1
Urban lighting designers (ULDs) should start project collaboration early, preferably at the feasibility and concept design stages of the project.2
Visit the site by day and night to understand the character of the space.3
Find a theme, tell a story with light and make it interesting.4
Always keep in mind that good design is human and environmentally friendly andrespect the environment by minimising the negative impact of light on flora, fauna and humans.
5
Talk to residents and future project users about their expectations and what they think needs to be improved.6
Be a member of an interdisciplinary team, as this has the best chance of creating unique spaces, and listen to other people: clients, planners, architects, engineers and other consultants.7
Read and research – do not follow a routine path in design.8
Work on the scheme from start to completion to ensure ideas are fully realised.9
Speak the language of your collaborators – understand the norms and regulations.1 0
Create robust solutions for outdoor applications – recommend appropriate equipment and foresee the maintenance cost and time.RIBA
collaboration early, preferably at
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collaboration early, preferably at the feasibility and concept design
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the feasibility and concept design Visit the site by day and
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Visit the site by day and night to understand the
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night to understand the
character of the space.
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character of the space.
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respect the environment by
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respect the environment by
minimising the negative impact of
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minimising the negative impact of
light on flora, fauna and humans.
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light on flora, fauna and humans.
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NOTES
Introduction
1. Electricity Council, ‘Electricity supply in the UK: A chronology’, 1987, www.etk.ee.kth.se/
2. E McFadden, ME Jones, MJ Schoemaker et al, Lights’s Labour’s Lost, International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, 2006. ‘The relationship between obesity and exposure to light at night: Cross-sectional analyses of over 100,000 women in the Breakthrough Generations Study’, American Journal of Epidemiology 180, 2014, pp 245–50.
3. ‘Cost-cutting council “contributed to death of student” by switching off street lights’, The Telegraph, 25 November 2013.
4. RS Ulrich, C Zimring, X Zhu et al, ‘A review of the research literature on evidence-based healthcare design’, HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 1, 2008, pp 61–125. CW Clipson and RE Johnson, ‘Integrated approaches to facilities planning and assessment’, Planning for Higher Education, 15, 1987, pp 12–22.
5. JR Carpman and MA Grant, Design That Cares: Planning Health Facilities for Patients and Visitors, John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
6. G Baird et al, Building Evaluation Techniques, McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1996.
7. C Zimring, ‘Postoccupancy evaluation:
Issues and implementation’, Handbook of Environmental Psychology 2002, pp 306–19.
8. DK Hamilton, ‘The four levels of evidence-based practice’, Healthcare Design, 3, 2003, pp 18–26.
9. D Owen, Y Bentley, D Richardson et al,
‘Informed Curriculum Design for a Master’s-Level Program’.
10. R Upshur ‘The status of qualitative research as evidence’, in The Nature of Qualitative Evidence, JM Morse, JM Swanson and AJ Kuzel (eds), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2001, pp 5–26.
11. M Eraut, Developing Professional Knowledge and Competence, Routledge, Abingdon, 2002.
12. J Rycroft-Malone, K Seers, A Titchen et al,
‘What counts as evidence in evidence-based practice?’ JoAN 47, 2004, pp 81–90.
13. R Codinhoto, B Platten, P Tzortzopoulos et al, ‘Supporting evidence-based design’, Improving Healthcare Through Built Environment Infrastructure 2010, pp 151–65.
Chapter 1
1. www.configuringlight.org.
2. J Gehl, Cities for People, Island Press, Washington, DC, 2010. J Gehl, Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space, Island Press, Washington, DC, 2011 [1980]. J Gehl and B Svarre, How to Study Public Life, Island Press/
Center for Resource Economics, Washington, DC, 2013.
3. Gehl and Svarre, How to Study Public Life, p 27.
4. Ibid, p 1.
5. Ibid, p 9.
6. Ibid, p 3.
7. K Lynch, The Image of the City, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1960 [1975]. K Lynch, T Banerjee and M Southworth, City Sense and City Design: Writings and Projects of Kevin Lynch, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, c 1990.
8. Lynch, The Image of the City, p 4.
9. M Beaumont, Nightwalking: A Nocturnal History of London Chaucer to Dickens, Verso, London, 2015. M Beaumont, ‘The nightwalker and the nocturnal picaresque’, The Public Domain Review, 2015.
