Zielone dachy jako element struktury funkcjonalno-przestrzennej metropolii

(1)

Key words: green roofs, biodiversity, green infrastructure, social function, nature protection

Introduction

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a standard in modern design practice of intensive urban developments. In Poland, such green installations are most often used in developer housing estates in order to create micro- interiors and courtyards atop car park ceilings. It has been noted that green roofs show potential in marketing and aesthetic terms, and, to a limited ex- tent, recreational dimension, whereas the pro-environmental and pro-social impact of such installations, espe- cially in case of highly urbanized areas is often underestimated. It seems that, despite the substantial amount of literature on the subject, green roofs are still an underestimated element of green infrastructure in Polish cities.

Moreover, despite the criticism the installations receive on the ground of the limitations concerning the substrate layers, whose composition LV IDU IURP QDWXUDO VXEVWUDWHV >'XQ- QHWW1RODQ@LWVKRXOGEHQRWHG

that green roofs can function in the metropolitan structure of the city, thereby becoming a valuable link in WKH&LW\qV1DWXUDO6\VWHP

Materials and methods

The article provides a compara- tive analysis of 3 selected case studies

of green roofs, namely gardens on the roof of Sargfabrik in Vienna (1996), green roof atop the historic building LQ´NRZHUNLQ%HUOLQDVZHOO

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of the Primary School in Sheffield 7KH FKRLFH ZDV PDGH DF- cording to such criteria as the surface criterion, the functional criterion and the presence of connections between the selected green roofs and green objects in their surroundings (Ta- ble 1). The projects indicated in the following study have been selected as representative examples of the group of the analysed multifunctional solutions that integrate greenery with buildings.

Garden as an element of social and natural bonds

Sargfabrik in Vienna (1996) is an interesting example of a garden built on the roof, inspired by social conditions and a bottom-up initiative (Fig. 1). Vienna, being a metropolis of social housing estates, can pride itself on an example of a self-governing housing project carried out by the non-profit Association for the Integra- WLYH /LIHVW\OH 9HUHLQ IÚU ,QWHJUDWLYH

Lebensgestaltung-VIL) under the VORJDQ RI r)ODW&XOWXUH,QWHJUDWLRQs

In 1996, a building was completed and settled which, apart from flats, is equipped with places such as VHPLQDU URRPV DFDIÇ DFRQFHUW

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Zielone dachy jako element struktury funkcjonalno- -przestrzennej metropolii

DOI: 10.30825/5.ak.175.2019.64.3

Forum

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projektowej intensywnej zabudowy.

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w silnie zurbanizowanych obsza- UDFK :\GDMH VLö ĔHPLPR ERJDWHM

literatury przedmiotu zielone dachy VWDOH VñQLHGRFHQLDQ\P HOHPHQWHP

zielonej infrastruktury w polskich PLDVWDFK0LPRNU\W\NL]HZ]JOöGX

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Materia³ i metody

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Object Obiekt

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Surface

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Sargfabrik Vienna

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(2)

hall, a children integration room, a playground, a swimming pool/

baths, backyard-meeting squares planted with vegetation and allowing for rainwater retention, as well as fit- ted with a roof garden. This garden, due to its form, has been divided into several parts. These include a meeting place (garden terrace), a decora- tive garden comprising plants of dry HQYLURQPHQWVuHQFODYHVRIGLYHUVLW\

and plant spontaneity, and a utility garden that is highly popular. The green roof is maintained and grown independently by the inhabitants of the building, who, in return for their work, receive an additional 1000 m² of recreational, integration and

garden space in one place, while small vegetable garden beds and micro orchard provide them with the joy of growing their own crops.

While working in the garden, families with children are involved, whereas an educational program conducted as part of the activity of an integration room also pays attention to the important role that is played by the contact of the youngest and the nature. The garden undergoes constant changes, beehives are set up and new seedlings are planted every year.

Users may settle the garden with spontaneous vegetation, and, finally, the garden is hospitable to birds and insects (including pollinators) which,

in the light of contemporary research, is a very important aspect of creating a resilient living environment. It is up to the residents to decide on the types of plants and forms to be planted in the garden. As it stems from the project, in its assumptions dating back to turn of the 80s and 90s that led to the implementation of Sargfabrik, WKH$VVRFLDWLRQ9HUHLQIÚU,QWHJUDWLYH

Lebensgestaltung was innovative and went ahead of its time by almost 20 years in terms of the ideas for creating urban farms. Such farms may be understood not only as places to support the production of fruit and vegetables in the city, but, above all, as places marked with the potential to strengthen bonds between neigh- bours. Combining the biologically active areas of Sargfabrik with green areas of the city enables the development of ecosystem dependencies and improvement of the quality of the living environment.

