See I. Liquid polym erisation products of hydro
I. Marine anim al o ils. I Influence of solute on the m olecular depression of the freezing point
in benzene and nitrobenzene. M. T. Fr a n ç o is
(Bull. Mat. Grasses, 1929, 189— 202).—I. Investigations on the higher saturated and unsaturated alcohols in spermaceti and sperm oil are reviewed (cf. André and François, B , 1926, 247, 987 ; 1927, 706). Tetra-, hexa-, and octa-decyl alcohols (m .p, respectively, 38°, 4 9-5°, 61°) are to be found in both these substances ; the occurrence in sperm oil of oleyl alcohol (cf. Toyama, B , 1924, 223) and of small amounts of a diethylenic (“ erucyl” ) alcohol C22H420 are noted. By hydro
genation of sperm oil over a nickel catalyst large quan- ties of octadecyl alcohol, identical with the reduction product of ethyl stearate, are obtained. By condensa
tion of suitable Grignard reagents with the bromides of cetyl, octadecyl, and oleyl alcohols the author has prepared heptadecyl alcohol, m.p. 54°, nonadecyl alcohol, m.p. 63—64, and the monoethylenie hydrocar
bons ethyloleylene, C20H40, and butyloleylene (“ erucyl- ene ”) C22H 44.
II. Cryoscopic methods must be applied with reserve to certain substances : the “ pseudo-constant ” K for benzene and nitrobenzene with the higher fatty acids and alcohols with even numbers of carbon atoms
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
Cl. X II.— Fa t s ; Oi l s ; Wa x e s. 861
increases gradually to values considerably above the normal value as the chain lengthens. The suggested two steady values (“ normal ” and “ abnormal ”) do not exist for these two solvents. E. L e w k o w i t s c h .
Som e analytical aspects of cod-liver oil. A. E.
B r i o d , R . v a n W i n k l e , A. E. J u r i s t , and W . G . C h r i s t i a n s e n ( J . Amer. Pharm. Assoc., 1929, 18, 771—778).
—The following constants of an average sample of Newfoundland cod-liver oil have been determ ined:
d'i: O’9221, iodine value (Haniis) 157'2, saponif. value 186-1, viscosity a t 100° E. (Saybolt) 160 sec, unsaponi- fiable m atter 0-88%, apparent acetyl value 11-1 (true value 8-7), oxidised fatty acids 0-50%, oxidisability value 12-2—18-7, iron content 1-3—4-7 pts. per 10,000,000, and sulphur content 0-03—0-2% . Sulphur has been found both in American and European oils, and the amount present appears to depend on the length of time which elapses before the oil is removed from the liver. No sulphide-sulphur is present. Of six recognised tests for the detection of peroxides, none was satis
factory, and a guaiacum-haemoglobin test lias been devised which is very sensitive and gives a positive reaction with nearly all crude oils. E. H. S h a r p l e s .
W hiting and [discoloration of] linseed oil. R. G.
B r o w n i n g (J. Oil & Col. Chem. Assoc, 1929, 12, 211—
219).—Erom experiments made with artificial whitings and linseed oil it appears th a t the amount of free lime present lias little influence on the rapidity of discolora
tion. Since addition of ignited pure ferric oxide caused no abnormal action, but traces of a carefully dried hydrated iron hydroxide (precipitated in the presence of carbon dioxide) caused an immediate brown dis
coloration, it is concluded th a t such discoloration is due to the presence of iron in an active condition.
E. L e w k o w i t s c h . • Influence of heat on the colour of soya-bean oil, and decom position at 180—225° under the influence of nickel catalysts. H. I. W a t e r m a n and M. J. v a n T u s s e n b r o e k (Chem. W eekblad, 1929, 26, 410—413).—
The effect of heating in air andi?i vacuo, with and without addition of nickel, has been examined. The increases in colour depth and viscosity caused by simple heating are intensified by the presence of nickel. The iodine value is unaffected by heating in air or in a vacuum, but is reduced considerably by heating with nickel. The thio- cyanate value is little affected. S. I. L e v y .
Constituents of soya-bean [foots]. M. E. H o l z (Seifensieder-Ztg, 1929, No. 13—17 ; Bull. Mat. Grasses, 1929, 208—213).—An account of the preparation and properties of soya-bean meal and oil is given. The foots from the oil contain 48-67% of lecithin, extraction of which in a pure state was attempted. By extraction with ether and precipitation with acetone a yellowish, soft, friable mass, insoluble in hot alcohol, and containing 98-5% of phosphatide, was obtained. This product and Merck’s lecithin (‘,‘ purissimum ” ) contained, respec
tively, phosphorus 3-89, 3 - 9 4 ; nitrogen 1-22, 1 - 7 5 ; sulphur 0-54, 0% . The new product resembled lecithin in colour, consistency, odour, and taste, and appeared to be analogous to the phosphatides. Methods for the rapid precipitation of foots are referred to.