10. Arup, Nighttime Design: Guidelines and Case Studies, 2015. M Major ‘London:
Light+Dark=Legibility: An approach to urban lighting’ in Cities of Light: Two Centuries of Urban Illumination, S Isenstadt, D Neumann and MM Petty (eds), Taylor & Francis/
Routledge, New York, 2015, pp 152–58.
11. F Addo, ‘Hackney riots have crushed the Pembury estate community’, The Guardian, 9 August 2011
12. F Tonkiss and S Hall (eds), Local City, The Cities Programme/London School of Economics, London, 2013.
13. J Entwistle, D Slater, M Sloane, Hackney Narroway: Social Research Report, Configuring Light, London School of Economics, London, 2015.
Chapter 2
1. J Gehl, quoted in J Zeunert, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Sustainability:
Creating Positive Change Through Design, Bloomsbury Visual Arts, London, 2017.
2. See, for example, KM Zielinska-Dabkowska,
‘Night in a big city: Light festivals as a creative medium used at night and their impact on the authority, significance and prestige of a city’
in The Role of Cultural Institutions and Events in Marketing of Cities and Region, T Domański (ed), Lodz University Press, Lodz, 2016. Jon Dawson Associates, Feature Lighting in Liverpool: An Impact Assessment
N OT E S
163
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Planning for Higher
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Planning for Higher
Design That
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Design That Cares: Planning Health Facilities for Patients
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Cares: Planning Health Facilities for Patients , John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
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, John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
Building Evaluation Techniques
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Building Evaluation Techniques McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1996.
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McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1996.
Svarre,
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Svarre,
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, Routledge, Abingdon, 2002.
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, Routledge, Abingdon, 2002.
12. J Rycroft-Malone, K Seers, A Titchen et al,
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12. J Rycroft-Malone, K Seers, A Titchen et al,
‘What counts as evidence in evidence-based
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‘What counts as evidence in evidence-based 47, 2004, pp 81–90.
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47, 2004, pp 81–90.
13. R Codinhoto, B Platten, P Tzortzopoulos
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13. R Codinhoto, B Platten, P Tzortzopoulos et al, ‘Supporting evidence-based design’,
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et al, ‘Supporting evidence-based design’, Improving Healthcare Through Built
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Improving Healthcare Through Built Environment Infrastructure
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Environment Infrastructure 2010, pp 151–65.
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2. J Gehl, Cities for People
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Cities for PeopleWashington, DC, 2010. J Gehl,
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Washington, DC, 2010. J Gehl,
Buildings: Using Public Space
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Buildings: Using Public Space
9. M Beaumont,
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9. M Beaumont,
History of London Chaucer to Dickens
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History of London Chaucer to Dickens London, 2015. M Beaumont, ‘The nightwalker
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London, 2015. M Beaumont, ‘The nightwalker and the nocturnal picaresque’,
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and the nocturnal picaresque’, Domain Review
Light+Dark=Legibility: An approach to urban
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Light+Dark=Legibility: An approach to urban
of the City’s Lighting Programme, a report for Liverpool Vision and Liverpool City Council, 2008. M Liu, BG Zhang, WS Li, XW Guo, XH Pan, ‘Measurement and distribution of urban light pollution as day changes to night’, Light Res Technol, A Irwin, ‘The dark side of light: How artificial lighting is harming the natural world’, Nature 553 (7688), 2018, pp 268–70.
KM Zielinska-Dabkowska, ‘Make lighting healthier’, Nature 553 (7688), 2018, pp 274–76. J Entwistle, M Sloane and D Slater, Social Research in Design, Configuring Light, London, 2014.
3. A Ståhle, Closer Together: This is the Future of Cities, Document Press, Arsta, 2016.
4. R Narboni, ‘Lighting master plans: What then?’, Professional Lighting Design (PLD) Magazine, 101, 2016, p 46.
5. V Laganier, ‘Lyon, France, City of Light:
1989–1999’, Light ZOOM Lumiere, November 21, 2013
6. M Major, ‘London: Light+Dark=Legibility:
An approach to urban lighting’ in Cities of Light: Two Centuries of Urban Illumination, S Isenstadt, D Neumann and MM Petty (eds), Taylor & Francis/Routledge, New York, 2015, pp 152–58.