The garden atop the roof of has become a place that fosters the flow of emotions and empathy among the inhabitants, as well as the circulation of matter and energy of the Vienna Nature System. The connections with the City Natural System were facilitated by the small Matzner-Park located nearby, the neighbouring extensive green roofs, the tree lined Linzer street, and the surrounding green areas in the interiors of the block developments. Apart from its original purpose, the roof garden of Sargfabrik that came into being as a result of the need to build )LJ8UEDQIDUPRQURRIWRSRIWKH6DUJIDEULNGZDUIIUXLWWUHHVDUHQRWLFHDEOHLQWKHEDFNJURXQG

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(3)

a social bond, will, at the same time, achieve a vital goal in relation to the original idea, namely it will actively supplement the City Natural System by becoming an enclave and a bridge for urban nature.

Green roofs as an experiment in the field of biodiversity

One of the particularly interesting examples of a green roof whose basic task is the research function in regard to the ecological potential of this type of installation is a greenery enclave atop the historic water sta- WLRQEXLOGLQJLQ´NRZHUNLQ%HUOLQ

which dates back to the second half of the 19th century (Fig. 2). The green roof emerged there spontaneously

over the last 100 years (the building ZDVFRPSOHWHGLQRQDIODW

sand-covered, bitumen ceiling, which required a thorough structural reconstruction at the beginning of the 21st century (2005/2006). Over time, the roof was covered by greenery, which was initially maintained due to its fire prevention functions.

It was only after The Centre for Nature Conservation had been opened in this place in 1985 that the roof has gained in ecological significance. During the reconstruction of WKHURRIuWKHSODQWOD\HU

was removed and cultivated until it could finally be re-implemented.

After the renovation of the ceiling had been completed, the green roof became an important research and educational object for Naturschutz- ]HQWUXP´NRZHUN%HUOLQH91DWXUH

Conservation Centre). The Centre

operates in the former Wasserwerk Teufelssee water station. The plants growing on the roof include lichens, mosses, sempervivum, and sedum.

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roof, including one species of fern, nine species of grasses, fifty species of herbaceous plants, four species of mosses and lichens, seven species of tree seedlings (too large ones are removed) and multiple species of insects, such as eleven species of spi- ders, fifteen species of beetles, twenty five species of bees, five species of wasps, as well as one species of ants

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how, over time, nature creates the HOHPHQWRIERWKWKH*UXQHZDOGDQG

in the broader sense, the metropolis of Berlin ecosystem.

School roof under protection

As it has been proved, a green roof may present itself as a rich ecosystem worthy of legal protection within a relatively short time. This was the case with the ecological composition on the roof atop the Sharrow School in Sheffield, UK.

While the new building was being designed, the idea arose to establish atop of it a green, plant-friendly roof for the sake of maintaining plants that create diverse habitats. Accord- ing to Nigel Dunnett, the building GHVLJQHU WKH DLP ZDV WRrFUHDWH

plantings that would be visually and aesthetically important for most of the year, and to ensure garden biodiversity with minimum resource and PDLQWHQDQFHUHTXLUHPHQWVs>6KDUURZ

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plants were planted there, and annual meadow plants were seeded, which then began to spread. Moreover, the introduction of native species was planned, while the conditions for spontaneous appearance of surrounding herbaceous plants were sought.

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sole objective of the described green roof. The garden was also diversified so as to be friendly for invertebrates DQGELUGV>6KDUURZ6FKRROu*UHHQ

(VWDWH/DQGVFDSHf@(YHQWXDOO\VHY- eral habitats were formed, including meadow compositions, calcareous xerothermic grasslands, pond-related moist environment, spontaneous rud- eral habitat, and, in a limited form, pioneer groups of self-seeding trees.

The roof became subject to specialist care treatments conducted by ex- perienced gardeners and landscape architects in order to ensure the expected aesthetic and conservation effects. Unwanted and expansive plants are regularly removed, tree seedlings are rejuvenated as soon as they reach 2 metres in height, while in areas not designated for trees and shrubs, young plants are removed and gravel bands are cleaned so as to prevent the structure from attract- ing moisture. The nurturing works are reported, the tasks undertaken are described, and so are the changes in plant cover as well as any altera- tions with respect to chief species of flora and fauna. The entire project is complemented by photographic documentation. Within two years of establishing the green roof, an increase in species diversity has been observed. On the roof, a spontaneous appearance of several plant species has been identified, among ZKLFKWKHUHZHUHFRPPRQ\DUURZ

($FKLOOHD PLOOHIROLXP), oxeeyedaisy (/HXFDQWKHPXP YXOJDUH), mugwort

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Sheffield city authorities, in cooperation with Natural England, the British organization for nature conservation, decided (2009) to grant the green roof of the Sharrow school the status of the Local Nature Reserve.

