SHARING ECONOMY AS THE NEW PARADIGM OF THE ECONOMY OF THE FUTURE.

13 Central European Review of Economics & Finance

9RO1RSS±

'2,FHUHI

5HFHLYHG1RYHPEHU$FFHSWHG-DQXDU\

Jacek PERA

SHARING ECONOMY AS THE NEW PARADIGM OF THE ECONOMY OF THE FUTURE.

RISK ANALYSIS

6KDULQJHFRQRP\LVFRRSHUDWLRQDQGVKDULQJEDVHGRQSURYLGLQJWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRDFFHVVJRRGVDQG

VHUYLFHVWRWKRVHZKRSUHFLVHO\QHHGVXFKDVHUYLFH7KLVSDSHUDWWHPSWVWRRUJDQLVHWKH\HWXQVHW- tled areas of sharing economy that today determine its risk and make it ambiguous, unequal, unfair and REMHFWLRQDEOHLQWKHH\HVRIPDQ\DEXVLQHVVHQYLURQPHQWV7KHDLPRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVWRDQDO\]HWKHULVN

DVVRFLDWHGZLWKVKDULQJHFRQRP\7RIXO¿OWKLVDLPWKHDXWKRUKDVGLVFXVVHGWKHSDUDGLJPRIFRQVXPSWLRQ

and the common good in the context of the economy of the future, the etymology of the term of sharing HFRQRP\DQGLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIULVNWKDWLVOLQNHGZLWKWKLVSKHQRPHQRQ7KHVWXGLHVZHUHGLYLGHGLQWRWZR

SDUWVWKH¿UVWFRQFHUQVWKHRUHWLFDOULVNDQDO\VLVRIWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\EDVHGRQVXEMHFW

literature; the second part is a practical analysis of the risk of the impact of sharing economy on the Polish labour market on the example of UBER application. The following research hypothesis was adopted in the SDSHU7KHULVNRILPSDFWRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\RQWKHODERXUPDUNHWLQ3RODQGLVRIOLWWOHVLJQL¿FDQFH7KH

analysis allowed to identify the following risk types in the number of twenty, which are present today in VKDULQJHFRQRP\8QHTXLYRFDODQGFRKHUHQWFRQFHSW'DWDVDIHW\7D[HV/DZUHJXODWLRQV4XDOLW\6HU- YLFHSHUIRUPDQFHJXDUDQWHH3XUVXLQJFODLPV(PSOR\HHVULJKWV5HVSRQVLELOLW\IRUFOLHQWV*UH\PDUNHW

&RPSHWLWLYHQHVV5HODWLRQVVKDULQJ±EXVLQHVV/LFHQFHVDQGSHUPLVVLRQV(PSOR\PHQWUHODWLRQVKLS

'HÀDWLRQ&RQVXPHUULJKWVSURWHFWLRQ(PSOR\PHQW$EXVH0HQWDOLW\6DOHV$ULVNDQDO\VLVRIWKHHIIHFWV

RIVKDULQJHFRQRP\RQWKH3ROLVKODERXUPDUNHWVKRZHGWKDWWKLVSKHQRPHQRQZDVRIORZVLJQL¿FDQFHLQ

the analysed period.

7KHDQDO\VLVZDVEDVHGRQ%RVZRUWK'DZNLQV6WURPEDFNPRGHO7KHUHVHDUFKVKDOOFRYHUWKHSHULRG

WRVWDUWRIRSHUDWLRQVRIWKH(8%5DSSOLFDWLRQLQ3RODQGDVRIZRUOGZLGHIRUVHF- WRU+RI3.'WUDQVSRUWDQGZDUHKRXVHPDQDJHPHQWIRU3RODQG±VHFWLRQ+3.'LQODQGWUDQVSRUW

7KHDQDO\VLVFRQFHUQV¿UVWRIDOOWKH3ROLVKPDUNHWEXWGXHWRWKHVKRUWSHULRGRI8%(5$VDFWLYLW\LQ



PhD, Cracow University of Economics, Faculty of Economics and International Relations.



3RODQG±GDWDIRURWKHUHFRQRPLHVLQWKHZRUOGZKHUHWKHDSSOLFDWLRQLVDOUHDG\RSHUDWLQJZHUHDOVRFRP- SLOHG7KHDLPRIVXFKDQDSSURDFKZDVWR¿QGSRVVLEOHLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHODERXUPDUNHW±LQFRXQWULHV

ZKHUHWKHDSSOLFDWLRQZRUNVORQJHU±DQGWRUHIHUWKHPWRSRVVLEOHIXWXUHLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKH3ROLVKPDUNHW

The analysis of the risk of the effects of sharing economy on the labour market in Poland showed that WKHULVNRIWKLVSKHQRPHQRQZDVRIORZVLJQL¿FDQFHLQWKHDQDO\VHGSHULRG7KLVDVVHVVPHQWUHVXOWVIURP

WKHIDFWWKDWWKLVSKHQRPHQRQLVQHZDQGG\QDPLFRQWKH3ROLVKPDUNHW7KHUHDUHDOVRQRUHOHYDQWOHJDO

UHJXODWLRQVWKDWZRXOGLQWHJUDWHWKLVW\SHRIHFRQRP\LQWRWKHUHJXODWHGODERXUPDUNHWLQ3RODQG+RZHYHU

ULVNVVKRXOGQRWEHXQGHUHVWLPDWHG,QWKHORQJWHUPLWPD\WXUQRXWWKDWWKLVW\SHRIHFRQRP\ZLOOKDYH

DVLJQL¿FDQWLPSDFWRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHODERXUPDUNHWLQ3RODQG

-(/&ODVVLÀFDWLRQ&RGHs: '()/

Keywords:VKDULQJHFRQRP\ULVNFRODERUDWLYHHFRQRP\HFRQRP\RIWKHIXWXUHFRPPRQJRRG

Introduction

$OWKRXJKQRZDGD\VWKHFRPPRQJRRGLVEHLQJUHGLVFRYHUHGEHFRPLQJWKHREMHFW

RIQXPHURXVGLVFXVVLRQVDQGGLVSXWHVRQGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIVKDULQJ

HFRQRP\LVQRWDQHZRQHDVSHRSOHKDYHFRRSHUDWHGFORVHO\IURPWKHEHJLQQLQJRI

WLPH&XUUHQWO\LWLVDQHFRQRPLFPRGHOEDVHGRQWKHFLUFXODWLRQRIJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHV

WKURXJKVKDULQJH[FKDQJLQJVHOOLQJOHQGLQJRUJLYLQJIRUIUHH7KXVLWHQDEOHVDFFHVV

RUWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRPHHWRQHVQHHGVZLWKRXWWKHQHHGWRRZQFHUWDLQJRRGVDQGDV

DUHVXOWLWUHGXFHVWKHZDVWHRIYDOXDEOHUHVRXUFHVDVRQHWKLQJLVXVHGE\DODUJHU

JURXSRISHRSOH2ZLQJWRFRRSHUDWLRQVXSSRUWHGE\WHFKQRORJ\FRPPXQLWLHVFDQFR

FUHDWHFRIXQGFRGHVLJQERUURZDQGOHQGKHOSDQGGRPDQ\PRUHXVHIXODFWLYLWLHV

WKDWPDNHDQDYHUDJHSHUVRQVOLIHHDVLHU

,WLVLPSRVVLEOHWRVWRSWKHJURZWKRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\,WLVWKHEHJLQQLQJRIEXVL- QHVVHYROXWLRQDURXQGWKHZRUOG,WHQWDLOVDORWRIFKDQJHVWKDWZLOOKDYHDQLQÀXHQFH

RQWKHZRUOGVFRQVXPHULVPHFRQRP\DVZHOODVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIHQWHUSULVHVDQG

FRPPXQLWLHV7KHUHVXOWRIVKDULQJJRRGVWRGD\LVWKHQXPEHURIJOREDOO\UHFRJQLVHG

EUDQGVRIWD[LFRPSDQLHVWKDWGRQRWRZQDVLQJOHFDU+RWHOFRPSDQLHVWKDWGRQRWKDYH

DVLQJOHEHGSODFH,QRUGHUIRUWKHXQDYRLGDEOHSURFHVVRIVKDULQJWREHWUDQVSDUHQW

XQGHUVWDQGDEOHHTXDOIRUHYHU\RQHDQGIDLUWKHDFFRPSDQ\LQJULVNVVKRXOGEHLGHQWL-

¿HG¿UVWDQGWKHQPLWLJDWHG'XHWRWKHKLJKG\QDPLFVRIJURZWKRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\LWV

impact on various aspects of life is more and more often analyzed: from the economic DVSHFWRIGHPDQGDQGVXSSO\IRUVHUYLFHVDQGFRQVXPHUJRRGVWKHODERXUPDUNHWWR

WKHVRFLDODVSHFWFUHDWLRQRIVRFLDOFDSLWDO

7KLVSDSHUDWWHPSWVWRRUJDQLVHWKH\HWXQVHWWOHGDUHDVRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\WKDWWR- GD\GHWHUPLQHLWVULVNDQGPDNHLWDPELJXRXVXQHTXDOXQIDLUDQGREMHFWLRQDEOHLQWKH

eyes of many a business environments. The aim of this article is to analyze the risk as-

VRFLDWHGZLWKVKDULQJHFRQRP\7RIXO¿OWKLVDLPWKHDXWKRUKDVGLVFXVVHGWKHSDUDGLJP

15 RIFRQVXPSWLRQDQGWKHFRPPRQJRRGLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHHFRQRP\RIWKHIXWXUHWKH

HW\PRORJ\RIWKHWHUPRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\DQGLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIULVNWKDWLVOLQNHGZLWKWKLV

SKHQRPHQRQ7KHVWXGLHVZHUHGLYLGHGLQWRWZRSDUWVWKH¿UVWFRQFHUQVWKHRUHWLFDOULVN

DQDO\VLVRIWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\EDVHGRQVXEMHFWOLWHUDWXUHWKHVHFRQG

SDUWLVDSUDFWLFDODQDO\VLVRIWKHULVNRIWKHLPSDFWRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\RQWKH3ROLVK

ODERXUPDUNHWRQWKHH[DPSOHRI8%(5DSSOLFDWLRQ7KHIROORZLQJUHVHDUFKK\SRWKHVLV

ZDVDGRSWHGLQWKHSDSHU7KHULVNRILPSDFWRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\RQWKHODERXUPDUNHW

LQ3RODQGLVRIOLWWOHVLJQL¿FDQFH7KHDQDO\VLVDOORZHGWRLGHQWLI\WKHIROORZLQJULVNW\SHV

LQWKHQXPEHURIWZHQW\ZKLFKDUHSUHVHQWWRGD\LQVKDULQJHFRQRP\8QHTXLYRFDODQG

FRKHUHQWFRQFHSW'DWDVDIHW\7D[HV/DZUHJXODWLRQV4XDOLW\6HUYLFHSHUIRUPDQFH

JXDUDQWHH3XUVXLQJFODLPV(PSOR\HHVULJKWV5HVSRQVLELOLW\IRUFOLHQWV*UH\PDUNHW

&RPSHWLWLYHQHVV5HODWLRQVVKDULQJ±EXVLQHVV/LFHQFHVDQGSHUPLVVLRQV(PSOR\- PHQWUHODWLRQVKLS'HÀDWLRQ&RQVXPHUULJKWVSURWHFWLRQ(PSOR\PHQW$EXVH0HQWDO- LW\6DOHV$ULVNDQDO\VLVRIWKHHIIHFWVRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\RQWKH3ROLVKODERXUPDUNHW

