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purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Other publications can usually be supplied from the Bureau or Department from which they originate. Consular Reports are received by all large libraries and may be consulted there, or single numbers can be secured by application to the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, Washington. The regu
lar ^subscription rate for these Consular Reports mailed daily is
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B U R E A U O F S T A N D A R D S
Specific Heat of Copper in the Interval 0° to 5 0° C. with a Note on Vacuum-Jacketed Calorimeters. D. R. H a r p e r , 3RD. Scientific Paper 2 3 1. 7 1 pp. A review of the previous determinations of specific heat of copper is given in extended form and the author’s method for the measurement and opera
ting results are described in detail. The method used is essen
tially the heating of the specimen with a measured quantity of electrical energy and determining the rise of temperature by the change in resistance of the specimen itself. The use of a vacuum-jacketed calorimeter is not strongly recommended by the experiments reported in the appendix.
Insulating Properties of Solid Dielectrics. H a r v e y L.
C u r t i s . Scientific Paper 2 3 4. 6 2 pp. Methods of measuring very high resistances are discussed, and diagrams given showing how they may be applied to the measurement of volume re
sistivity and surface resistivity. The volume resistivities of more than 60 materials are tabulated. The effect of the humidity of the surrounding air, of the temperature of the specimen, and of the magnitude and length of application of the impressed voltage is discussed. The surface resistivity is shown to be due to a surface film, usually of water or oil, on the insulator.
About 75 curves are given showing the change of surface re
sistivity with humidity for various materials. The effect of temperature and of exposure to light are also treated.
Studies on the Silver Voltameter. G. A. H u l e t t a n d G.
W. V i n a l . Scientific Paper 240. 18 pp. The work reported was done in the laboratories of Princeton University with the idea of comparing the methods of this institution with the methods previously used by the Bureau of Standards. The work includes a study of methods of preparing the electrolyte, the preparation and preservation of the porous cup, and the methods of washing and weighing the deposits. Original differences were reconciled after completion of the preliminary investigation.
A Vibration Electrometer. H a r v e y L. C u r t i s . 18 pp.
"A n electrostatic instrument, called a vibration electrometer, is described. I t is capable of detecting alternating currents of low frequency having a value as small as io—11 ampere. The theory of this instrument is developed mathematically and the conclusions verified by experiment.”
The Emissivity of M etals and Oxides. II. Measurements with the Micropyrometer. G. K . Bu r g e s s a n d R . G. Wa l t e n
-M ar., 1 9 1 5 T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 263
b e r g . Scientific Paper 2 4 2. 1 5 pp. “ The micropyrometer has been shown to be an instrument comparable in accuracy and range with much more elaborate experimental installations for the determinations of moftochromatic emissivity. Starting with the cold substance, measurements of emissivity and of its temperature coefficient, accurate to about 1 per cent, may be taken at high temperatures ( 9 0 0 to 3 0 0 00 C.) within a few minutes with a mass of less than 0 . 0 1 mg. presenting a surface of 0 . 2 5 mm2.”
“ Measurements of emissivity with red and green lights have been made of 23 metals in hydrogen and 12 oxides in air.”
The Emissivity of Metals and Oxides. III. The Total Emissivity of Platinum and the Relation between Total Emissivity and Resistivity. Pa u l D . Foote. Scientific Paper 243. 6 pp. "A definite relation has been found to exist between the total emissivity and the volume resistivity of a metal. This relation follows directly from the Maxwell theory of reflection and absorption. Experimental determinations of the total emissivity of platinum have verified the derived relation.”
Hydration of Portland Cement. A. A. Kl e i n a n d A. J.
Ph i l l i p s. Technologic Paper 43. 71 pp. "This investigation included the preparation of cement minerals in conditions as nearly pure and homogeneous as possible. They consisted of the following compounds: Free lime, tricalcium aluminate, 5 : 3 calcium aluminate, monocalcium aluminate, beta-calcium orthosilicate, gamma-calcium orthosilicate, and tricalcium silicate. The hydrations took place on microscopic slides with an excess of water, in a cylinder with steam at atmospheric pressure, and in the autoclave with steam at various tempera
tures and pressures. The compounds were also molded with quantities of water, approximately those used in normal-con- sistency mixtures. Lime water and calcium sulfate solutions were also used as hydration media.”