7. K Lynch, The Image of the City, MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 1960.
8. Ibid, p 1.
9. M Major (Speirs + Major founder and principal), in discussion with author, June 27 2017, London, Skype recording.
10. Urban Redevelopment Authority, The Civic District Lighting Plan Guidebook, URA, Singapore, 1995.
11. K Mende, + Lighting Planners Associates,
LPA 1990–2015: Tide of Architectural Lighting Design, Rikuyosha Co Ltd, Tokyo, 2015, pp 246–55, 292–93.
12. M Major (Speirs + Major founder and principal), in discussion with author, 2 August 2017, London, Skype recording.
13. S Adams, ‘The Roger Narboni Interview (Part 2)’, Illumni, 20 December 2013, R Narboni,
‘Recent revolutions in lighting master planning’, Proceedings of 2015 PLDC 5th Global Lighting Design Convention in Rome/I, VIA Verlag, Guetersloh, 2015, pp 16–17.
14. M Anderson-Oliver, ‘Cities for People: Jan Gehl’, Assemble Papers, 13 June 2013 15. K Mende, + Lighting Planners Associates, p 292.
16. Urban Land Institute, King’s Cross Case Study, ULI, Washington, DC, 2014, p 3.
17. Ibid, p 5.
18. A Matan, P Newman, People Cities: The Life and Legacy of Jan Gehl, Island Press, Washington, DC, 2016, p 161.
19. Urban Land Institute, p 13.
20. M Major (Speirs + Major founder and principal), in discussion with author, June 27 2017, London, Skype recording.
21. Ibid.
22. Argent St George, Principles for a Human City, Argent St George, London, edn 3, July 2001.
23. Argent St George, Framework Findings: An Interim Report on the Consultation Response to
‘A Framework for Regeneration’ at King’s Cross
Central, Argent St George, London, June 2003, Foreword.
24. Ibid, p12.
25. M Major (Speirs + Major founder and principal), in discussion with author, June 27 2017, London, Skype recording.
26. Argent St George, Framework Findings: An Interim Report on the Consultation Response to
`A Framework for Regeneration’ at King’s Cross Central, Argent St George, London, June 2003, pp11-15
27. K Lynch, The Image of the City, MIT press, 1960
28. M Major (Speirs + Major founder and principal), in discussion with author, June 27 2017, London, Skype recording.
29. See J Gehl, Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1987, p 47.
30. M Major (Speirs + Major founder and principal), in discussion with author, 2 August 2017, London, Skype recording.
Chapter 3
1. H Leibowitz and D Owens, ‘Nighttime driving accidents and selective visual degradation’, Science 197, 1977, pp 422–23.
2. DA Owens and RA Tyrrell, ‘Effects of luminance, blur and age on nighttime visual guidance: A test of the selective degradation hypothesis’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 5, 1999, p 115.
3. JK Startzell, DA Owens, LM Mulfinger et al,
‘Stair negotiation in older people: A review’,
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,
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S Isenstadt, D Neumann and MM Petty (eds), ,
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S Isenstadt, D Neumann and MM Petty (eds), Taylor & Francis/Routledge, New York, 2015,
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Taylor & Francis/Routledge, New York, 2015, The Image of the City
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The Image of the City, MIT Press,
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Life and Legacy of Jan GehlRIBA
Life and Legacy of Jan Gehl
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24. Ibid, p12.
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24. Ibid, p12.
25. M Major (Speirs + Major founder and
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25. M Major (Speirs + Major founder and
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, 20 December 2013, R Narboni,
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, 20 December 2013, R Narboni,
‘Recent revolutions in lighting master planning’,
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‘Recent revolutions in lighting master planning’, Proceedings of 2015 PLDC 5th Global Lighting
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Proceedings of 2015 PLDC 5th Global Lighting I, VIA Verlag,
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I, VIA Verlag, 14. M Anderson-Oliver, ‘Cities for People: Jan
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14. M Anderson-Oliver, ‘Cities for People: Jan Assemble Papers
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Assemble Papers, 13 June 2013
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, 13 June 2013 15. K Mende, + Lighting Planners Associates,
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15. K Mende, + Lighting Planners Associates, 16. Urban Land Institute,
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16. Urban Land Institute, Study
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Study
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, ULI, Washington, DC,
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, ULI, Washington, DC,
p 5.