The garden has become an element of the context of both the green infrastructure in relations to Sheffield, together with the nearby Mont Pleas- ant Park and the City Natural System.

At the same time, it assumed a place in a more broadly understood system of objects valuable for their natural function and thus protected. Unfor- tunately, for the purposes of protection, the access to the green roof was limited for pupils. On the lower level, children have a terrace at their disposal, in the form of an open-air hall with a small area covered with vegetation, while the actual garden,

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metropolii

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located on the upper level, may only be watched through protective glass balustrades. The pond or the tadpoles floating in it cannot be closely observed, they cannot be touched and getting to know the plants is virtually LPSRVVLEOH>3URFWHUHWDO@7KLV

situation causes a serious problem and a deficiency in the educational program of the school. The entire school community takes pride in and strongly identifies itself with the Local Nature Reserve on the roof, but at the same time they are deprived of the SRVVLELOLW\WRDFWLYHO\XVHLW>3URFWHU

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Green roof as an

element of the functional and spatial structure of the metropolis natural system

In each of the examples cited, the green roofs covered with vegetation proved vital due to their species richness and they began to function as oases of urban biodiversity. Lo- cal plants appear on such installations spontaneously. Moreover, the appearance of birds and insects is recorded, including also species that serve as pollinators. This fact confirms the positive impact exerted on green roofs species structure by the neighbourhood of elements of the City Natural System, such as

SDUNV RU IRUHVWV 6DUJIDEULN ´NRZ- erk and Sharrow have all joined the wider context of the City Natural System and the green infrastructure network, thereby becoming a part of the functional and spatial structure of Sheffield or of the metropolis, as proved by the examples from Vienna DQG%HUOLQ>/XQGKROP@

It is also worth noting that in each of the above cases, the green roof solutions were designed with the aim to recover (even partially) biologically active surfaces in urbanized areas. In the case of Sargfabrik, it was a matter of searching for an additional space to be devoted to recreation within a very intense KRXVLQJ GHYHORSPHQW ,Q ´NRZHUN

on the other hand, the green roof was established owing to, above all, the respect and appreciation for the 100-year-old spontaneously created green roof. It was ensured that the roof survived even when the ceiling was demolished. In the case of Shef- field, the expansion of the school took up a large part of the plot on which it was situated, which resulted in the need to integrate the green area, recreational and educational spaces in the open air with the architectural form of the new building.

As the diversity of the green roof increases, the interest shown by its potential users peaks as well. As the examples illustrate, one of the important functions of such places is their integration role, both in the dimension of social integration seen in case of Sargfabrik, as well as integration

with the place in the Sheffield case or identifying the place through the form of a green roof that was the case LQ´NRZHUN

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przyrodniczego i krajobrazu metropolii. Konieczne jest podejmowanie LQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQHMZVSÑäSUDF\SUR- MHNWDQWÑZ EUDQĔRZ\FK RUD] DQDOL- W\NÑZ LGRUDGFÑZ LQZHVW\F\MQ\FK

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gminy oraz miejscowych planach zagospodarowania przestrzennego, ZNWÑU\FK]LHORQHGDFK\ZVND]\ZD- QHE\ä\E\MDNRX]XSHäQLHQLHVWUXNWXU\

funkcjonalno-przestrzennej miasta.

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1. $ZDUG IRU VFKRROV pJUHHQq URRI

%%& 1HZV KWWSQHZVEEF

co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_

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@

2. Brenneisen S., 2006. Space for urban ZLOGOLIH'HVLJQLQJJUHHQURRIVDVKDELWDWV

LQ6ZLW]HUODQG8UEDQ+DELWDWV

3. Browning et al., 2014. 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design7HUUDSLQ%ULJKW*UHHQ

LLC, New York.

4. Colla S.R, Willis E., Packer L., 2009.

Can green roofs provide habitat for urban EHHV+\PHQRSWHUD$SLGDH"&LWLHVDQG

the Environment, Volume 2, Issue 1.

