t w a s p o in te d o u t, t h e r e w o u ld b e no p r o g r e s s .

M a n a g e m e n t’s p a r t in m a k in g th e u se o f lo a d in g m a c h in e s s u c c e s s fu l w a s s t r e s s e d . U n le s s u n d e r g r o u n d t r a n s p o r t a t io n w a s r u n n in g s m o o th ly a n d o p e r a tio n s w e r e c a r e f u lly p la n n ed , t h e lo a d in g m a c h in e e a s ily m ig h t b e c o m e a lia b ilit y in s t e a d o f

a n a s s e t b e c a u se id le t im e w o u ld ru n u p th e in t e r e s t c h a r g e s p e r t o n on t h e in v e s t m e n t in t h i s e q u ip m e n t.

R o o f c o n tr o l w a s a n o th e r p h a s e o f lo a d in g m a c h in e o p e r a tio n t h a t d e ­ v e lo p e d c lo s e d is c u s s io n .

A lth o u g h th e s e s s io n on “ S a f e t y in C oal P r o d u c t io n ” p r e s id e d o v e r b y W . L . R o b iso n , v ic e - p r e s id e n t in c h a r g e o f o p e r a tio n s , Y o u g h io g h e n y

& O h io C oal C o., C le v e la n d , O h io , d id n o t d r a w a s la r g e a n a tt e n d a n c e a s so m e o f th e e a r lie r m e e t in g s , w h a t w a s lo s t in n u m b e r s w a s m o r e th a n m a d e up in in t e r e s t . A c c o r d in g to o n e s p e a k e r , h e w a s a lm o s t b o w le d o v e r in t h e m id d le o f t h e s e s s io n b y a n o p e r a to r w h o w a s r u s h in g o u t o f t h e h a ll to t e le g r a p h h is office to t i g h t e n u p on s a f e t y w o r k .

T h e c lo s in g s e s s io n F r id a y a f t e r ­ n o o n w a s d e v o te d to a d is c u s s io n on

“ C u ttin g a n d B l a s t in g .” E r s k in e R a m s a y , c h a ir m a n o f t h e b o a r d , A la ­ b a m a B y p r o d u c ts C o r p o r a tio n , B ir ­ m in g h a m , A la ., w a s t h e c h a ir m a n o f t h i s m e e t in g , w h ic h w e n t in t o th e q u e s t io n s o f c o n d it io n s u n d e r w h ic h to p a n d b o tto m c u t t e r s s h o u ld be u sed , h o w b la s t in g c o s t s c a n b e r e ­ d u ced t h r o u g h s u p e r v is io n a n d h o w b la s t in g e ffic ie n c y in c r e a s e s p r o d u c ­ tio n .

W . L. R obison

A s v i c e - p r e s i d e n t o f t h e Y o u g h i o g h e n y & O h io C o a l C o ., M r. R o b i s o n d i r e c t s c o a l - m i n i n g o p e r a t i o n s in t h r e e s t a t e s . l i e is i n t e n s e l y i n t e r e s t e d n o t o n l y in e c o ­ n o m i c a l o p e r a t i n g p r a c t i c e s , b u t in s a f e o p e r a t i n g p r a c ­ t i c e s , a n d ' p r e s i d e d o v e r t h e s e s s i o n o f t h e C i n c i n n a t i c o n v e n t i o n d e v o t e d t o t h e s u b j e c t o f s a f e t y in c o a l p r o ­ d u c t i o n . W h e n n o t e n m e s h e d i n t h e p r o b l e m s o f r u n n i n g t h e Y . & O. p r o p e r t i e s , M r.

R o b i s o n is k n o w n t o s w i n g a w i c k e d a n d s t e a d y c l u b o n t h e l i n k s .

J. C. W ilson

N o t e v e n a s p r a i n e d a n k l e , r e c e i v e d w h i l e a l i g h t i n g f r o m a t a x i in f r o n t o f t h e G ib s o n H o te l, c o u ld k e e p J . C . AVil- s o n , o f t h e O h io B r a s s C o ., a w a y f r o m t h e C i n c i n n a t i M u s ic H a l l l a s t w e e k . M r.