B U R E A U O F T H E C E N S U S
Census of Manufactures, 1914. Classifications by Industries.
This tabulation indicates the 350 classes into which industries will be divided for proposed or census reports. The report is of chemical interest only as showing industries which are inde
pendently considered in the census work.
B U R E A U O F F O R E IG N A N D D O M E S T IC C O M M E R C E
Wholesale Prices of Leading Articles in United States Markets, January 1913 to October 1914. Miscellaneous Series No. 19.
Paper, 5 cents. This publication gives weekly prices for the period indicated for the following substances: Silver, coffee, leather, rubber, manila, sisal hemp, jute, jute butts, cotton middling, cottonseed oil, wool, mohair, iron, steel, petroleum, auto naphtha in wood, gasoline, breadstufis, oleostearin, tallow, sugar, raw silk, lake copper, Straits tin, lead, speltzer (zinc), and tin plates.
C O M M E R C E R E P O R T S — JA N U A R Y , 1915 S u p e r s e d in g " C o n s u l a r R e p o r t s ”
Note—Annual Reports from consular officers including im
port and export statistics are now published as supplements to Commerce Reports. Those issued in January are numbered:
Philippines, 8oa; British South Africa, 66a; Malaysia, 56a;
Australia, Goa, French Indo-China, 540.
The status of the German trade in dyestuffs is briefly as follows: Exceptions to the embargo on dyestufTs are made for American vessels, in amount not to exceed the average former exports to the United States (about 2300 tons per month).
The increased demand in Germany for nitric acid for explosives tends to limit the manufacture of dyestufTs. (P. 5.)
During the first 10 months of 1914, 385 cases of lead poisoning (including 24 deaths) were reported in England, under the factory and workshop act, in addition to 210 cases of lead poisoning and 32 deaths in the painting and plumbing trades.
Both show a decrease over 19 13. (P. 25.)
The exportation of rubber from any British territory or possessions is strictly prohibited. (P. 36.)
A new modem sugar mill is about to be erected in Venezuela.
(P. 5i.)
Efforts are being made to develop or expand the following industries in India, v i z . : dyes, perfumes, cement, iron, glass, matches, sulfuric acid, alcohol, paper, and starch. (P. 74.)
The British government has offered to assist in the formation of a stock company to manufacture dyestuffs. (P. 83.)
The use of American machinery in Chinese cottonseed mills is increasing. (P. 89.)
To assist the Kauri-gum industry of New Zealand the govern
ment is advancing cash on gum held for later sales. (P. 101.) The w'ar has caused an increased demand for natural indigo from India. (P. 104 and 340.)
The terms “ nickel silver” and “ nickel steel” are now used in England instead of "German silver” and "German steel.”
(P. 106.)
The use of red beet pulp for paper has been suggested in Spain, on account of the scarcity of wood pulp. (P. 109.)
The present status of the iron and steel industry in Germany is discussed. (P. 114.)
A new carbide factory is to be erected in Norway. (P. 119.) Attempts are being made to renew shipment of Florida phosphate to Germany. (P. 113 .)
Much of the pongee silk recently exported from China has been adulterated by loading with rice paste or coloring with sulfur fumes. (P. 15 1.)
Radium ore has been discovered in British Columbia. (P.
1 5 3)
Efforts are being made to promote the beet sugar industry in England. (P. 162.)
The estimated world’s production of sugar for 19 14 -15 , and the actual figures for the last two years, are given. (P. 164.)
Experimental boring for petroleum by the Standard Oil Company in the province of Shensi, China, has resulted in a flowr of 2000 barrels per day at a depth of 400 feet. (P. 194.)
Arrangements have been made for sale of rubber from the British Empire to American dealers, who must sign a guaranty not to export it to Europe except through the United Kingdom.