VKRZHGWKDWWKLVSKHQRPHQRQZDVRIORZVLJQL¿FDQFHLQWKHDQDO\VHGSHULRG

1. The paradigm of consumption and the common good and the economy of the future

7KHEDVLFDVVXPSWLRQRIPRGHUQSDUDGLJPDWLFQHROLEHUDOHFRQRPLFVLVWKHSUHGRPL- QDQFHRILQGLYLGXDOIUHHGRPRYHULQVWLWXWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\SROLWLFDODQGHFRQRPLFRQHV

Its foundations are two main theses of supply-side economics:

–

predominance of production, which is the basic aim of economic system, as it pro- YLGHVDQLQFUHDVLQJO\JUHDWHUOHYHORIIXO¿OOLQJQHHGV

–

SUHGRPLQDQFHRIÄDQLQYLVLEOHKDQG´RIWKHPDUNHWDVWKHPRVWHI¿FLHQWPHFKDQLVP

RIRSWLPDODOORFDWLRQRIUHVRXUFHV=DZRMVND-DPND

7KHFKDQJHVRFFXUULQJLQWKHPRGHUQJOREDOLVHGZRUOGVHFRQRP\IRUFHLWWRFKDQJH

WKHSDUDGLJPLWKDVVRIDUKDG7KH\DUHG\QDPLFGHYHORSPHQWRIWHFKQRORJ\DQG

JURZLQJVRFLDOGHPDQGLQWKLVUHVSHFWWHFKQRORJ\DOORZVWRORZHUWUDQVDFWLRQDOFRVWV

UDGLFDOO\PDNLQJH[FKDQJHFKHDSHUIDVWHUDQGHDVLHUKHQFH±DYDLODEOHRQDPXFK

ELJJHUVFDOHUHFXUUHQWHFRQRPLFUHFHVVLRQVWKDWKDYHFDXVHGFKDQJHVLQFRQVXPHU

DWWLWXGHVLQFOXGLQJDWHQGHQF\WRVDYHVRFLRFXOWXUDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVDQGFKDQJHV

ZLWKLQVRFLHWLHVVXFKDVDQLQFUHDVHLQPXWXDOWUXVWWKHQHHGRIFRPIRUWDQGWKHVHQVH

RIEHORQJLQJWRDFRPPXQLW\DVZHOODVFRQVWDQWLQFUHDVHRIFRQVXPSWLRQDVRFLHW\

IRFXVHGRQEX\LQJDQGKDYLQJ

7KHVHSKHQRPHQDDQGSURFHVVHVVKDSHDQHZW\SHRIHFRQRP\JLIWHFRQRP\

which denies both the predominance of individual freedom over institutions, as well as

the predominance of production: relations between participants and their social and

PDWHULDOVWDWXVEHFRPHWKHHIIHFWRIJRRGVH[FKDQJH$QHZSDUDGLJPRIHFRQRP\RF-

16

FXUVDVWKHUHVXOWRIWKDW±HFRQRP\RIWKHFRPPRQJRRGDQDOWHUQDWLYHÄPRGHORIWKH

HFRQRP\RIWKHIXWXUH´)HOEHU%RWVPDQ5RJHUV

7UDGLWLRQDOPDUNHWH[FKDQJHFRQVLVWVLQDFFHVVLQJJRRGVE\DFTXLULQJRZQHUVKLS

ULJKWV7KHSXUVXLWRIRZLQJLVDQH[SUHVVLRQRIFXVWRPHUVQHHGVDQGGHVLUHV7KH

FRQVHTXHQFHRIRZLQJDJLYHQWKLQJLVDVSHFL¿FFRQVXPHUREMHFWUHODWLRQUHJXODWLQJ

DQLQGLYLGXDOVDWWLWXGHDQGEHKDYLRXUWRZDUGVWKHRZHGREMHFW3URSHUW\PHDQVIUHHGRP

WRXVHWKHJRRGVDQGEHLQJUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHP,WDOVRVHWVWKHERXQGDULHVIRURWKHU

LQGLYLGXDOVÄQRQRZQHUV´7KHRZQHUKDVWKHULJKWWRUHJXODWHRWKHUSHRSOHVDFFHVVWR

JRRGVWKHULJKWWRH[FOXVLYHXVHVDOHOHDVHDVZHOODVWKHULJKWWRGUDZEHQH¿WVIURP

WKHJRRGV5XGDZVND

1RZDGD\VDVDUHVXOWRIDQREMHFWLRQDJDLQVWQHROLEHUDOJOREDOLVDWLRQDQGWKHVHDUFK

RIQHZLGHDVFRQFHUQLQJVRFLHW\VRUJDQLVDWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIJRRGV±WKHLGHDRI

WKHFRPPRQJRRGWDNHVRQDQHZGLPHQVLRQ

$FFRUGLQJWR03LHFKRZLDNÄWKHFRPPRQJRRGVHH)LJXUHLV±GHVFULEHGRQ

WKHJURXQGRISROLWLFDOFRPPXQLW\±WKHVXPRIFRQGLWLRQVRIVRFLDOOLIHHQDEOLQJDQG

IDFLOLWDWLQJ±DOORZLQJWRDFKLHYHLQWHJUDOGHYHORSPHQWRIDOOWKHPHPEHUVRIDSROLWLFDO

FRPPXQLW\HDVLHUDQGWRDJUHDWHUH[WHQW´3LHFKRZLDN

$FFRUGLQJWRWKHTXRWHGGH¿QLWLRQWKHHVVHQFHRIWKHFRPPRQJRRGLVGHYHORSPHQW

LQWHJUDOUHODWLQJWRDOOSHRSOHDQGFRPPXQLWLHVVWHPPLQJIURPSURSHUVXSSRUWLYHOLY- LQJFRQGLWLRQV:KHQIXUWKHULQWHUSUHWHGWKLVGH¿QLWLRQHQWDLOVWKHSURKLELWLRQWRIDYRXU

DFHUWDLQW\SHRIVRFLDOJURXSVRYHURWKHUVDQGWRXVHWKHFRPPRQJRRGIRUWKHSXUSRVH

RIVHFXULQJLQGLYLGXDOLQWHUHVWV-DPND

Figure 1.

7KHFRPPRQ

JRRG

UHVRXUFHV



FRPPXQLW\



VHWRIQRUPV DQG

UXOHVXVHGWR

JRYHUQWKHP

(FRQRP\RIWKH

FRPPRQJRRG

(FRQRP\RIWKH

IXWXUH

Common good components

$FFRUGLQJWR.6WU]HOF]\NWKHGH¿QLWLRQRIWKHFRPPRQJRRGVKRXOGGHWHUPLQH

its contents and constant elements as well as include an element that will allow to rede-

¿QHWKHFRQFHSWFRQIURQWLQJWKHFRQVWDQWZLWKFKDQJHDEOHIRUPVDQGVRFLDOFRQGLWLRQV

17

&K)HOEHUHPSKDVLVHVWKDWZKDWÄFRPPRQJRRG´DFWXDOO\LVLVGHPRFUDWL- FDOO\GHWHUPLQHGE\DJLYHQFRPPXQLW\,WFDQEHDFHUWDLQUHVRXUFHDVLQJOHFRPPXQH

UHJLRQDZKROHFRXQWU\:KDWLVPRUHYDOXHVWKDWDUHRIDJUHDWLPSRUWDQFHWRRQH

FRPPXQLW\FDQEHWRWDOO\LQVLJQL¿FDQWWRDQRWKHU+HQFHWKHUHLVQRWDFHQWUDOOLVWRI

FRPPRQJRRGVDVVXFKJRRGVRFFXUZKHUHYHUDQGZKHQHYHUDFRPPXQLW\GHFLGHV

WRPDQDJHUHVRXUFHVLQDFROOHFWLYHZD\WDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWHTXDODFFHVVXVHIXOQHVV

DQGVXVWDLQDEOHPDQDJHPHQW

2QWKHJURXQGVRIHFRQRPLFVDVLJQL¿FDQWLQÀXHQFHRQWKHUHYLYDORIUHVHDUFKDFWLYLW\

DQGRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHFRQFHSWRIWKHFRPPRQJRRGZDVH[HUWHGE\UHVHDUFKUH- VXOWVRID1REHO3UL]HZLQQHU(OLQRU2VWURPZKRDJDLQVWWKHWUHQGRIFRQYHQWLRQ- DOHFRQRPLFV$OHNVDQGURZLF]KWWSUHEXWWHG+DUGLQVREMHFWLYHVDQGXQGHUPLQHGKLV

WKHVLVDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKWKHRQO\HIIHFWLYHZD\RIGHYHORSPHQWLVSULYDWLVDWLRQSURYLQJ

WKHHI¿FLHQF\DQGHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIFRPPXQLW\PDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPV6KHVKRZHGWKDW

RQHVKRXOGUHIHUWRPXFKULFKHUUHJXODWLQJLQVWLWXWLRQDOVWUXFWXUHVDVWKHLGHDRIFRRS- HUDWLRQRIORFDOFRPPXQLWLHVFDQRIWHQVROYHDSDUWRISUREOHPV1RJDKWWS

7KLVUHYLYDOLVDOVRVXSSRUWHGE\WKHDFWLYLW\RI0XKDPPDG<XQXVKWWSWKH

ZLQQHURIWKH1REHO3HDFH3UL]HIRXQGHURI*UDPHHQ%DQNFDOOHGQRWZLWKRXWUHDVRQ

EDQNHUWRWKHSRRU%HLQJDQDGYLVRUWRWKH(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQKHPDGHQXPHURXV

SXEOLFVSHHFKHVLQWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ(80HPEHU6WDWHVDVZHOODVGXULQJ:RUOG

Economic Forum in Davos, where he presented social entrepreneurship solutions that KDYHEHHQYHUL¿HGLQ$VLDIRULQVWDQFH+HDOVRVHWRXWWKHPRGHOVRIVRFLDOHFRQRP\

IXQFWLRQLQJLQ(XURSHDVZHOODVUHFLSHVIRUVROYLQJVRFLDOSUREOHPVUHGXFLQJWKHJURZ- LQJGLIIHUHQFHVDQGHIIHFWLYHFRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQSXEOLFDQGSULYDWHFDSLWDO6áRGRZD

+HáSD

$OVR'%ROOLHUVWDWHVLQKLVZRUNVWKDWWKHHFRQRP\RIWKHFRPPRQ

JRRGLVLQWKHHPEU\RQLFVWDJHRIGHYHORSPHQWDQGLWLVWKHFKDOOHQJHIRUWKHHFRQR- PLVWVWRQRWLFHWKHFRPPRQJRRGDQG¿QGZD\VWRSURWHFWDQGVWUHQJWKHQLW+HFODLPV

WKDWWKHHVVHQFHRIWKHFRPPRQJRRGLVWKHSUDFWLFDOSDUDGLJPRIVHOIPDQDJHPHQW

UHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWDQGGHFHQWOLIH$FFRUGLQJWR%ROOLHUWKHFRPPRQJRRGLV

–

DVRFLDOV\VWHPRIORQJWHUPFDUHIRUUHVRXUFHVSURWHFWLQJWKHFRPPRQYDOXHVDQG

LGHQWLW\RIDFRPPXQLW\

–

DV\VWHPRIVHOIRUJDQLVDWLRQDOORZLQJFRPPXQLWLHVWRPDQDJHUHVRXUFHVUHQHZDEOH

and non-renewable) with a minimal or zero contribution of the state and market.