W ils o n , w h o h e a d e d t h e M a n u f a c t u r e r s ’ D i v i s i o n in 1 9 2 5 a n d 1 9 2 6 , w a s to o i n ­ t e r e s t e d in t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e s h o w t o l e t p e r s o n a l d i s c o m ­ f o r t lo n g i n t e r f e r e a n d h i s r e t u r n t o a c t i v e d u t y w a s j o y f u l l y h a i l e d . M r. W i l s o n is a n h o n o r a r y c h a i r m a n o f t h e b o a r d o f g o v e r n o r s o f t h e d iv is io n .

D r. A . C. C allen

E n g i n e e r , t e a c h e r , e d i t o r , p r e s i d i n g o ffic e r, D r . C a l le n . W i t h i n t e r e s t s a n d s y m ­ p a t h i e s a s b r o a d a s h i s b r o a d s h o u l d e r s , D r . C a l l e n is lo o k e d f o r q u i t e n a t u r a l l y a t e v e r y i m p o r t a n t m e e t i n g o f c o a l m i n i n g m e n . H i s b a c k ­ g r o u n d o f e x p e r i e n c e in W e s t V i r g i n i a a n d in I l l i n o i s m a k e s h i m a m u c h s o u g h t a f t e r c h a i r m a n . T o h im p r o m p t a d j o u r n m e n t is a s i m p o r t a n t a s p r o m p t o p e n ­ in g . T h i s t e n d s t o s p e e d u p t h e m e e t i n g a n d h o l d a t t e n ­ t i o n c lo s e .

D r. J. J. R u tled ge

T h e g e n i a l c h i e f m i n i n g e n g i n e e r o f t h e M a r y l a n d S t a t e B u r e a u o f M in e s n e e d s l i t t l e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o C o a l A g e r e a d e r s w h o h a v e f o l ­ l o w e d h i s c a r e e r f o r t h e p a s t t h i r t y y e a r s . H e h a s c o m ­ b i n e d t o a n u n u s u a l d e g r e e t h e w o r k o f t h e p r a c t i c a l o p ­ e r a t i n g o ff ic ia l a t t h e m in e , a n d r e s e a r c h i n v e s t i g a t i o n a s a n i n d e p e n d e n t c o n s u l t i n g e n g i n e e r a n d g e o l o g i s t a n d a s a m e m b e r o f t h e t e c h n i c a l s t a f f o f t h e U . S . B u r e a u o f M in e s . D r . R u t l e d g e p r e ­ s i d e d o v e r o n e o f t h e s e s ­ s i o n s o n c o a l p r e p a r a t i o n .

(6)

756 C O A L A G E Vol.31, NO.21

No F in a l A ction T a k e n by A m erican M ining C ongress o n Safety Code P ro je c t

Should Standards Be Made by Congress, National Coal A ssocia­

tion or National Safety Council?—M eeting Adjourns w ith Mo­

tion Expressing Interest in Progress of Safety Practice Studies

d o n e t o a t t a in fr e e d o m f r o m a c c i-

C

O M M E N D I N G t h e w o r k o f in ­ d iv id u a l m in e o p e r a to r s in p r o ­ m o t in g s a f e t y a n d o f v a r io u s a g e n c ie s in p r o m u lg a t in g c o d e s o f s a f e p r a c t ic e s a n d d e c la r in g t h a t a s t u d y o f s a f e t y in f o r m a t io n a n d m e t h o d s s h o u ld b e m a d e b y t h e A m e r ic a n M in in g C o n g r e s s , t h e m e e t in g c a lle d a t C in c in n a t i, S a t u r ­ d a y , M a y 2 1 , a f t e r t h e c o n c lu s io n o f t h e C o n v e n tio n o f P r a c t ic a l C oal O p e r a t in g M en , a d jo u r n e d w it h o u t f o r m u la t in g a n y d e fin ite p r o g r a m .

A s p e c ia l c o m m it t e e w a s a p p o in te d in D e c e m b e r o f l a s t y e a r b y t h e M in ­ i n g S t a n d a r d iz a t io n C o r r e la tin g C o m ­ m i t t e e in s e s s io n a t W a s h in g t o n , D . C ., f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f c o n s id e r in g w a y s a n d m e a n s o f a d v a n c in g “ th e c o a l- m in in g s a f e t y c o d e s w h ic h h a v e b e e n b e f o r e t h e c o r r e la t in g c o m m it ­ t e e f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s .” T h e s p e c ia l c o m m it t e e w-as in s t r u c t e d t o “ c o n ­ s id e r t h e in i t i a t i o n o f o th e r p r o j e c t s in t h e field w it h t h e id e a o f c o m p le t­

in g , w i t h i n a r e a s o n a b le t im e , s a f e t y c o d e s c o v e r in g a ll t h e im p o r t a n t s u b ­ j e c t s in c o a l- m in in g o p e r a t io n .”