(P. I9 5-)
The Chilean nitrate industry shows a marked falling off.
(P. 196.)
The menthol and peppermint industry of Japan are discussed.
(P. 220.)
The German government has established maximum prices for copper, brass, bronze, aluminum, nickel, antimony, and tin. (P. 230.)
The market for sulfur and for iron in Japan shows a marked falling off. (P. 244.)
The importation of drugs and chemicals, which fell off markedly at the beginning of the war, is now equal to or in excess of the normal, especially in the case of dyes, creosote oil, quebracho extract, camphor, chicle, gambier, sodium cyanide, sumac, vanilla, vegetable and mineral wax, quinine, and cin
chona bark. Those which are still below normal include carbolic acid, fusel oil, magnesite, and potassium carbonate.
(P. 250.)
The olive oil industry of Tripoli is described. (P. 259.) Inspectors have been sent through the Philippines to enforce the recent law regarding the grading of manila hemp. (P.
286.)
American imports of potash salts in December, 1914, were considerably less than in December, 19 13, except for the hy
drate, which showed a slight increase. (P. 293.)
Efforts are being made to develop the soap industry in India.
(P. 298.)
St a t i s t i c s
tarnishing, is being manufactured into cutlery in Sheffield, England. (P. 405.) deposits through refineries, smelters, and other reduction works to the figures of the mine production made by the survey. future developments in that Territory. Otherwise there is nothing in sight upon which to base a prediction as to an ex bound volume, which includes the numerous short articles which have previously been reviewed, has just been issued.
Geology of the Hanagita-Bremner Region, Alaska. F . H.
M o f f i t . 56 pp. “ Although the author’s survey was of a reconnaissance character, it was sufficiently detailed to outline the geography, general geology, and geologic history of the region and to obtain information about the occurrence and distribution of the gold and copper deposits. The Hanagita- Bremner region includes some mineral deposits which, though almost undeveloped, give promise of becoming commercially valuable, now that they have been made comparatively ac
cessible by the railroad recently completed up the Copper River Valley.” •
Contribution to Economic Geology, 19 13. Part I. The following four additional separates from Bulletin 580 have been issued: will be found in the northern part of the Coast Range of Oregon.
A map of northwestern Oregon showing gas and oil prospects accompanies the report.
Geology and Underground Waters of the Southeastern Part of the Texas Coastal Plain. A l e x a n d e r D e u s s e n . 365 pp. stones, but certain data regarding these stones is of some chemical interest. The 19 13 production of precious stones in the United
M ar., 1 9 1 5 T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y dustry; the production of common brick decreased materially.
For each branch of the industry full statistics are given as to production, imports, and exports. These are arranged both by character of the material and by states in which the material is produced.
Notes on the Occurrence and Use of Flint Clay. J . H . H a n c e .
Mineral Resources of the U. S., 19 13. Part II, pp. 639-48. This separate indicates typical analyses of flint clay, describes the uses, geologic occurrence, methods of sampling and testing, and methods of commercial development of deposits. There is included a bibliography of the occurrences of flint clay.
The Production of Borax in 1 9 1 3. C h a r l e s G . Y a l e a n d H o y t S. G a l e . Mineral Resources of the U. S., 19 13. Part II, pp. 521-36. The 19 13 production of crude borate materials
■was valued at $1,500,000, a material increase over the previous year. Practically all of this material consisted of the mineral colemanite in various degrees of purity, and all of the material came from Southern and Southeastern California. The im
ports for 19 13 were valued as follows: Borax $500, calcium and sodium borates $1,025, and boric acid $17,000. A full bibliography of publications relating to borax and borates is .given.
The Production of Lime in 1 9 1 3. R a l p h W . S t o n e . Mineral Resources of the U. S ., 19 13. Part II, pp. 309-24. "T he lime manufactured in the United States in 19 13 amounted to 3.595,390 short tons, valued at $14,648,362. This was an in
crease of 65,928 tons, or 1.87 per cent, in quantity and of
$678,248, or 4.85 per cent, in value, when compared with the output for 19 12. The average price per ton in 19 13 was $4.07, as compared with $3.96 in 19 12, and with $4.03 in 19 11. The increase in average price was general for the entire country, increased cost of labor and supplies and scarcity of labor being given as the reason by the majority of producers. The value given represents the value of bulk lime f. o. b. at point of ship
ment and does not include any weight or cost of barrel or package.”