–

FROOHFWLYHZHDOWKLQKHULWHGRUFUHDWHGWRJHWKHUZKLFKVKRXOGEHSDVVHGRQXQLP- SDLUHGRUHYHQLPSURYHGWRQH[WJHQHUDWLRQV

–

DQDUHDRIHFRQRP\FUHDWLQJQHZYDOXHVZLWKPHWKRGVRIWHQFRQVLGHUHGWULYLDORIWHQ

HQGDQJHUHGE\VWDWHPDUNHWV\VWHP

$FFRUGLQJWR(2VWURPWKHSURMHFWRIHI¿FLHQWPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHFRPPRQ

JRRGVKRXOGLQFOXGH

 XQDPELJXRXVGH¿QLWLRQRIFRPPRQJRRGERXQGDULHV

18

2) DGMXVWLQJWKHUXOHVRIXVLQJWKHFRPPRQJRRGWRORFDOFRQGLWLRQV

3) FROOHFWLYHFUHDWLRQRIUXOHVRIPDQDJLQJWKHFRPPRQJRRG

4) VXSHUYLVLRQ±PRQLWRULQJWKHFRPSOLDQFHZLWKWKHUXOHVE\FRPPXQLW\VPHPEHUVRU

E\H[WHUQDODFWRUVOLDEOHWRWKHFRPPXQLW\

5) JUDGDEOHVDQFWLRQVLQFDVHRIUXOHEUHDNLQJWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWLQFLGHQWDOEUHHFKRI

WKHUXOHVLQWKHHYHQWRIXQH[SHFWHGHPHUJHQF\FRQGLWLRQVHJVHYHUHZHDWKHU

6) HIIHFWLYHDQGFKHDSPHFKDQLVPVRIFRQÀLFWVROYLQJ

7) WKHV\VWHPVLQGHSHQGHQFH±WKHLQVWLWXWLRQVRIFRPPRQJRRGPDQDJHPHQWEHLQJ

DFFHSWHGE\H[WHUQDOERGLHVHJWKHJRYHUQPHQW

8) PXOWLOHYHOLQVWLWXWLRQVFUHDWLQJELJJHUV\VWHPVFRRUGLQDWLRQRIWKHUXOHVRQGLIIHUHQW

OHYHOVRIWKHJLYHQUHVRXUFHVRSHUDWLRQ

,QWKHDVSHFWRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\VL]HSURSRVHGE\)%DUGKLL*0(FNKDUGW

RQHFDQFKDUDFWHULVHVKDUHGFRQVXPSWLRQWKURXJKWKHSULVPRIDQRQ\PLW\OHYHOFRQ- VXPSWLRQUHODWLRQVGXUDWLRQFRQVXPHULQYROYHPHQWOHYHOPDUNHWPHGLDWLRQW\SHRI

DYDLODEOHJRRGVDQGLGHRORJLFDOPHVVDJH

$QRQ\PLW\GHWHUPLQHVWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQFRQVXPHUVRIWKHVKDUHGJRRG,WFDQ

EHZKROO\DQRQ\PRXVLQUHODWLRQWRRWKHUXVHUVRIDJLYHQSURGXFWHJDFDURUDÀDW

GHYRLGRILQWHUDFWLRQZLWKWKHPRULQYROYHVRFLDODFFHVVZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRISXEOLF

FRQWH[WRIXVLQJJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHV&RQVXPHUVFDQXVHDJLYHQREMHFWWRJHWKHUZLWK

RWKHUSHRSOHSHHUWRSHHUVKDULQJRUFRQVXPHWKHJRRGVWRJHWKHULQGHGLFDWHGSODFHV

HJJDUGHQVRUOLEUDULHV

$QRWKHUFULWHULRQDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKVKDULQJHFRQRP\LVFKDUDFWHULVHGUHODWHVWR

FRQVXPSWLRQVGXUDWLRQDQGWKHDYDLODELOLW\LWVHOI7KHODWWHUFDQEHRQHRIIVXFKDVDQ

LQFLGHQWDOFDUUHQWLQJRUORQJWHUPIRUWL¿HGE\PHPEHUVKLSLQDJLYHQFOXE

,QDVLPLODUZD\ZHFDQGLYHUVLI\WKHWLPHRIXVLQJJLYHQJRRGVFRXQWLQJLQKRXUV

DVLQFDUVKDULQJPRGHOVRU\HDUVDVLQOHDVLQJ,QFDVHRIWKHODWWHU6WUDKLOHYLW]

DQG/RHZHQVWHLQLQGLFDWHWKDWGXUDWLRQRIXVHFDQEHDIDFWRULQWKHFUHDWLRQRI

DÄFRQVXPHU±FRQVXPHGREMHFW´UHODWLRQDQDORJRXVWRWKDWZKLFKLVFUHDWHGLQFDVH

of ownership.

,QDQRWKHUFULWHULRQ±FRQVXPHUHQJDJHPHQWZHFDQREVHUYHWKHSKHQRPHQRQRI

FRFUHDWLRQRUHYHQDVVXPLQJWKHUROHRIDQHPSOR\HHRUDQDJHQWE\WKHFRQVXPHU

)UHL7KHXVHUVRIWKHJRRGVWKHPVHOYHVSHUIRUPDFWLYLWLHVFRQVLGHUHGDVWKH

VHUYLFHSURYLGHUVUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDVIRUH[DPSOHFDUUHIXHOOLQJNHHSLQJLWFOHDQDQG

LQJRRGWHFKQLFDOFRQGLWLRQGDPDJHQRWL¿FDWLRQHWF

7KHIXQGDPHQWDOFULWHULRQIRUVKDULQJHFRQRP\FKDUDFWHULVWLFVLVWKHXVHRIPDUNHWDV

DQDJHQW&RQVXPSWLRQEDVHGRQDFFHVVFDQIXQFWLRQRQQRQSUR¿WUXOHVLWKDVEHHQ

known for years in the form of libraries, and more recently in the form of city bike sys-

tems) or market rules. In such a case, the intermediary institution manifests economic

motivations and usually collects fees from the participants of the created market, for the

XVHDQGRUEHORQJLQJWRWKHJURXSRIXVHUV

19 7KHODVWFULWHULRQIRUFKDUDFWHULVLQJFRQVXPSWLRQEDVHGRQDFFHVVLVWKHH[WHQWWR

ZKLFKLGHRORJ\LVLQYROYHG:KDWLVPHDQWE\WKLVLVWKHXVHRIPDUNHWDFWLYLW\DVWKH

JURXQGIRUVWDWLQJFHUWDLQFRQYLFWLRQVDQGWUHDWLQJFRQVXPHUFKRLFHVDVWRROVLQSROLWLFV

in a way.

+HQFHPRGHUQHFRQRPLVWVVKRXOGEHRFFXSLHGZLWKUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHGHPDQGIRU

SUDFWLFHLQWHUPVRIWKHFRQVXPSWLRQRIWKHFRPPRQJRRG$JURZLQJLQWHUHVWLQWKH

FRPPRQJRRGLVQRWRQO\UHVHUYHGWRUHVHDUFKHUVUHSUHVHQWLQJGLIIHUHQWDUHDV6RFLDO

PRYHPHQWVEDVHGRQWKLVFRQFHSWDUHJURZLQJDURXQGWKHZRUOGDQGQXPHURXVSURMHFWV

VSRQWDQHRXVO\DVVXPHWKHGLVFRXUVHRIWKHFRPPRQJRRGDVDVWUXFWXUHRUJDQLVLQJ

WKHLUHIIRUWV,QWKLVZD\ZKDWLVEHLQJFUHDWHGLVDQHZSDUDGLJPRIWKHHFRQRP\RIWKH

IXWXUHZKLFKFDQQRWEHVWRSSHGDQGZKLFKLVEDVHGRQVKDULQJHFRQRP\

2. Sharing economy – the term's etymology

,QWKHKLVWRU\RIHFRQRP\WKHSKHQRPHQRQRIVKDULQJUHVRXUFHVE\SHRSOHLVQRWK- LQJQHZ6XFKDPRGHORIHFRQRPLFDFWLYLW\KDVEHHQUREXVWIRUPDQ\\HDUVDURXQG

WKHZRUOG,Q3RODQGLWLVDUHODWLYHO\QHZSKHQRPHQRQEXWRQHJDLQLQJSRSXODULW\YHU\

TXLFNO\6KDULQJHFRQRP\LVFRRSHUDWLRQDQGVKDULQJEDVHGRQSURYLGLQJWKHRSSRUWXQLW\

WRDFFHVVJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHVWRWKRVHZKRSUHFLVHO\QHHGVXFKDVHUYLFH7KHZKROH

LGHDLVEDVHGRQWKHVRFDOOHGÄWUXVWLQIUDVWUXFWXUH´HQWDLOLQJVKDULQJERUURZLQJOHQG- LQJH[FKDQJLQJJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHVE\SHRSOH7KLVSULQFLSOHLVWKHEDVLVIRUDJURZLQJ

QXPEHURI,QWHUQHWH[FKDQJHZHEVLWHVZKHUHWKHXVHUVRIIHUWKHLUVHUYLFHVZLWKRXW

DVNLQJIRUPRQH\LQH[FKDQJH6HFXULW\LVSURYLGHGZLWKRSLQLRQVDERXWWKHXVHUVWKDW

HLWKHUWHVWLI\LQIDYRXURUDJDLQVWDJLYHQSHUVRQ

$FFRUGLQJWR$6WHSKDQ\VKDULQJHFRQRP\GUDZVYDOXHIURPXVLQJDVVHWVWKDWDUH

QRWIXOO\XVHGDQGPDNLQJWKHPDYDLODEOHRQOLQHIRUDFRPPXQLW\ZKLFKOHDGVWROHVVHQ- LQJWKHQHHGIRURZLQJWKHP'H¿QHGLQWKLVZD\VKDULQJHFRQRP\LVEDVHGRQ¿YHED- sic pillars: value, not fully used resources, on-line availability, community and decreased QHHGIRURZQHUVKLS6WHSKDQ\

,Q3RODQGWKLVSKHQRPHQRQKDVEHHQFDOOHGDÄKXUULFDQHDEOHWRFKDQJHWKHZRUOGV

economy”, whereas Financial Times has called it „a completely new form of capital- LVP´:LWKRXWGRXEWWKHJURZWKRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\HQWDLOVDORWRIFKDQJHVWKDWZLOO

KDYHDQLQÀXHQFHRQWKHZRUOGVFRQVXPHULVPHFRQRP\DQGHQWHUSULVHJURZWK7KLV

SKHQRPHQRQLVEDVHGRQSHRSOHVWHQGHQF\IRUFRRSHUDWLRQKHOSLQJRWKHUSHRSOHDQG

VKDULQJWLPHDQGUHVRXUFHVZKLFKLVUHFLSURFDWHGLQGLIIHUHQWZD\VPDWHULDODQGQRQ

PDWHULDO6RPHWLPHDJRVXFKDIRUPRIFRRSHUDWLRQZDVOLPLWHGWRDVPDOOFLUFOHRI

IDPLO\DFTXDLQWDQFHVDQGQHLJKERXUVEXWZLWKPDVVSURGXFWLRQJURZWKRIWUDGHDQG

VHUYLFHVDVZHOODVJUHDWHUPLJUDWLRQUHVXOWLQJLQPXOWLJHQHUDWLRQIDPLOLHVEHLQJVHSD- UDWHGDQGORVLQJDFTXDLQWDQFHVWKLVSKHQRPHQRQZDVVORZO\EHFRPLQJOHVVLPSRUWDQW