5. Dunnett N., Nolan A., 2004. The effect of substrate depth and supple- mentary watering on the growth of nine herbaceous perennial in a semi-extensi- YH JUHHQ URRI$FWD+RUWLFXOWXUDH

,6+6/HXYHQ

6. *UDQW * HW DO *UHHQ URRIV

uH[LVWLQJVWDWXVDQGSRWHQWLDOIRUFRQVH- rving biodiversity in urban areas. English Nature Research Report, No. 498.

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role of extensive green roofs in sustaina- EOHGHYHORSPHQW+RUW6FLHQFH

8. +DELWDW$FWLRQ3ODQ6KHIILHOG

Local Biodiversity Action Partnership. The

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9. KWWSZZZWKHJUHHQURRIFHQWUHFRXN

Library/Default/Documents/Sheffield%20

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the local community, as inhabitants absolutely need contact with nature

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examples of shaping the natural and social structure on the basis of the IXQFWLRQDOGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHrILIWK

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Conclusion

The method of developing roofs with the effective use of greenery is essential for shaping the urban greenery system and the metropolis natural V\VWHP+RZHYHUWKLVLVQRWWKHRQO\

aspect of introducing greenery atop of roofs. Actually, biologically active surfaces integrated with buildings are responsible for securing biodiversity and resilience of the ecosystem. They also influence the shaping of urban environment and its microclimate.

The functions accompanying the greenery on the roof complement the functional and spatial structure of the metropolis. Social functions are among the most often indicated RQHV7KHVHLQFOXGHXVHULQWHJUDWLRQ

educational, recreational and production (urban farms) functions. The methods of developing roofs and the implementation of greenery on roofs should be considered a subject of urban, architectural, landscape, natural and sociological planning.

Unfortunately, the potential for roof management is not yet fully applied.

Implementation of greenery on roof has not become a standard as yet.

Therefore, it is important to dissemi- nate and analyse well-functioning examples of multifunctional green roofs, indicating design opportunities, as well as the significance of such projects for the local community, the natural system and the landscape of the metropolis. It is necessary to un- dertake interdisciplinary cooperation between designers, analysts, and in- vestment advisors in order to develop good standards and implementation guidelines for the development of green roofs. It is also reasonable to define new parameters and urban indicators introduced in the studies concerning commune planning and local spatial development plans, in which the green roofs would be indicated as a supplement to the functional and spatial structure of the city.

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10. .DGDV * 5DUH LQYHUWHEUDWHV

colonizing green roofs in London. Urban +DELWDWV

11. .HOOHUWHWDO%LRSKLOLF'HVLJQ

The Theory, Science & Practice of Brin- JLQJ %XLOGLQJV WR/LIH +RERNHQ -RKQ

Wiley & Sons, New York.

12. Ksiazek K., 2015. Roof Top Insect

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&REVHUYHDWLRQ &HQWHU %HUOLQ *HUPDQ\

>LQ@*UHHQ5RRI(FRV\VWHPV6XWWRQ5.

(ed.) Springer, Basel.

13. Ksiazek K., 2014. The potential of green roofs to support urban biodiversity,

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Kohler M., de Felipe I. (ed.), Cimapress.

14. Ksiazek-Mikenas K. et.al., 2018. If You Build It, Will They Come? Plant and

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5RRIV2YHU7LPH*UHHQ5RRIVDQG8UEDQ

Biodiversity, URBAN NATURALIST, Spe- cial Issue, 1.

15. /XQGKROP-*UHHQURRISODQW

species diversity improves ecosystem multifunctionality, Journal of Applied Ecology, 52.

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5RRIV DV 8UEDQ (FRV\VWHPV (FRORJLFDO

Structures, Functions, and Services.

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Procter L., James A., Curtis P., 2012.

0\ *UHHQ 5RRI 6KDUURZ 6FKRRO 6KHI- field. Centre for the Study of Childhood and Youth, Departmenet of Landscape;

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Centre, University of Sheffield, Lindum Turf Ltd.

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greenroofs.com/projects/sharrow-prima- U\VFKRRO>DFFHVVGDWH@

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20. 6KDUURZ6FKRROu*UHHQ(VWDWH/DQG- VFDSH KWWSVZZZJUHHQHVWDWHODQGVFD- pes.com/turf-case-studies/2018/1/11/

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21. Toniettoa R., 2011. A comparison of bee communities of Chicago green roofs, parks and prairies, Landscape and Urban Planning 103 (2011).

22. =LQRZLHF&LHSOLN.3RWHQFMDä

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nr 61(4).