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p 5.
principal), in discussion with author, June 27
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principal), in discussion with author, June 27 2017, London, Skype recording.
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2017, London, Skype recording.
26. Argent St George, Framework Findings: An
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26. Argent St George, Framework Findings: An Interim Report on the Consultation Response to
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Interim Report on the Consultation Response to
`A Framework for Regeneration’ at King’s Cross
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`A Framework for Regeneration’ at King’s Cross
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165
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 48, 2000, pp 567–80.
4. TJ Van Den Berg, LR Van Rijn, R Michael et al, ‘Straylight effects with aging and lens extraction’, American Journal of Ophthalmology 144, 2007, pp 358–63.
5. N Davoudian, P Raynham and E Barrett,
‘Disability glare: A study in simulated road lighting conditions’, Lighting Research &
Technology 46, 2014, pp 695–705.
6. Y Akashi, R Muramatsu and S Kanaya,
‘Unified glare rating (UGR) and subjective appraisal of discomfort glare’, International Journal of Lighting Research and Technology 28, 1996, pp 199–206.
7. Y Yang, M Luo and W Huang, ‘Assessing glare, part 4: Generic models predicting discomfort glare of light-emitting diodes’, Lighting Research
& Technology 2017: 1477153516684375.
8. M Mainster and G Timberlake, ‘Why HID headlights bother older drivers’, British Journal of Ophthalmology 87, 2003, pp 113–17.
9. T Kimura-Minoda and M Ayama, Evaluation of discomfort glare from color LEDs and its correlation with individual variations in brightness sensitivity. Color Research &
Application 2011 36, pp 286-294.
10. KS Hickcox, N Narendran, J Bullough, et al., ‘Effect of different colored background lighting on LED discomfort glare perception, Twelfth International Conference on Solid State Lighting and Fourth International Conference on White LEDs and Solid State Lighting, 2012, pp 464-475. International Society for Optics and Photonics.
11. Yang Y, Luo RM and Huang W. Assessing glare, Part 3: Glare sources having different
colours’, Lighting Research & Technology 50, 2018; pp 596-615.
12. JD Bullough, ‘Spectral sensitivity for extrafoveal discomfort glare’, Journal of Modern Optics 56, 2009; pp 1518-1522.
13. C Pierson, J Wienold and M Bodart, ‘Review of Factors Influencing Discomfort Glare Perception from Daylight’ Leukos, 2018; pp 1-37.
14. YC Huang and T-H Wang, ‘Automatic calculation of a new China glare index, Building Simulation & Optimization 2016, Newcastle, UK.
September 12-14, 2016
15. N Davoudian and A Mansouri, ‘Does street lighting affect pedestrian behaviour at night?’, Proceedings Of Cie 2016 Lighting Quality And Energy Efficiency 2016, pp 588-595. Cie Central Bureau.
16. P Raynham and C Gardner, Urban Lights:
Sustainable Urban Lighting for Town Centre Regeneration. Reykjavik: Lux Europa’ 2001.
17. Age UK. Later life in the United Kingdom.
London: Age UK, 2015.
18. P Boyce, ‘Lighting for the elderly’, Technology and Disability 15, 2003; pp 165-180.
19. A Bartmann, W Spijkers and M Hess, ‘Street Environment, Driving Speed and Field of Vision’
Vision in Vehicles III, ed. Ag Gale, 1991, pp 381-389
20. NH Mackworth, ‘Visual noise causes tunnel vision’, Psychonomic Science 3, 1965, pp 67-68.
21. GW Evans, PL Brennan, MA Skorpanich, et al., ‘Cognitive mapping and elderly adults:
Verbal and location memory for urban landmarks’, Journal of Gerontology 39, 1984, pp 452-457.
22. RL Davis and BA Therrien, ‘Cue color and familiarity in place learning for older adults.
Research in gerontological nursing 5, 2012, pp 138-148.
23. RL Davis, BA Therrien and BT West, ‘Cue conditions and wayfinding in older and younger women’, Research in gerontological nursing 1, 2008, pp 252-263.