DQGLWVIXQFWLRQVKDYHEHHQWDNHQRYHUE\FRPSDQLHVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVHJSXEOLFRQHV



Another aspect of human nature, which is the will to compete and care for individual interests is the basis of classical economics, but in the conditions of market economy LWVRPHWLPHVOHDGVWRGLVWRUWLRQVH[SORLWDWLRQIUDXGHWF7KDQNVWRQHZWHFKQRORJLHV

FRRSHUDWLRQHFRQRP\LVDJDLQJDLQLQJSRSXODULW\DQGHFRQRPLFUDWLRQDOLW\7KHFDWDO\VW

RILWVG\QDPLFJURZWKZDVWKH¿QDQFLDOFULVLVLQDVZHOODVWKHQHHGIRUVDYLQJ

XVLQJUHVRXUFHVLQDEHWWHUZD\DQGFKDQJLQJVRFLDOUHODWLRQV6KDULQJHFRQRP\WUDQV- IRUPVZHOONQRZQFDSLWDOLVPLQWRLWVQHZIRUP±HFRQRP\WKDWLVDOVREDVHGRQPRQH\

EXWXVHVUHVRXUFHVLQDPRUHHI¿FLHQWZD\,WVEDVLFLGHDLVWKHPRWWRÄWKHPRUHZH

VKDUHWKHPRUHZHKDYHWRJHWKHU´

Late 20

DQGHDUO\

FHQWXU\KDYHEURXJKWDQLQFUHDVHGLQWHUHVWLQDOWHUQDWLYH

ZD\VRIDFFHVVLQJJRRGVZLWKXQGHUO\LQJVWULYHIRUVXVWDLQDELOLW\+RZHYHUWKHFRQFHSW

RIVKDUHGFRQVXPHULVPLVQRWDWDOOQHZ$WHUPVLPLODUWRVKDULQJHFRQRP\±FROODERUD- WLYHFRQVXPSWLRQVHH)LJXUHZDVIRUWKH¿UVWWLPHXVHGLQE\0DUFXV)HOVRQ

DQG-RH/6SDHWKLQWKHLUDUWLFOHLQÄ$PHULFDQ%HKDYLRUDO6FLHQWLVW´7KH\GHVFULEHG

WKLVIRUPRIFRQVXPSWLRQDVDSURFHVVLQZKLFKRQHRUPRUHSHRSOHFRQVXPHJRRGVRU

VHUYLFHVE\HQJDJLQJLQGLIIHUHQWDFWLYLWLHVZLWKRWKHUV)HOVRQ6SDHWK

Figure 2.

6KDULQJ (FRQRP\

FROODERUDWLYH

FRQVXPSWLRQ

)OHD

PDUNHWV

6HFRQG

KDQG

VKRSV

&DUERRW

VDOHV

*DUDJH

VDOHV 6ZDS

PHHWV

Collaborative Economy

+RZHYHUWKHWHUPVKDULQJHFRQRP\ZDVXVHGIRUWKH¿UVWWLPHRQO\LQ,WZDVWKH

\HDUWKDWSURIHVVRU/DZUHQFH/HVVLJ/HVVLJXVHGLWWRGHVFULEHWKHWUDQVDFWLRQRI

ERUURZLQJJRRGVDQGUHVRXUFHVZKLFKZDVLQDZD\RSSRVHGWRWKHWUDQVDFWLRQRIEX\LQJ



7KHSLRQHHUVRIVWXG\RQWKHFRQVXPHUVEHKDYLRXULQWKHIRUPDWRIVKDULQJDUH%HON

DQG&KHQ7KHLUZRUNVKDYHEHFRPHDFRQFHSWXDOJXLGHH[SODLQLQJWKH

phenomenon of mutuality in a consumer-consumer relation.

$FFRUGLQJWRWKHUHSRUWRI3ULFHZDWHUKRXVH&RRSHUVÄ6KDUHDQGUXOH6KDULQJHFRQ- RP\´±PRUHWKDQFRPSDQLHVDURXQGWKHZRUOGRSHUDWHLQWKLVHFRQRP\PRGHO

7KRVHFRPSDQLHVZLOODFKLHYHDIROGUHYHQXHLQFUHDVH±IURP86'ELOOLRQLQ

WR86'ELOOLRQLQ±DQGLWLVRQO\LQWKH¿YHEDVLVDUHDVWUDQVSRUW¿QDQFLDO

VHUYLFHVWRXULVPKRWHOVDQGDSSRLQWLQJWKHHPSOR\HGSHRSOH7DEOHSUHVHQWVH[DP- SOHVRIWKHPRVWIDPRXVFRPSDQLHVEDVLQJWKHLUVWUDWHJ\RQWKHDVVXPSWLRQVRIVKDULQJ

HFRQRP\WRJHWKHUZLWKDVKRUWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHLUDFWLYLWLHV

Table 1. Companies operating on the basis of sharing economy business model as of 31/12/2015

Company Name Description of activity

Airbnb DJOREDOZHEVLWHHQDEOLQJSHRSOHWRUHQWSULYDWHÀDWV EDJUHQWSO UHQWLQJOX[XULRXVZRPHQVEDJV

%ODEODFDU WUDQVSRUWRISHRSOHRQORQJGLVWDQFHVZLWKDGGLWLRQDOSDVVHQJHUVWRUHGXFHWKHFRVW Cookisto FRRNLQJPHDOVWRJHWKHU

&RXFKVXU¿QJ DZHEVLWHIRURIIHULQJDEHGVSDFHDFRXFKIRUIRUHLJQWRXULVWV Deezer VKDULQJPXVLFZLWKLQRQHVVXEVFULSWLRQ

'RJYDFD\ DZHEVLWHDOORZLQJXVHUVWRORRNIRUHDFKRWKHUVSHWVZKLOHWKHLURZQHUVDUHRQKROLGD\

Finansowo.pl social loans

)OLJKWFDU UHQWLQJFDUVOHIWE\WKHLUGHSDUWLQJRZQHUVDWDLUSRUWV

GoGet.pl VKDULQJELNHVDQGFDUV

Green coffee DFKDLQRIFRIIHHVKRSVRIIHULQJDFRIIHHLQH[FKDQJHIRUDERRN iParkomat RIIHULQJSDUNLQJVSDFHV

-DGĊ=DELRUĊ DZHEVLWHRIH[SUHVVSDFNDJHVVHQWDOVRDEURDG

Kickstarter DZHEVLWHDOORZLQJRQHWRVXSSRUWSURMHFWVSURSRVHGE\,QWHUQHWXVHUV Lyft WUDQVSRUWRISHRSOHDQGJRRGV

1HW¿[ PDNLQJ¿OPVDYDLODEOHRQOLQH Nextbike UHQWLQJFLW\ELNHV

planetazabawy.pl UHQWLQJFKLOGUHQVWR\V

3RODNSRWUD¿ VRFLDO¿QDQFLQJRIEXVLQHVVSURMHFWV SirLocal access to professionals of different areas Skilltrade DZHEVLWHIRUH[FKDQJLQJVNLOOVZRUN

Spotify DZHEVLWHIRUVKDULQJPXVLFLQH[FKDQJHIRUDVXEVFULSWLRQIHH Systemy Rowerów

Publicznych city bike rentals

Taxi2 VKDULQJWD[LIHHFRVWVLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKFRSDVVHQJHUFKRRVLQJHJZRPHQFKRRVHRQO\

other women)

TrustCloud PDQDJLQJVWDQGDUGVRISURMHFWWUXVWDJJUHJDWLQJUHSXWDWLRQ Uber taxi and transport services

UlaLa Chef ERRNLQJSULYDWHFKHIV

Wooloo.pl DZHEVLWHIRUH[FKDQJLQJVHUYLFHVLQWKHIRUPRIDJLYHQW\SHRIZRUN Z\PLHQQLNRUJ DZHEVLWHIRUH[FKDQJLQJJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHV

Zilok UHQWLQJFDU±FDPSHUV

Zipcar VKDULQJFDUV

6RXUFHRZQVWXG\RQWKHEDVLVRI:VSyáG]LHOLU]ąGĨ«=JLHS=\VN



$VFDQEHVHHQLQWDEOHVKDULQJHFRQRP\ZRUNVLQDWOHDVWIRXUJHQHUDOPRGHOV

&&consumer to consumer, i.e. on-line area of business in relation to private persons),

%&business to consumer, i.e. business relation between a company and a final FXVWRPHULQLWLDWHGE\WKHFRPSDQ\&%consumer to businessLHDFDWHJRU\RI

HEXVLQHVVUHYHUVLQJWKHWUDGLWLRQDOPRGHRIVDOHVLQYROYLQJFXVWRPHUVSODFLQJRIIHUV

RQOLQHRQVSHFLDOZHEVLWHVDQG%%business to business, i.e. trade relations between companies, the so-called e-commerce). The described enterprises have an established SRVLWLRQRQPDQ\PDUNHWV$LUEQEIRULQVWDQFH±ZLWKDYDOXHRIRYHU86'ELOOLRQ±

KDVRYHUWKRXVDQGDGYHUWLVHPHQWVRQLWV3ROLVKZHEVLWHZZZDLUEQESOEHLQJRYHU

RI3ROLVKKRWHOEDVH7KHFUHDWRURIWKLVEXVLQHVVLGHDLV±%ULDQ&KHVN\ZKRKDV

DOUHDG\HDUQHGPRUHWKDQ86'ELOOLRQ'XULQJMXVWRQH\HDU±EHWZHHQDQG

±WKHYDOXHRIORDQVJUDQWHGLQVKDULQJHFRQRP\PRGHOURVHVHYHQIROGIURP86'

ELOOLRQWR86'ELOOLRQKWWSZZZSZFSO1HWÀL[RIIHULQJDFFHVVWR¿OPVRQOLQHKDV

RYHUPLOOLRQVXEVFULEHUVLQFRXQWULHV8EHU±ZLWKWKHYDOXHRI86'ELOOLRQ±LV

FXUUHQWO\RSHUDWLQJLQRYHUFLWLHVDURXQGWKHZRUOG=\VN*OREDOLQYHVWPHQWV

ZRUWKLQVKDULQJHFRQRP\LQZDV86'PLOOLRQVHH)LJXUH

Figure 3.









































     