There are included in this separate, tables which show the number of kilns and the kind of fuel used in lime manufacture, and proposed standard specifications (not published here for the first time) are given.
The Source, Manufacture, and Use of Lime. E r n e s t F.
B u r c h a r d a n d W a r r e n E . E m l e y . Mineral Resources of the U. S., 19 13. Part II, pp. 1509-93. An extended discussion of the varieties and sources of commercial limestone and a description of the commercial methods of manufacture, the properties of commercial interest, and suggestions regarding the proper use of lime in various classes of work.
The Production of Natural Gas in 1 9 1 3. B. H i l l . Mineral Resources of the U. S., 19 13. Part II, pp. 14 11-15 0 7 . "The total gas production in the United States in 19 13 is estimated at 581,898,239,000 cubic feet, valued at $87,846,677, an average price of 15.10 cents per thousand cubic feet, as compared with a production of 562,203,452,000 cubic feet, valued at $84,563,957, an average price of 15.04 cents in 19 12, this being an increase of 19,794,787,000 cubic feet in quantity and of $3,282,720, in value. Of this total product, about 32 per cent was utilized for domestic purposes, or 184,885,662,000 cubic feet, valued at
$50,522,415, an average price of 27.33 cents per thousand cubic feet, and 68 per cent was utilized for industrial purposes, or 397,012,577,000 cubic feet, valued at $37,324,262, an average price of 9.4 cents per thousand cubic feet.”
There is given a tabulation of 1500 analyses and properties of samples of natural gas combined from a large number of sources.
The quantity of gasoline produced by extraction from natural gas amounted to more than 24,000,000 gallons, valued at
$2,500,000, a marked increase over the previous years.
The use of natural gas for manufacture of carbon black is
discussed and this practice is defended on the ground that in the regions where carbon black is now manufactured from natural gas it can be done with comparative efficiency; and it is generally made from gas for which there is no other convenient market available. There is given here a very complete de
scription of the method of manufacture of lamp and carbon black.
The Production of Petroleum in 1 9 1 3. Da v i d T. Da y.
Mineral Resources of the U. S ., 1 9 1 3. Part II, pp. 9 2 1-1 2 8 4.
The 1 9 1 3 production of petroleum was the largest ever known, amounting to 2 4 8,0 0 0 , 0 0 0 barrels, more than the entire world production seven years earlier. The sources of the oil are indicated in considerable detail and full discussion of production in this country and abroad is given. There is also included a tabulation of analyses and tests of 7 5 0 samples of oil data are given for gravity, color, odor, distillation, and analysis, including sulfur, paraffin, asphalt, water, and unsaturated hydrocarbon.
The Stone Industry in the United States in 1 9 1 3. Er n e s t
F . Bu r c h a r d. Mineral Resources of the U. S., 1 9 1 3. Part II, pp. 1 2 8 5-1 4 1 0. Principally a description of interest in the building trades and to the economic geologist.
S M IT H S O N IA N IN S T IT U T IO N
Annual Report. This report includes a number of brief articles, most of which have been previously printed; but some of those of chemical interest are not generally accessible else
where. Those of most direct chemical interest are the following:
(1) Recent Developments in Electromagnetism. E u g e n e Bl o c h. Pp. 2 2 3-4 1. The discussion is confined to the fol
lowing topics: i — The dynamics of the electron and electro
magnetic mass. 2—The principle of relativity. 3—Electro
magnetism and radiation. 4—The magneton. 5—The pro
duction and nature of gaseous ions. 6— Photoelectric effect (Hertz and Lenard effects).
(2) Oil Films on Water and on Mercury. He n r i De v a u x.