24. S Fotios and J Uttley, ‘Illuminance required to detect a pavement obstacle of critical size’, Lighting Research & Technology 50, 2016, pp 390-404
25. T Wang, ‘Visual perception of unevenness in the footway surface, University College London, London, 2017.
26. C Owsley, ‘Aging and vision’, Vision research 51, 2011; pp 1610-1622.
27. E Patterson, G Bargary and J Barbur,
‘Understanding diability glare: light scatter and retinal illuminance as predictors of sensitivity to contrast’, Journal of the Optical Society of America A 32, 2015, pp 576-585.
28. B Barker, B Brawley, D Burnett, et al.,
‘Lighting and the visual environment for seniors and the low vision population’, American National Standards Institute and Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2016.
Chapter 4
1. WT O’Dea, The Social History of Street Lighting, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1958.
2. S Farrell, J Bannister, J Ditton, E Gilchrist, Questioning the Measurement of the ‘Fear of Crime’. British journal of Criminology.
1997;37(4):658-79.
9. T Kimura-Minoda and M Ayama, Evaluation
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9. T Kimura-Minoda and M Ayama, Evaluation of discomfort glare from color LEDs and
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of discomfort glare from color LEDs and its correlation with individual variations in
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its correlation with individual variations in brightness sensitivity.
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brightness sensitivity. Color Research &
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Color Research &
2011 36, pp 286-294.
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2011 36, pp 286-294.
17. Age UK. Later life in the United Kingdom.
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17. Age UK. Later life in the United Kingdom.
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13. C Pierson, J Wienold and M Bodart, ‘Review
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13. C Pierson, J Wienold and M Bodart, ‘Review 2018; pp 1-37.
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2018; pp 1-37.
14. YC Huang and T-H Wang, ‘Automatic
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14. YC Huang and T-H Wang, ‘Automatic calculation of a new China glare index, Building
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calculation of a new China glare index, Building Simulation & Optimization 2016, Newcastle, UK.
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Simulation & Optimization 2016, Newcastle, UK.
September 12-14, 2016
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September 12-14, 2016
15. N Davoudian and A Mansouri, ‘Does street
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15. N Davoudian and A Mansouri, ‘Does street lighting affect pedestrian behaviour at night?’,
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lighting affect pedestrian behaviour at night?’, Proceedings Of Cie 2016 Lighting Quality
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Proceedings Of Cie 2016 Lighting Quality And Energy Efficiency
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And Energy Efficiency 2016, pp 588-595. Cie
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2016, pp 588-595. Cie And Energy Efficiency 2016, pp 588-595. Cie And Energy Efficiency
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And Energy Efficiency 2016, pp 588-595. Cie And Energy Efficiency
Central Bureau.
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Central Bureau.
16. P Raynham and C Gardner, Urban Lights:
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16. P Raynham and C Gardner, Urban Lights:
Sustainable Urban Lighting for Town Centre
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Sustainable Urban Lighting for Town Centre
Regeneration.
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Regeneration.
Research in gerontological nursing
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Research in gerontological nursing 138-148.
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138-148.
23. RL Davis, BA Therrien and BT West, ‘Cue
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23. RL Davis, BA Therrien and BT West, ‘Cue conditions and wayfinding in older and younger
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conditions and wayfinding in older and younger women’,
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women’, Research in gerontological nursing
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Research in gerontological nursing 2008, pp 252-263.
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2008, pp 252-263.
24. S Fotios and J Uttley, ‘Illuminance required
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24. S Fotios and J Uttley, ‘Illuminance required
3. D Stevens, ‘Public perceptions of security:
Reconsidering sociotropic and personal threats’, in paper prepared for the annual Elections, Public Opinion and Parties meeting, Oxford, 2012.
4. RP Curiel and S Bishop, ‘Modelling the fear of crime’, 2017, www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0717/120717-fear-crime-maths.
5. K Mansfield and P Raynham, ‘Urban lights:
Sustainable urban lighting for town centre regeneration’, in Lux Europa, the 10th European Lighting Conference: Lighting for Humans, Berlin, 2005.
6. EN Morrow and SA Hutton, The Chicago Alley Lighting Project: Final Evaluation Report, Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 2000.