3HRSOH¶VPRELOLW\

6SDFH )LQDQFH 6HUYLFHV

*RRGV 6FLHQFHDQGNQRZOHGJH /RJLVWLFV )RRG (QHUJ\DQGWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ

+HDOWK 7KHYDOXHRILQYHVWPHQWVLQELOOLRQV86'LQ6KDULQJ(FRQRP\

7KHYDOXHRILQYHVWPHQWVLQELOOLRQV86'LQLQWKH:RUOG

Global investments' in the World and Sharing Economy

6KDULQJHFRQRP\PRGHOLVEHFRPLQJLQFUHDVLQJO\SRSXODUDPRQJSHRSOHDQGLQVWLWX-

WLRQVLQFOXGLQJ3ROLVKDQG(XURSHDQJRYHUQPHQWERGLHV%HWZHHQ6HSWHPEHU



DQG-DQXDU\WKH(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQSHUIRUPHG¿UVWSXEOLFFRQVXOWDWLRQV

RQWKHVXEMHFWRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\'HUYRMHGD$WWKHEHJLQQLQJRI&RP- PLVVLRQHUIRU,QWHUQDO0DUNHWDQG6HUYLFHVRIWKH(8±(%LHĔNRZVND±DQQRXQFHG

WKDWWKH(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQZLOOGHYHORSGHWDLOHGJXLGHOLQHVIRU(80HPEHU6WDWHV

SRLQWLQJRXWWKHUHJXODWLQJUXOHVRIWKH(8VDUHDRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\DVWKHSUHVHQW

OHJDOIUDPHZRUNLVLQFRPSDWLEOHZLWKWKLVPRGHUQVHFWRU2Q-XQH(XURSHDQ

DJHQGDIRUVKDULQJHFRQRP\ZDVSXEOLVKHG(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQZDQWVVKDULQJ

HFRQRP\WREHFRPHRQHRIWKHGULYLQJIRUFHVRI(8HFRQRPLHV7KHDGRSWHGDJHQGD

supports consumers, entrepreneurs and state authorities in „bold participation” in shar- LQJHFRQRP\,QIXUWKHUSHUVSHFWLYH(8SODQVWRREVHUYHDQGDQDO\VHWKHVLWXDWLRQLQ

GLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHV\HWZLWKRXWLQWHUYHQWLRQVLQWKHIRUPRIODZVLQRUGHUWRDYRLGORVLQJ

FRPSHWLWLYHQHVVZLWKRWKHUUHJLRQVRIWKHZRUOGUHPHPEHULQJWKDWDORWRIEXVLQHVV

PRGHOVIXQFWLRQZLWKLQWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\DQGLWLVGLI¿FXOWWRSURYLGH

DVLQJOHIUDPHZRUNIRUWKHP

3. Risk in sharing economy

$VKDVEHHQVWDWHGHDUOLHU±WKHODFNRIWUDQVSDUHQF\DQGRUJDQLVDWLRQLQVKDULQJ

HFRQRP\WRGD\PDNHVDOOLWVDVSHFWVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKLVGLVRUJDQLVDWLRQGHWHUPLQH

LWVULVN,WLVZRUWKLGHQWLI\LQJWKRVHDUHDVDQGDQDO\VHWKHULVNWKH\JHQHUDWH±DQGLQ

FRQVHTXHQFHWU\LQJWRPLWLJDWHLW2QO\WKHQZLOOVKDULQJHFRQRP\SURFHVVEHXQDP- ELJXRXVXQGHUVWDQGDEOHFRKHUHQWDQGHTXDOIRUHYHU\RQH7KHPDLQULVNVLGHQWL-

¿HGE\WKHDXWKRUDUHLQFOXGHGLQ)LJXUH

±8QHTXLYRFDODQGFRKHUHQWFRQFHSW±ODFNRIDQXQHTXLYRFDOGH¿QLWLRQGHVFULELQJ

WKHVFRSHDQGVWDWXVRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\

±'DWDVDIHW\±WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQHWZRUNFRPPXQLWLHVPDLQO\GXHWR,QWHUQHW

KDVVKRZQWKDWSURSHUW\ULJKWGRHVQRWJXDUDQWHHRQWRORJLFDOVDIHW\DQ\PRUHDQG

WKDWLWGRHVQRWSURYLGHDVHQVHRILQGHSHQGHQFH$FFXPXODWLQJDORWRILQIRUPDWLRQE\

WHFKQRORJLFDOFRPSDQLHVGRHVQRWSURPRWHWKHFRQ¿GHQWLDOLW\RIRXUGDWD$FWXDOO\LW

H[FOXGHVWKLVFRQ¿GHQWLDOLW\7KHUHLVDOVRWKHODFNRIOHJDOUHJXODWLRQVUHODWHGWRFROOHFW- LQJSHUVRQDOGDWDDQGWKHSRVVLELOLW\WRFRPPHUFLDOLVHWKHP

±7D[HV±YDU\LQJZD\VRIUHJXODWLQJFUHGLWRUVE\HQWLWLHVLQWKHDUHDRIVKDULQJ

DQGWUDGLWLRQDOHFRQRP\$VWKHUHVXOWWKHHQWLWLHVRIWKH¿UVWJURXSZHDNHQFRPSHWLWRUV

WKDWDUHVXEMHFWWRFKDUJHVDQGKHQFH±PRUHH[SHQVLYHRQWKHRQHKDQGDQGRQWKH

RWKHUKDQGWKH\ORZHUEXGJHWLQFRPH7KH\GRQRWSD\3,7VRFLDOLQVXUDQFHQRU&,7

Another problem is related to people who misuse the possibility of joint journeys offered

E\%OD%OD&DUIRULQVWDQFHXVLQJFRPSDQ\FDUVIRUWDNLQJSDVVHQJHUV7KXVWKH\EH-

come tax-free service providers.



Figure 4.

SHARING ECONOMY

 















 

















5LVNVLGHQWLÀHGLQ6KDULQJ(FRQRP\²8QHTXLYRFDODQGFRKHUHQWFRQFHSW²'DWD

safety, (3) – Taxes, (4) – Law regulations, (5) – Quality, (6) – Service performance guarantee, (7) – Pursuing claims, (8) – Employees' rights, (9) – Taking responsibility for clients, (10) – Grey market, (11) – Competitiveness, (12) – Relations: sharing – business, (13) – Licences DQGSHUPLVVLRQV²(PSOR\PHQWUHODWLRQVKLS²'HÁDWLRQ²&RQVXPHUULJKWV

protection, (17) – Employment, (18) – Abuse, (19) – Mentality, (20) – Sales.

Source: own study.

±/DZUHJXODWLRQV±PRGHUQODZFDQQRWNHHSXSZLWKHFRQRP\JURZWKÄ7UDGL- tional” entrepreneurs are worried by the fact that law accepts unequal treatment of GLIIHUHQWPDUNHWSDUWLFLSDQWV7KHODZODFNVFOHDUUHJXODWLRQVWKDWZRXOGUHVXOWLQWKH

IDFWWKDWVHUYLFHVSURYLGHGDVSDUWRIWUDGLWLRQDODQGVKDULQJHFRQRP\DUHSHUIRUPHG

RQHTXDOWHUPVE\DOOHQWLWLHVUHVSHFWLQJWKHUXOHVRIIDLUFRPSHWLWLRQ,WSHUWDLQVERWK

WREXVLQHVVULVNGLYLGHGEHWZHHQWKHXVHUWKHOHQGHUDQGWKHZHEVLWHVRZQHUDQGWR

WKHULVNUHODWHGWRFRQGXFWLQJEXVLQHVVDQGVRFLDOSURWHFWLRQSURYLGHGWRSHRSOHZKR

ZRUNOLNHWKDW3URYLGLQJVHUYLFHVDVSDUWRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\LVVXEMHFWWRGLIIHUHQWODZV

LQGLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHV/HJDODQGWD[V\VWHPVZHUHQRWSUHSDUHGIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI

WKLVNLQGRIVHUYLFHVZKLFKUHVXOWVLQSURWHVWVRIFRPSDQLHVRSHUDWLQJZLWKLQWUDGLWLRQDO

HFRQRP\(XURSHDQOHJDOIUDPHZRUNLVLQDGHTXDWHLQUHODWLRQWRQHZEXVLQHVVPRGHOV

±4XDOLW\±ODFNRIQRUPVDQGVWDQGDUGV

±6HUYLFHSHUIRUPDQFHJXDUDQWHH±ODFNRILWWKHFOLHQWVFDQGRDVPXFKDVWR

JLYHDQHJDWLYHRSLQLRQIRUVHUYLFHWKDWZDVLQFRPSDWLEOHZLWKWKHLUH[SHFWDWLRQVRUIRU

unethical practices.

±3XUVXLQJFODLPV±LQIDFWWKHLVVXHFODLPVUHODWHGWRLPSURSHUO\SHUIRUPHG

VHUYLFHDVSDUWRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\LVQRWXQGHUWDNHQE\ODZ&OLHQWVFDQGRDVPXFK

DVWRJLYHDQHJDWLYHRSLQLRQIRUVHUYLFHWKDWZDVLQFRPSDWLEOHZLWKWKHLUH[SHFWDWLRQV

or for unethical practices.



±(PSOR\HHVULJKWV±ODFNRIWKHPDVWKHUHDUHQRFLYLOODZFRQWUDFWVQRUDUHOD- tionship between an employee and service provider.

±7DNLQJUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUFOLHQWV±ODFNRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\DVWKHUHDUHQRFLYLOODZ

contracts nor a relationship between an employee and service provider.

±*UH\PDUNHW±UHVXOWLQJIURPWKHODFNRISD\PHQWVHWWOLQJE\HQWLWLHVLQVKDULQJ

economy.

±&RPSHWLWLYHQHVV±ODFNRIOHJDOUHJXODWLRQVUHODWHGWRFRPSHWLWLRQ6KDULQJ

HFRQRP\QHZPRGHOH[SUHVVLQJWKHHIIHFWRIRQHRIWKHVRFDOOHG3RUWHUV)LYH)RUFHV

LHGDQJHUSRVHGE\VXEVWLWXWHV7KHUHDUHQHZSOD\HUVLQWKHPDUNHWDFWLQJDFFRUGLQJ

WRWKHQHZEXVLQHVVPRGHOZKLFKEHFRPHVDGDQJHUIRUWKHDOUHDG\H[LVWLQJVROXWLRQV

±5HODWLRQVVKDULQJ±EXVLQHVV±UHVXOWLQJIURPWKHODFNRIXQHTXLYRFDOGH¿QL- WLRQGHVFULELQJWKHVFRSHDQGVWDWXVRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\WKHODWWHULVEHLQJGLVWRUWHG

:HFDQWDONDERXWVKDULQJHFRQRP\ZKHQZHGHDOZLWKH[FKDQJHJURXSVZLWKFORVH

UHODWLRQVEHWZHHQLQGLYLGXDOV,IWKLVLVDSXUHO\FRPPHUFLDOUHODWLRQWKHQLWLVWDNLQJ

DGYDQWDJHRIWKHWUHQGIRUEXVLQHVVSXUSRVHZKLFKVKRXOGEHUHJXODWHGE\ODZ+HQFH

WKHUHVKRXOGEHDFOHDUGLYLVLRQEHWZHHQJUDVVURRWVSURMHFWVEDVHGRQVKDULQJHFRQRP\

VXFKDVREMHFWH[FKDQJHJURXSVDQGFRPSDQLHVXVLQJWKLVWUHQGIRUEXVLQHVVSXUSRVHV

$QLQGLVSHQVDEOHFRQGLWLRQIRUVKDULQJFRQVXPSWLRQLVPDLQWDLQLQJFORVHUHODWLRQVEH- WZHHQSHRSOH,IWKHUHDUHQRFORVHUHODWLRQVLWLVSXUHEXVLQHVV,WLVYHU\GLI¿FXOWWR

GLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQWKRVHZKRRSHUDWHRQWKHSULQFLSOHRIEDUWHUJRRGH[FKDQJHDQG

WKRVHZKRGRLWIRUSUR¿W0DNLQJVXFKDGLVWLQFWLRQVHHPVLPSRVVLEOH

±/LFHQFHVDQGSHUPLVVLRQV±ODFNRIFOHDUUHJXODWLRQVUHVXOWVLQWKHIDFWWKDW

SDUWLFLSDQWVRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\GRQRWKDYHDSURSHUOLFHQFHFDVKUHJLVWHUVLQFDUV

a clear price list in cars, social insurance. Individuals who conduct business on „tradi- WLRQDO´PDUNHWDUHREOLJHGWRPHHWVWDQGDUGVGHWHUPLQHGE\DJLYHQLQGXVWU\HJ¿QLVK

FHUWDLQWUDLQLQJVSDVVH[DPVKDYHDSSURSULDWHFHUWL¿FDWHVFRPSO\ZLWKVDIHW\EX\

LQVXUDQFHFRYHULQJGDPDJHVLQFXUUHGIRUFRQGXFWLQJFHUWDLQEXVLQHVV,QFDVHRISHRSOH

RIIHULQJWKHLUVHUYLFHVRUJRRGVDVSDUWRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\WKRVHDUHQRWUHTXLUHGDV

WKHUHDUHQRDSSURSULDWHUHJXODWLRQVWKDWZRXOGFRUUHVSRQGWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQHZ

WHFKQRORJLHVDQGWRVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFFKDQJHVLWHQWDLOV

±(PSOR\PHQWUHODWLRQVKLS±EXVLQHVVSUDFWLFHDVSDUWRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\OHDGV

WRHPSOR\PHQWUHODWLRQVKLSDQGZRUNHWKRVEHLQJPDGHSUHFDULRXV/HJDOVROXWLRQVLQ

WHUPVRIODERXUODZDUHQRWDGMXVWHGWRÄVHUYH´VKDULQJHFRQRP\DQGWKHVWDWH¿QGVLW

GLI¿FXOWWRSOD\WKHUHJXODWLQJUROH

±'HÀDWLRQ±%LJJHUWHQGHQF\WRVKDUHFDQWKHRUHWLFDOO\OHDGWRGHFUHDVHGVDOHV

ZLWKLQDQHFRQRP\DQGHYHQWRGHÀDWLRQDQGXQHPSOR\PHQW

±&RQVXPHUULJKWVSURWHFWLRQ±ODFNRIFRQVXPHUSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWXQIDLUPDU- NHWSUDFWLFHV,IWKHVHUYLFHLVQRWSURYLGHG±WKHFRQVXPHUFDQRQO\KRSHIRUWKHUHIXQG

RIFRPPLVVLRQRUSDUWRISD\PHQW%X\LQJDQHZSURGXFWPDNHVFRQVXPHUVLQÄWUDGL-

WLRQDO´HFRQRP\PRUHSURWHFWHGE\VSHFL¿FODZVHJWKHDFWRQFRQIRUPLW\RIJRRGV



ZLWKWKHFRQWUDFW,WSURYLGHVFRQVXPHUVZLWKDUDQJHRIULJKWVIRUH[DPSOHWKHVHOOHU

KDVWRUHSDLURUH[FKDQJHJRRGV,QFDVHRIH[FKDQJHRUVKDULQJWKHSHUVRQOLDEOHIRU

GDPDJHVFDXVHGE\WKLVSURGXFWLVQRWLGHQWL¿HG

±(PSOR\PHQW±VRIDUVKDULQJHFRQRP\GRHVQRWHQWDLOHPSOR\LQJSHRSOHIXOO

time. They are rather independent service providers or entrepreneurs. The possible QHHGRIHPSOR\LQJFRRSHUDWRUVFDQEHDELJSUREOHPIRUFRPSDQLHVZLWKLQVKDULQJ

HFRQRP\:KDWLVPRUH±OHVVGHPDQGIRUFDUVUHVXOWLQJIURPVKDULQJWKHPWRDJUHDWHU

extent will cause a quick decrease of employment in automotive industry and mainte- nance services. Advanced systems will replace or oust employees from different posi- WLRQVZKLFKZLOOPHDQOHWWLQJRII

±$EXVH±IRULQVWDQFHZKHQSHRSOHKDYLQJDIHZLPPRYDEOHVUHQWWKHP

WKURXJKRXWWKHZKROH\HDUWRWRXULVWVRUZKHQVDOHVUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVJRLQJRQEXVLQHVV

WULSVWDNHDIHZSDVVHQJHUVLQWKHLUFRPSDQ\FDUV

±0HQWDOLW\±VKDULQJHFRQRP\UHTXLUHVVRFLDOWUXVW+RZHYHUWKHIROORZLQJ

VWDWHPHQWRIWHQRFFXUVÄ,ZLOOQRWH[FKDQJHEHFDXVHKHZLOOGHVWUR\LW´

±6DOHV±DVDUHVXOWRIGLVFUHSDQF\EHWZHHQUHJXODWLRQVUHODWLQJWRHQWLWLHV

IXQFWLRQLQJZLWKLQWUDGLWLRQDODQGVKDULQJHFRQRP\WKHUHLVDGHFUHDVHRIWXUQRYHURIWKH

HQWLWLHVRSHUDWLQJZLWKLQWKHERXQGDULHVRIODZHJÄWUDGLWLRQDO´KRWHOVDUHFRQIURQWHG

with apartments rented occasionally for less money and with less business costs).

4. Assumptions, method, research results and conclusions

4.1. Assumptions and method

The point of reference for conducted empirical research is the analysis of the risk of WKHLPSDFWRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\RQWKH3ROLVKODERXUPDUNHWRQWKHH[DPSOHRI8%(5

application. The choice of research area was dictated by the controversies raised by WKLVDSSOLFDWLRQLQPDQ\FRXQWULHVHJ8%(5$VHQWU\LQWR3RODQGWULJJHUHGSURWHVWVE\

WUDGLWLRQDOWD[LRSHUDWRUV7KHUHZDVDOVRDGLVFXVVLRQRQWKHÄEULJKWDQGGDUN´VLGHVRI

American application activity in Poland. This is an example of a collaborative economy, ZKLFKLVFRPPRQLQPDQ\(8DQGJOREDOFRXQWULHV8%(5LVDOVRWKHORQJHVWUXQQLQJ

H[DPSOHRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\LQLQWHUQDWLRQDOEXVLQHVVFXUUHQWO\RSHUDWLQJLQFLWLHV

FRXQWULHVDQGELOOLRQFRQQHFWLRQVRSHUDWH)RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKHDQDO\VLVWKH

DVSHFWRIPHHWLQJWKHIRUPDOUHTXLUHPHQWVWKDWPXVWEHPHWLQRUGHUIRUWKLVIRUPRI

EXVLQHVVPRGHOWRIXQFWLRQLQWKHWHUULWRU\RIDJLYHQFRXQWU\KDVEHHQRPLWWHG,QPDQ\

FDVHVWKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVKDYHEHHQRPLWWHGE\WKH8%(5$KHQFHWKHFRQWURYHUV\RQ

WKLVVXEMHFWPHQWLRQHGHDUOLHUWKHRSSRQHQWVRIWKH8%(5FODLPWKDWLWLVQRWVKDULQJ

HFRQRP\8%(5$VLQÀXHQFHRQWKHORFDOODERXUPDUNHWZDVDQDO\VHGZLWKSDUWLFXODU

HPSKDVLVRQWKH3ROLVKODERXUPDUNHW7KHUHVHDUFKVKDOOFRYHUWKHSHULRGWR

VWDUWRIRSHUDWLRQVRIWKH(8%5DSSOLFDWLRQLQ3RODQGDVRIZRUOGZLGHIRU



VHFWRU+RI3.'WUDQVSRUWDQGZDUHKRXVHPDQDJHPHQW

IRU3RODQG±VHFWLRQ+

3.'LQODQGWUDQVSRUW7KHDQDO\VLVFRQFHUQV¿UVWRIDOOWKH3ROLVKPDUNHWEXWGXHWR

WKHVKRUWSHULRGRI8%(5$VDFWLYLW\LQ3RODQG±GDWDIRURWKHUHFRQRPLHVLQWKHZRUOG

ZKHUHWKHDSSOLFDWLRQLVDOUHDG\RSHUDWLQJZHUHDOVRFRPSLOHG7KHDLPRIVXFKDQ

DSSURDFKZDVWR¿QGSRVVLEOHLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHODERXUPDUNHW±LQFRXQWULHVZKHUH

WKHDSSOLFDWLRQZRUNVORQJHU±DQGWRUHIHUWKHPWRSRVVLEOHIXWXUHLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKH

3ROLVKPDUNHW7KLVDQDO\VLVLVWKHVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUQH[WUHVHDUFKRQVKDULQJHFRQRP\

7KHIROORZLQJUHVHDUFKUHODWHGWRFRQVXPSWLRQZHUHXVHGLQWKHFRQGXFWHGUHVHDUFK

it was assumed that consumption in a balanced state was, ƚ depends on current in- come Y:

1 1

0

Y

C

Į  Į  )

7KHIROORZLQJFRQVXPSWLRQIXQFWLRQZLWKDVLQJOHGHOD\FRUUHVSRQGVWRWZR¿QGLQJV

¿UVWO\WKDWDQDJJUHJDWHFRQVXPSWLRQPRGHOFDQEHEXLOWDQGVHFRQGO\WKDWWKHUHDF- WLRQRIFRQVXPSWLRQWRFXUUHQWLQFRPHLVZHDN$VVXPLQJWKDWRQO\DFHUWDLQSDUWȕ

of the difference ƚ

±&

is realised in year t, is obtained:

1

1  



  



t

C C C Y C

C ȕ ȕ Į Į )

It follows from this that:

1 1 1 0

1

  1 

t

Y C

C ȕ Į ȕ Į ȕ  )

In order to avoid possible autocorrelation of random components, the analysis will then relate to the equation:

1 1

1

 1 

t

Y C

C ȕ Į ǻ ȕ ǻ

ǻ )

where:

C

, National income,

Y

9DULDEOHVGHSHQGLQJRQSULYDWHLQYHVWPHQWH[SHQGLWXUHI

,

deduction of taxes, IJ<

, where: IJ is the tax rate, and consumption expenditure of the previous year,ȕ

 IJ)ȕ

.

7KHDQDO\VLVZDVEDVHGRQ%RVZRUWK'DZNLQV6WURPEDFNWKDWWKHODERXU

PDUNHWLVDSODFHZKHUHHPSOR\HUVGHPDQGIRUODERXULVÄPHHWLQJ´ZLWKWKHODERXU

supply reported by employees. This market determines the labour price, i. e. the rate paid as an equivalent for the work done. In the case of conducted research, the partici-

2

$FFRUGLQJWRWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DERXU2UJDQLVDWLRQFODVVL¿FDWLRQ,/2



SDQWVLQVKDULQJHFRQRP\DUHSHUVRQVFRQGXFWLQJEXVLQHVVDFWLYLW\FRQVLVWLQJLQRIIHULQJ

transport services to individual customers thanks to the Uber platform. The development RIVKDULQJHFRQRP\DVDSUR¿WRULHQWHGEXVLQHVVPRGHOKDVDVLJQL¿FDQWLPSDFWRQ

WKHODERXUPDUNHW7KHUHIRUHWKHDQDO\VLVZLOOIRFXVRQWKLVJURXSRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\

participants. It will be conducted on the basis of a popular communication application ZZZXEHUFRP3ROLVKYHUVLRQ$FFRUGLQJWRWKHGHFODUDWLRQVRIERWKDSSOLFDWLRQRZQHUV

and drivers, drivers are independent self-employed in this model of cooperation. They GRQRWUHFHLYHD¿[HGZDJH7KHLUUHPXQHUDWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHQXPEHURIFRPSOHWHG

courses and kilometres travelled, or alternatively on the provision of additional services HJLQVWUXFWLRQVDQGSHUVXDGLQJWKHQH[WSDUWQHUWRFRRSHUDWH7KH\EHDUWKHIXOOULVN

for their activities. They are also owners of car equipment.