Hosler Is Ch airm an T h e c o m m itt e e c o n s is t e d o f R u s h N . H o s ie r , c h a ir m a n , J . F . C all- b r e a t h , L u c ia n C h a n e y a n d D a n ie l H a r r in g t o n . I t m e t in W a s h in g t o n , A p r il 2, a n d w a s u n a n im o u s ly o f t h e o p in io n t h a t s o m e o r g a n iz a t io n s h o u ld u n d e r ta k e s u c h c o d if ic a tio n o f s a f e p r a c t ic e s . “ M r. C a llb r e a th , a t t h e in v i t a t i o n o f t h e c o m m itt e e , a g r e e d t o in c lu d e t h e p r o j e c t a s a p a r t o f t h e f o u r t h a n n u a l c o n v e n tio n o f p r a c ­ t ic a l o p e r a t in g m e n t o b e h e ld u n d e r t h e a u s p ic e s o f t h e A m e r ic a n M in ­ in g C o n g r e s s a t C in c in n a t i,” F r id a y , M a y 2 0 , t h e c o n f e r e n c e to d is c u s s th e to p ic “ S h a ll w e d e v e lo p b a s i c s a f e t y c o d e s f o r c o a l m i n i n g ? ” T h e m e e t ­ i n g w a s a c t u a lly h e ld o n t h e fo llo w ­ i n g d a y , t h e d a y s e t b e in g d e v o te d to t h e r e a d in g o f p a p e r s o n s a f e t y s u b j e c t s a n d to d is c u s s io n th e r e u p o n .

A t S a t u r d a y ’s m e e t in g H . M . P a y n e o c c u p ie d t h e c h a ir . A t th e m e e t in g , w e r e p r e s e n t a c c o r d in g to th e r e g is t r a t i o n c a r d s , t w o r e p r e s e n ­ t a t i v e s o f th e B u r e a u o f M in e s , o n e o f t h e U . S . G e o lo g ic a l S u r v e y , tw o

p r o f e s s o r s o f m in in g , f o u r c h ie f m in e in s p e c t o r s , n in e r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s o f m in e o p e r a t in g a n d e n g in e e r i n g a s s o c ia t i o n s , t h i r t e e n r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s o f m a n u f a c t u r e r s , t w e n t y - o n e r e p r e ­ s e n t a t iv e s o f c o a l- m in in g c o n c e r n s , s e v e n r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s o f c o a l- m in in g in s u r a n c e c o m p a n ie s a n d tw o e d it o r s m a k in g s i x t y - o n e in all.

Sa f e t y Bl o c k Ad v o c a t e d

D r . P a y n e s a id t h a t m a n y p r a c ­ t i c e s w e r e s u s c e p t ib le to u n if o r m p r o v is io n r e g a r d le s s o f lo c a l c o n d i­

t i o n s . E v e r y o n e , f o r in s t a n c e , w o u ld a g r e e t h a t a s a f e t y b lo c k s h o u ld be p la c e d a t t h e h e a d o f a p la n e . U n i­

f o r m tra ffic la w s r e la t in g to t h e c o lo r s t o b e u s e d t o in d ic a t e t h e r i g h t s o f w a y h a d b e e n a d o p te d f o r t h e r e g u la t io n o f v e h ic le s . T h e s e , s a id h e , w e r e r a n d o m illu s t r a t io n s o f t h e b a s ic p r in c ip le s o n w h ic h s a f e t y c o d e s m i g h t b e fo r m u la t e d . I n s u r ­ a n c e w a s b a s e d on c r e d it . T h e in d u s ­ t r y ’s c r e d it h a d b e e n s o je o p a r d iz e d b y f r e q u e n t a c c id e n t s t h a t t h e le a d ­ in g u n d e r w r it i n g o r g a n iz a t io n s h a d r e f u s e d t o c o n t in u e t o in s u r e th e p a y m e n t o f m in e w o r k e r s ’ c o m p e n s a ­ tio n .