Pp. 2 6 1-7 3. A summary of the author’s researches during the last 1 0 years.
(3) Flameless Combustion. C a r l e t o n E l l i s . Pp. 6 3 9-5 2.
No original experiments reported.
(4) The Work of J. H. van’t Hoff. G. Br u n i. Pp. 7 6 7-8 9. A full biographical sketch.
(5) The Manufacture of Nitrates from the Atmosphere.
E r n e s t K . S c o t t . Pp. 3 5 9-8 4. A well illustrated article de
scribing the commercial processes now in use, particularly the apparatus used in the Schonherr and the Birkeland-Eyde pro
cesses. The production of calcium cyanamid is also described.
(6) Problems in Smoke, Fume, and Dust Abatement. F. G.
C o t t r e l l . Pp. 6 5 3-8 5. This article, published here for the first time, reviews the author's experiments and describes the commercial application of his process in a large variety of plants;
numerous illustrations both of the laboratory equipment and commercial applications are included.
D E P A R T M E N T O F A G R IC U L T U R E
The Use of Radioactive Substances as Fertilizers. Wi l l i a m H . Ro s s. Department Bulletin 1 4 9, from the Bureau of Soils.
1 4 pp. The amount of radioactive material present in the residues proposed for fertilizer use is so small as to probably have no fertilizing value of itself. It is believed that the ad
vantageous use of this material, when such is noted, is due either to the action of uranium on the plants through its chemical properties or to the fertilizing action of non-radioactive con
stituents such as soluble salts and free’ acids.
The Manufacture of Acid Phosphate. Wi l l i a m H. Wa g g a- m a n. Department Bulletin 1 4 4, from the Bureau of Soils.
2 8 pp. This article describes the character of the raw materials available, the reactions involved in the preparation of the acid phosphate, machinery and methods of handling used in the works, and discusses the cost of production and value of the product.
The Clyde Series of Soils. J . A . B o n s t e e l . Department
Bulletin 14 1, from the Bureau of Soils. 60 pp. A discussion principally of geological and agricultural interest.
The J o u r n a l 0 } A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h , 3 (1915), contains the fol
lowing articles of interest: Changes in Composition of Peel and Pulp of Ripening Bananas, H . C . Go r e, 187-203. Assimilation of Colloidal Iron by Rice, P. L. Gi l e a n d J . O. Ca r r e r o, 205-10. Coloring Matter of Raw and Cooked Salted Meats, R .
Liquid Fuels: Die Fliissigen Brennstoffe (Dire Bedeutung und Beschafiung). B y Ed. Do n a t h und A. Gr ó g e r, an der Deutschen Technischen Hochschule in Brunn. Published by Friedr. Vieweg & Son, Braunschweig, 1914. 86 pp.
Price, 2 Marks.
The four fields of liquid fuels are discussed as follows: 1 —The generation of steam on ships and locomotives, and as ą fuel in the chemical and metallurgical industries. 2—The Internal Combustion Engine, of the Diesel type, as a source of power to compete With the reciprocating or turbine engine. 3—The automobile type of engine. 4—The aeroplane type of engine, whose available fuel is practically limited to low boiling point gasolines.
Particular emphasis is placed 011 the high compression engine of the Diesel type. Unlike the aeroplane engine, it can use a -variety of liquid fuels. One recognizes the German point of view in that tar oils are given equal, if not greater, attention than petroleum products. On pages 70-71 a table is given indicating the oils which are fit and those unfit for the Diesel engine. Stress is also placed on alcohol as a substitute for gasoline, with references (pp. 79-80) to tests made on various mixtures of alcohol and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzol, as a substitute for gasoline. Liquid fuels are divided into four classes, with the indicated number of pages devoted to each:
Petroleum, 12-45. Tars resulting from efficient carbon
ization of peat and coal, 45-77. Alcohol, 77-S2. Oils, 82-84.
The book contains no pictures and but a single sketch. The so-called practical man who is not a chemist would miss the cus
The book contains no pictures and but a single sketch. The so-called practical man who is not a chemist would miss the cus