4.2. Research results and conclusions

8QGRXEWHGO\WKHQXPEHURIREVHUYDWLRQVIRU3RODQGLVLQVXI¿FLHQWWRFRQFOXGHDW

SUHVHQWRQVXVWDLQDEOHWUHQGVLQWKHODERXUPDUNHW,WFDQRQO\EHYHUL¿HGZKHWKHULQWKH

DQDO\VHGSHULRGRI±GLVSURSRUWLRQVRFFXUUHGLQFKDQJHVRQWKH3ROLVKODERXU

PDUNHW,Q±WKHQXPEHURIHPSOR\HHVLQWKHQDWLRQDOHFRQRP\LQFUHDVHGE\

VHH7DEOH,QWKHVDPHSHULRGWKHQXPEHURISHUVRQVFRQGXFWLQJEXVLQHVV

DFWLYLW\LQVHFWLRQ+RI3.'LQFUHDVHGE\7KHQXPEHURIHQWUHSUHQHXUVFRQGXFW- LQJEXVLQHVVDFWLYLW\LQVHFWLRQ+RI3.'LQFUHDVHGE\7KHVKDUHRISHUVRQV

HPSOR\HGLQWKH3.'+VHFWRULQWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIHPSOR\HHVLQFUHDVHGVOLJKWO\IURP

WR$OVRHPSOR\PHQWLQVHFWLRQ+RI3.'LQWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIHPSOR\- HHVLQFUHDVHGVOLJKWO\IURPWR7KHVKDUHRISHUVRQVHPSOR\HGLQVHFWLRQ

H49 of PKD in the number of persons employed in section H of PKD increased from

WR,WZDVDOVRDPRGHVWLQFUHDVH,Q3RODQGWKHQXPEHURISHRSOHZRUNLQJ

IRU8%(5UHDFKHGWRWKRXVDQGDWWKHHQGRIVHH7DEOH



Table 2. Number of persons employees in the economy and transport (land) sector in 2010–2016 (in thousands) for UE-28

Country/

Indicator 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

AT     3472/999/22  3565/998/20

%(       

%*^* 3024/878//0 2974/798/0 2952/800/0 2932/807/0  3062/998/20 3006/900//20

CY   385/20/5 365/20/6   367/23/7

CZE^* 4864/899/0 4885/989/0     

DK 2647/565/9    2673/656/8  

EE     630/26/9 639/26/9 638/28/9

IE       

EL^*       

ES       

FI 2397/656/4   2409/700/5  2387/750/6 

FR       

GE       

HU^* 3722/878/0 3758/879/0  3986/893/0   

HR^*       

IT 22598/899/20  22397/900/22  22383/904/23 22560/909/24 

LV^*  877/24/0 893/25/0 900/27/0 882/25/0 900/26/7 890/26/8

LT^*       

LU       

MT       

NL       

PL^*     16018/913/32 16280/955/38 16325/972/41 PT       

RO^*    4328/777/0 4423/778/0  4733/779/24 SL^*       

SK^* 2339/754/0   2327/753/0  2452/755/30 

SE       

UK^**      30339/2045/58 30636/2050/62 Poland

1. Employees in the economy, total number of thousands

2. Employees in the land transport sector – transport services, in thousands [H PKD]

3. Employees in the land transport sector, based on the UBER application in thousands [H49]

7RWDO       

Total 2  890 895 923  955 972

Total 3 0 0 0 0 32 38 

Share 2

LQ3/       

Share 3

LQ3/       

Share 3

LQ3/       

Table 2 continuation.

1. Employees in the economy, total number of thousands

2. Employees in the land transport sector – transport services, in thousands [H PKD]

3. Employees in the land transport sector, based on the UBER application in thousands

7RWDO       

Total 2 20895 22835   22226 22779 23052

Total 3   245 280 409 460 538

Share 2

LQ8(       

Share 3

LQ8(       

Share 3

LQ8(       

Explanations:

$7±$XVWULD%(±%HOJLXP%*±%XOJDULD&<±&\SUXV&=(±WKH&]HFK5HSXEOLF'.±'HQPDUN((±(VWRQLD

,(±,UHODQG(/±*UHHFH(6±6SDLQ),±)LQODQG)5±)UDQFH*(±*HUPDQ\+8±+XQJDU\+5±&URDWLD,7±,WDO\

/9±/DWYLD/7±/LWKXDQLD/8±/X[HPERXUJ07±0DOWD1/±WKH1HWKHUODQGV3/±3RODQG37±3RUWXJDO52±5RPD- QLD6/±6ORYHQLD6.±6ORYDNLD6(±6ZHGHQ8.±WKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP

*6WDUWRI8%(5DSSOLFDWLRQRSHUDWLRQLQWKHFRXQWU\

** 'XHWRFRQWUDGLFWRU\LQIRUPDWLRQUHJDUGLQJWKHGDWHRI%ULWDLQV¿QDOH[LWIURPWKH(8WKHDQDO\VLVGLGQRWGHOHWHWKH8.

Source: own study.

Figure 5.

ϮϬϭϬ ϮϬϭϭ ϮϬϭϮ ϮϬϭϯ ϮϬϭϰ ϮϬϭϱ ϮϬϭϲ

Ϭ Ϯ ϰ ϲ ϴ ϭϬ ϭϮ

W>ϭ W>Ϯ W>ϯ hϭ hϮ hϯ

ϱ͕ϳ

Ϭ Ϭ

ϵ͕ϴ

ϭ͕Ϭϯ Ϭ͕ϭ

ϱ͕ϳ

Ϭ Ϭ

ϭϬ͕ϳ

ϭ͕Ϭϭ Ϭ͕ϭϭ ϱ͕ϳ

Ϭ Ϭ

ϭϭ͕Ϯ

ϭ͕ϭϰ Ϭ͕ϭϯ ϱ͕ϵ

Ϭ Ϭ

ϭϬ͕Ϯ

ϭ͕Ϯϴ Ϭ͕ϭϯ ϱ͕ϳ

ϯ͕ϱ

Ϭ͕ϬϮ ϭϬ͕ϯ

ϭ͕ϴϰ Ϭ͕ϭϵ ϱ͕ϵ

ϰ

Ϭ͕ϬϮ ϭϬ͕ϰ

Ϯ͕ϬϮ Ϭ͕Ϯϭ ϲ

ϰ͕Ϯ

Ϭ͕Ϭϯ ϭϬ͕ϳ

Ϯ͕ϯϯ Ϭ͕Ϯϱ

Employees in the land transport sector– in the EU-28 and Poland 2010–2016

(PSOR\HHVLQWKHODQGWUDQVSRUWVHFWRU±WUDQVSRUWVHUYLFHV(PSOR\HHVLQWKHHFRQRP\WRWDOQXPEHU(PSOR\HHVLQWKH

ODQGWUDQVSRUWVHFWRUEDVHGRQWKH8%(5DSSOLFDWLRQ(PSOR\HHVLQWKHODQGWUDQVSRUWVHFWRU±WUDQVSRUWVHUYLFHV(PSOR\- HHVLQWKHODQGWUDQVSRUWVHFWRUEDVHGRQWKH8%(5DSSOLFDWLRQ(PSOR\HHVLQWKHHFRQRP\WRWDOQXPEHU±LQWKH(8

DQG3RODQG±

6RXUFHRZQVWXG\7KHDXWKRU¶VRZQGHYHORSPHQWEDVHGRQ7DEOH

30

8EHUVHQWU\LQWRWKH3ROLVKPDUNHWGLGQRWEULQJDERXWDQ\FKDQJHVLQWKHORFDO

PDUNHW)RUWKHWLPHEHLQJLWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRWDONDERXWWKHULVNRIWKLVDSSOLFDWLRQ

IXQFWLRQLQJIRUWKHODERXUPDUNHWLQ3RODQG+RZHYHUWKLVPD\PHDQWKDWGHVSLWHWKH

ODUJHQXPEHURIUHJLVWHUHGHQWLWLHVIRUDVLJQL¿FDQWSDUWLWLVQRWDSULPDU\RFFXSDWLRQ

7KHUHIRUHHYHQLIWKHDFWLYLW\LVFDUULHGRXWIXOO\OHJDOO\LWLVQRWLQFOXGHGLQRI¿FLDO

statistics of sector H of the PKD. The entry of Uber into the Polish market was also not DVVRFLDWHGZLWKDQRWLFHDEOHGHFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURISHRSOHHPSOR\HGRUGRLQJEXVL- QHVVLQDWUDGLWLRQDOPDQQHULQVHFWLRQ+VHH7DEOHDQG)LJXUH

2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHVKDUHRI3RODQGVLQGLFHVLQUHODWLRQWRWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQLV

QRWLFHDEOH$WWKHHQGRILQGLFDWRUV3/DQG(8DVZHOODV3/DQG8(ZHUH

UHODWLYHO\VLPLODU7KH\DPRXQWHGWRDQGDVZHOODVDQGUH- VSHFWLYHO\VHH7DEOHDQG)LJXUH7KLVPD\EHDQLQGLFDWLRQRIDJUHDWLQWHUHVWRIWKH

3ROLVKPDUNHWDPRQJRWKHU(8FRXQWULHVE\WKH8%(5DSSOLFDWLRQRZQHU±HVSHFLDOO\LQ

±GXULQJWKLVSHULRGWKHDSSOLFDWLRQZDVLQWURGXFHGLQWRWKHQHZFRXQWULHV

DOVRLQ3RODQG±VHH7DEOHDQG)LJXUH

Conclusions

7KHDLPRIWKLVDUWLFOHZDVWRDQDO\]HWKHULVNDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVKDULQJHFRQRP\7KH

DLPRIWKHVWXG\ZDVDFKLHYHG7KHDQDO\VLVDOORZHGWRLGHQWLI\WKHIROORZLQJULVNW\SHV

LQWKHQXPEHURIWZHQW\ZKLFKDUHSUHVHQWWRGD\LQVKDULQJHFRQRP\8QHTXLYRFDODQG

FRKHUHQWFRQFHSW'DWDVDIHW\7D[HV/DZUHJXODWLRQV4XDOLW\6HUYLFHSHUIRUPDQFH

JXDUDQWHH3XUVXLQJFODLPV(PSOR\HHVULJKWV5HVSRQVLELOLW\IRUFOLHQWV*UH\PDUNHW

&RPSHWLWLYHQHVV5HODWLRQVVKDULQJ±EXVLQHVV/LFHQFHVDQGSHUPLVVLRQV(PSOR\- PHQWUHODWLRQVKLS'HÀDWLRQ&RQVXPHUULJKWVSURWHFWLRQ(PSOR\PHQW$EXVH0HQWDO- LW\6DOHV$FFHSWHGUHVHDUFKK\SRWKHVLV7KHULVNRILPSDFWRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\RQ