D r . E . A . H o lb r o o k s a id t h a t la w s w e r e m in im u m r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r s a f e t y . S o m e t h in g b e t t e r t h a n t h a t w a s r e q u ir e d to s h o w w h a t m a y b e

“Dan” Harrington

d e n t. H e w a s o p p o se d to t h e in s p e c ­ t io n o f m in e s b y t h e U . S . G o v e r n ­ m e n t , b e c a u s e t h e s t a t e s w e r e f u l ly c a p a b le o f p r o v id in g a n a d e q u a te a n d c a p a b le in s p e c t io n a l f o r c e . H e s a id t h a t t h e w id e d if fe r e n c e s in t h e m i n ­ i n g la w s o f v a r io u s s t a t e s — a s e v i­

d e n c e d in J o h n A . G a r c ia ’s p a p e r o n t h e v e n t i la t i o n r e q u ir e m e n t s o f s t a t e la w s d e liv e r e d b e f o r e t h e A m e r ic a n I n s t i t u t e o f M in in g a n d M e ta llu r g ic a l E n g in e e r s — w e r e w i t h ­ o u t r e a s o n . T h e r e w a s a la c k o f s t a n d a r d s f o r g u id e s in t h e m a k in g o f l e g i s l a t io n . T h e P e n n s y lv a n ia la w s h a d b e e n ta k e n a s a n im p e r f e c t g u id e , a n d t h e s e s t a t u t e s in t u r n h a d b e e n b a s e d on r e g u la t io n s f r o m B r i t i s h s o u r c e s . T h e la w s fo r m e d a s o r t o f co d e, b u t c o m p le te c o d e s w e r e n e e d e d .

S a f e t y r u le s h a d a lr e a d y b e e n p r e ­ p a r e d n a m e ly t h e “ R u le s f o r I n s t a ll a ­ t io n a n d O p e r a tio n o f U n d e r g r o u n d E le c t r ic a l E q u ip m e n t ” p r e p a r e d b y t h e U . S . B u r e a u o f M in e s a n d t h e

“ S ta n d a r d P r a c t i c e s f o r R o c k D u s t ­ i n g .” O th e r c o d e s on w h ic h w o r k h a s b e e n d o n e w e r e “ H a n d lin g a n d U s i n g E x p lo s i v e s ” a n d “ S a f e t y in M in e T r a n s p o r t a t io n .” T h e t im e h a d c o m e t o p r e p a r e d e fin ite s a f e t y r u le s in o t h e r p h a s e s o f m in e o p e r a ­ t io n , s u c h a s m in e illu m in a t io n , v e n ­ t ila t io n , m e t h o d s o f s a f e t y in s p e c t io n , h o is t in g , w o r k a t t h e f a c e a n d m e t h ­ o d s o f t e s t i n g a n d t a k in g d o w n r o o f . T h e r e w e r e 4 1 s a f e t y c o d e s a lr e a d y p r o m u lg a te d o u t s id e o f c o a l m i n in g , a n d t h e c o a l in d u s t r y m u s t n o t la g b e h in d . I t w a s to o la t e f o r a n y o n e t o p r o t e s t a g a i n s t m a r r i a g e a f t e r th e c h ild r e n h a d b e e n b o r n . S a f e t y c o d e s h a d b e e n m a d e a lr e a d y . I t w a s to o la t e to d is c u s s w h e t h e r t h e y s h o u ld h a v e b e e n f o r m u la te d .

J . F . C a llb r e a th , m e n t io n in g t h e a d v o c a c y o f t h e c r e a t io n o f t h e U . S . B u r e a u o f M in e s b y h im s e l f a n d t h e A m e r ic a n M in in g C o n g r e s s , d e c la r e d t h a t t h e b u r e a u h a d m a n a g e d in t h e fir s t t e n y e a r s o f i t s e x is t e n c e t o r e ­ d u ce t h e h a z a r d s m a t e r ia lly . S in c e t h e n n o p r o g r e s s h a d b e e n m a d e . I t w a s t i m e t o r e c o n s e c r a t e t h e in d u s ­ t r y to t h e w o r k o f s a f e t y . T h e

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