7. S Postlethwaite, ‘Can “over lighting” increase the fear of crime?’, The Lighting Journal, Nov–Dec 2003, pp 15–21.
8. AVD Wurff, V Staalduinen and P Stringer, ‘Fear of crime in residential environments – Testing a social psychological model’, Journal of Social Psychology, 129(2), 1989.
9. C Boomsma and L Steg, ‘The effect of information and values on acceptability of reduced street lighting’, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2014. pp.22–31.
10. J Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jonathan Cape, London, 1961.
11. BS Fisher and JL Nasar, ‘Fear of crime in relation to three exterior site features: Prospect, refuge and escape’, Environment and Behavior, 24(35), 1992, p 35–65. JL Nasar, BS Fisher and M Grannis, ‘Proximate physical cues to fear of crime’, Landscape and Urban Planning, 26, 1993, p 161–78.
12. J Appleton, The Experience of Landscape, John Wiley, London, 1975, p 293.
13. BS Fisher, JL Nasar, ‘Fear of crime in relation to three exterior site features: Prospect, refuge, and escape’, Environment and Behavior 24, 1992, pp 35-65
14. M Warr, ‘Fear of rape among urban women’, Social Problems, 32, 1985, p 238–50. M Warr,
‘Dangerous situations: social context and fear of victimisation’, Social Forces, 68, 1990, p 891–907.
15. Y Akashi, MS Rea and P Morante,
‘Progress Report: Improving acceptance and use of energy-efficient lighting’, in Unified Photometry: An Energy-Efficient Street Lighting Demonstration in Easthampton, Massachusetts, Lighting Research Center, Troy, USA, 2004.
16. S Farrell, J Bannister, J Ditton, E Gilchrist,
‘Questioning the Measurement of the ‘Fear of Crime’. British Journal of Criminology 37, 1997, pp 658-79.
17. S Sutherland, Irrationality & Martin Ltd, London, 2007.
18. C Cuttle, Lighting by Design, Elsevier Science, Oxford, 2003.
19. PR Boyce et al, ‘Perceptions of safety at night in different lighting conditions’, Lighting Research and Technology, 32, 2000, p 79.
20. British Standards Institution, BS5489-1:2003, Code of Practice for the Design of Road Lighting – Part 1: Lighting of Roads and Public Amenity Areas, London, 2003.
21. P Rombauts, H Vandewyngaerde and G Maggetto, ‘Minimum semicylindrical illuminance and modelling in residential area lighting’, Lighting Research and Technology, 21, 1988, p 49–55.
22. M Warr, ‘Fear of rape among urban women’, Social Problems 32 (3), 1985, pp 238-50.
23. C Cuttle, ‘Towards the third stage of the lighting profession’, presentation, Bartlett, UCL London, 2009.
24. HW Bodmann, ‘Quality of interior lighting based on luminance’, Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society, 32(1), 1967, pp 22–40.
25. R Sommer, Personal Space – The Behavioural Basis of Design, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1969.
Chapter 5
1. K Lynch, The Image of the City, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1960.
2. J Peponis, C Zimring and YK Choi, ‘Finding the building in wayfinding’, Environment and Behavior 22, 1990, pp 555–90.
3. CA Lawton, ‘Gender differences in way-finding strategies: Relationship to spatial ability and spatial anxiety’, Sex Roles 30, 1994, pp 765–79.
4. S-Y Yoo, ‘Architectural legibility of shopping centers: Simulation and evaluation of floor plan configurations’, 1992.
5. ML Hidayetoglu, K Yildirim and A Akalin,
‘The effects of color and light on indoor wayfinding and the evaluation of the perceived environment’, Journal of Environmental Psychology 32, 2012, pp 50–58.
6. The Signage Foundation, Urban Wayfinding Planning and Implementation Manual, 2013.
7. MA Foltz, ‘Designing navigable information
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8. AVD Wurff, V Staalduinen and P Stringer, ‘Fear
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8. AVD Wurff, V Staalduinen and P Stringer, ‘Fear of crime in residential environments – Testing
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of crime in residential environments – Testing Journal of Social
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Journal of Social 9. C Boomsma and L Steg, ‘The effect of
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9. C Boomsma and L Steg, ‘The effect of
9. C Boomsma and L Steg, ‘The effect of