WKHODERXUPDUNHWLQ3RODQGLVRIOLWWOHVLJQL¿FDQFH±LWKDVEHHQUHDOLVHG7KHDQDO\VLV

RIWKHULVNRIWKHHIIHFWVRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\RQWKHODERXUPDUNHWLQ3RODQGVKRZHG

WKDWWKHULVNRIWKLVSKHQRPHQRQZDVRIORZVLJQL¿FDQFHLQWKHDQDO\VHGSHULRG7KLV

assessment results from the fact that this phenomenon is new and dynamic on the Pol- LVKPDUNHW7KHUHDUHDOVRQRUHOHYDQWOHJDOUHJXODWLRQVWKDWZRXOGLQWHJUDWHWKLVW\SH

RIHFRQRP\LQWRWKHUHJXODWHGODERXUPDUNHWLQ3RODQG+RZHYHUULVNVVKRXOGQRWEH

XQGHUHVWLPDWHG,QWKHORQJWHUPLWPD\WXUQRXWWKDWWKLVW\SHRIHFRQRP\ZLOOKDYH

DVLJQL¿FDQWLPSDFWRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHODERXUPDUNHWLQ3RODQG

7KHDQDO\VLVFDUULHGRXWVKRZVWKDWWKHHFRQRP\RIVKDULQJDYRLGVSUHYLRXVGH¿QL- WLRQVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQDODUUDQJHPHQWVFRQFHUQLQJWKHODERXUPDUNHW8VHUVRIWKLVEXVL- QHVVPRGHOFDQQRWHDVLO\EHTXDOL¿HGWRDQ\RIWKHZRUNLQJJURXSVGHVFULEHGE\H[LVWLQJ

LQVWLWXWLRQVDQGUHJXODWLRQVUHJXODWLQJODERXUUHODWLRQV7KHGHYHORSPHQWRIVKDULQJ

HFRQRP\LQGLFDWHVWKDWQHZDUUDQJHPHQWVIRUGH¿QLQJODERXUPDUNHWSDUWLFLSDQWVDUH

necessary. The current division between employed and self-employed workers is insuf-

31



¿FLHQW)XUWKHUPRUHWKHGH¿QLWLRQRILQVWLWXWLRQDOZRUNLQJFRQGLWLRQVQHHGVWREHUHGH-

¿QHGLQFOXGLQJWKHUXOHVRQWD[DWLRQDQGVRFLDOVHFXULW\IRUZRUNFDUULHGRXWDVSDUWRI

WKHVKDULQJHFRQRP\)XUWKHUUHVHDUFKLQWKLVDUHDLVWKHUHIRUHQHHGHG

,QWKHFRQWH[WRISHUIRUPHGDQDO\VLVDQGLGHQWL¿HGULVNIDFWRUVLWKDVWREHVWDWHGWKDW

LWLVDQXUJHQWLVVXHIRUWKHRUHWLFLDQVDQGSUDFWLWLRQHUVRIVKDULQJHFRQRP\WR¿QGQHZ

OHJDOVWUXFWXUHVLQVWLWXWLRQDOIRUPVDQGVRFLDOSUDFWLFHVWKDWZLOODOORZGLIIHUHQWNLQGV

RIFRPPRQJRRGVWRIXQFWLRQRQDELJJHUVFDOH:HQHHGLQQRYDWLRQVLQWHUPVRIODZ

VRFLDOSROLF\VHOIJRYHUQPHQWFXOWXUHDQGVRFLDOSUDFWLFHEXLOGLQJDQRXWORRNGLIIHUHQW

from the one which is dominant in systems based on state and market. European Union VHHVDFKDQFHRIIHUHGE\VKDULQJHFRQRP\WRSURYLGH0HPEHU6WDWHVZLWKDQLPSRUWDQW

JURZWKVWLPXOXV,WVHHPVWKDWVKDULQJHFRQRP\ZLOOFRQWLQXHWRJURZ,QIXUWKHUSHUVSHF- WLYHLWFDQFRQWULEXWHWRGHFHQWUDOLVDWLRQRIFDSLWDODQGDXWKRULW\LQWKHZRUOGEHFRPLQJ

the new economy of the future.

References

Aleksandrowicz, P. 3RGSUąGHNRQRPLLNRQZHQFMRQDOQHMZZZREVHUZDWRU¿QDQVRZ\SODFFHVV



%DUGKL)(FNKDUGW*0$FFHVVEDVHG&RQVXPSWLRQ7KH&DVHRI&DU6KDULQJ, Jour- nal of Consumer Research, Vol. 39.

%HON5Sharing-RXUQDORI&RQVXPHU5HVHDUFK1R±

%LXUR7U\EXQDáX.RQVW\WXF\MQHJR:DUV]DZD

%ROOLHU''REURZVSyOQHMDNRVWDU\QRZ\SDUDG\JPDWU]ąG]HQLDVLĊJRVSRGDUNLLSROL- tyki&RPPRQV6WUDWHJLHV*URXSIRU$PHULFDQ$FDGHP\LQ%HUOLQSXEOLVKHGE\33)RXQGD- WLRQKWWS)UHH/DE2UJSODFFHVV

%ROOLHU'7KH&RPPRQV'REURZVSyOQHGODNDĪGHJR, Faktoria.

%RVZRUWK''DZNLQV376WURPEDFN7The Economics of the Labour Market, Pear- son Education.

%RWVPDQ55RJHUV5:KDW¶V0LQH,V<RXUV7KH5LVHRI&ROODERUDWLYH&RQVXPSWLRQ, +DUSHU%XVLQHVV1HZ<RUN

&KHQ<3RVVHVVLRQDQG$FFHVV&RQVXPHU'HVLUHVDQG9DOXH3HUFHSWLRQV5HJDUG- LQJ&RQWHPSRUDU\$UW&ROOHFWLRQDQG([KLELW9LVLWV, Journal of Consumer Research, No. 35,

±

'HUYRMHGD.7KH6KDULQJHFRQRP\$FFHVVLELOLW\%DVHG%XVLQHVV0RGHOVIRU3HHUWR

Peer Markets%XVLQHVV,QQRYDWLRQ2EVHUYDWRU\(XURSHDQ&RPLVVLRQ

(FNKDUGW*0$FFHVV%DVHG&RQVXPSWLRQ7KH&DVHRI&DU6KDULQJ, Journal of Con- VXPHU5HVHDUFK9ROXPH,VVXH±

(NRQRPLDZVSyáSUDF\Z3ROVFH5DSRUW%ULHISO

)HOEHU &  *RVSRGDUND 'REUD :VSyOQHJR 0RGHO HNRQRPLL SU]\V]áRĞFL %LDá\ :LDWU

Rzeszów.

33 )HOVRQ06SDHWK/&RPPXQLW\6WUXFWXUHDQG&ROODERUDWLYH&RQVXPSWLRQ$URXWLQH

DFWLYLW\DSSURDFK$PHULFDQ%HKDYLRUDO6FLHQWLVW

)UHL);=LSFDU,QÀXHQFLQJ&RQVXPHU%HKDYLRU+DUYDUG%XVLQHVV6FKRRO&DVH6WXG\

-XQH&DPEULGJH0$

-DPND%(NRQRPLDGREUDZVSyOQHJR±EXGRZDQRZHJRSDUDG\JPDWX0\ĞOHNRQR- PLF]QDLSROLW\F]QD1R8F]HOQLDàD]DUVNLHJR:DUV]DZD

/HVVLJ/0DNLQJDUWDQGFRPPHUFHWKULYHLQWKHK\EULGHFRQRP\%ORRPVEXU\$FDGHPLF

0RQRJUD¿H.RQVW\WXF\MQH1RYRO;/6WXGLyZL0DWHULDáyZ7U\EXQDáX.RQVW\WXF\MQHJR

1RJD$Bogactwo instytucjonalne gospodarki, Nobel w ekonomii 2009, www.adam-

QRJDSO

2VWURP(*RYHUQLQJWKH&RPPRQV7KH(YROXWLRQRI,QVWLWXWLRQVIRU&ROOHFWLYH$FWLRQ,

&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJHKWWSG[GRLRUJ&%2

3LHFKRZLDN0'REURZVSyOQHMDNRIXQGDPHQWSROVNLHJRSRU]ąGNXNRQVW\WXF\MQHJR, Stu- GLDL0DWHULDá\7U\EXQDáX.RQVW\WXF\MQHJR0RQRJUD¿H.RQVW\WXF\MQH1R:DUV]DZD

5DSRUW 3ULFHZDWHUKRXVH&RRSHUV  :VSyáG]LHO L U]ąGĨ (NRQRPLD ZVSyáG]LHOHQLD, http://

ZZZSZFSOSOSXEOLNDFMHZVSROG]LHOLU]DG]VKDULQJHFRQRP\KWPODFFHVV 5XGDZVND,(NRQRPLDG]LHOHQLDVLĊF]\OLNRQVXPSFMDZVSyáG]LHORQDLLQQHIRUP\DO- WHUQDW\ZQHJRGRVWĊSXGRGyEU, Studia Ekonomiczne. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekono- PLF]QHJRZ.DWRZLFDFK1R±

6áRGRZD+HáSD 0  Odkrywanie na nowo dobra wspólnego 1LHUyZQRĞFL 6SRáHF]QH

a Wzrost Gospodarczy, No. 43/3, 9.

6WHSKDQ\$7KH%XVLQHVVRI6KDULQJ0DNLQJLWLQWKH1HZ6KDULQJ(FRQRP\3DOJUDYH

0DFPLOODQ±

6WUDKLOHYLW]0$/RHZHQVWHLQ*)7KH(IIHFWRI2ZQHUVKLS+LVWRU\RQWKH9DOXDWLRQRI

Objects, Journal of Consumer Research, No. 25, 278.

6WU]HOF]\N.'REURZVSyOQHMDNRQDF]HOQD]DVDGD.RQVW\WXFML53]GQLDNZLHWQLD

1997 r.ĝURGNRZRHXURSHMVNLH6WXGLD3ROLW\F]QH1R

www.pwc.pl

<XQXV 0  &]DV QD SU]HGVLĊELRUF]RĞü VSRáHF]Qą ± VROLGDUQRĞü QD PLDUĊ ;;, ZLHNX, KWWSZZZEL]QHVQHZVHULDSODFFHVV

=DZRMVND$/LEHUDOL]PQHROLEHUDOL]PZROQRĞüHNRQRPLF]QDLSROLW\F]QDDUR]ZyM, Ze- V]\W\1DXNRZH6]NRá\*áyZQHM*RVSRGDUVWZD:LHMVNLHJR(NRQRPLNDL2UJDQL]DFMD*RVSR- GDUNLĩ\ZQRĞFLRZHM1R±

=JLHSà6KDULQJHFRQRP\MDNRHNRQRPLDSU]\V]áRĞFL0\ĞO(NRQRPLF]QDL3ROLW\F]QD

1R±

=\VN::ROQ\KDQGHODHNRQRPLDZVSyáG]LHOHQLD:NLHUXQNXQRZHJRV\VWHPXJRVSR-

darowania(NRQRPLD;;,ZLHNX1R:URFáDZ±