E. L e w k o w i t s c h .
Pistachio oil. K. B e y t h i e n (Pharm. Z en tr, 1929, 70, 551—558, 571—573).—-Extraction with light petrol
eum of the kernels of Pislacia vera from the Levant gave 25-6% of a golden-yellow oil (dlh 0-91484) which produced an olive-green colour after dilution with carbon disulphide and addition of sulphuric acid. An expressed oil had cZ15 0-91370, d19 0-91355, n% 1-4655, saponif.
value 195-31, iodine value (Hubl) 87-90, Ilehner value 93-7, Reiehert-Meissl value 0-77, Polenske value below 0-3, acetyl value 19-19, unsaponifiable m atter (contains phytosterol) 0-226%, and total fatty acids (m.p. 34—37°, solidification pt. 28—30°, iodine value 93-70, mol. wt.
274-85) 93-5—94-4%. The fatty acids were composed of 81-74% of liquid acids (a-linoleic 8-41—9-46%,
¡3-linoleic 14-78—15-03%, oleic 70• 28—70• 70%, hydr- oxy-acids about 6-0%), and 17-92% of solid acids (apparently all palmitic acid ; stearic, lignoceric, and arachidic acids could not be detected). A small amount of an essential oil having a terpentine-like odour was isolated by steam-distillation. E. II. S h a r p l e s .
Petroleum spirit test for purity of castor oil.
T. T. C o c k in g and S. K. C r e w s (Quart. J. P harm , 1929, 2, 217—226).—Pure castor oil will not satisfy the require
ments of the pharmacoposial solubility test (B.P. 1914) unless, contrary to the pharmacopceial description, the petroleum spirit contains some aromatic hydrocar
bons. With pure hexane and genuine castor oils the clearing points of the different samples varied over such a range as to invalidate any such solubility test.
C. C. N. V a s s .
Thiocyanogen value of strophanthus oil, and of oils of the chaulm oogra group. E. I . v a n I t a l l i e
(Pharm. Weekblad, 1929, 66, 677—683).—The fact th at only one double linking of acids and glycerides containing two ethylenic linkings is saturated by thiocyanic acid has been employed to deduce for strophthanus oil the composition : saturated acids 25—27, oleic acid 44—48, and linoleic acid 25—30%. Examination of chaulmoogra oil, hydnocarpus oil, and gorli fat (from the seeds of Oncoba echinata) by the same method indicates th at no acid of the linoleic series is present. S. I . L e v y .
Effect of changes of hydrogen-ion concentration on em ulsions of the w ater-in-oil type. J. C. K r a n t z , j u n , and N. E. G o r d o n (J. Amer. Pharm. Assoc, 1929, 18, 797—805).—The influence of changes in p a on emulsions of water in olive and mineral oils, using mag
nesium oleate as emulsifying agent, has been examined and also the surface tension, viscosity, and particle size.
The p n range at which the emulsions were most stable was p n 11—12-5, the stability decreasing with a lowering of p a. The emulsions were also most stable when freshly prepared magnesium oleate was used. E. H. S h a r p l e s .
Solvents for w axes. O. A. P i c k e t t (Ind. Eng.
Chem, 1929, 21, 767—76S).—Solubility-temperature data for beeswax, candelilla- wax, carnauba wax, and montan wax in the following solvents were obtained :
“ ,V.M. and P . Naphtha ” (petroleum hydrocarbons, b.p. range 100—174°), wood turpentine, “ No. 22 Thin
ner ” (55% of terpene hydrocarbons, 45% of petroleum hydrocarbons), Solvenol, pine oil, sulphonated castor oil, and a 1 :1 mixture of the last two oils. The method used was to observe the temperature of
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
862 Cl. X I I I . — Pa i n t s ; Pi g m e n t s ; Va r n i s h e s ; Re s i n s.
p r e c i p it a ti o n o n c o o lin g h o t w a x s o l u t io n s of k n o w n
c o n c e n tr a t io n . S. S. W o o l f .
A nalysis of oils and fats. B u r t o n a n d R o b e r t - s i i a w .—See XV.
Pa t e n t s.
Production of solid [lubricating] greases. J . Y.
J o h n s o n . From I. G. F a r b e n i n d . A.-G. (B.P. 317,630, 3.8.28).—liq u id mineral oils, rape oil, train oil, etc. are incorporated with bleached montan wax (or its conver
sion products, e.g., esters, salts) at about 100°, sufficient alkali (dissolved in a little water) being added to neutral
ise tlie free acids in the wax. E. L e w k o w i t s c h .
Production of [vitam in-bearing fish-liver] oils.
F. W. N i t a r d y , Assr. to E. R. S q u i b b & S o n s (U.S.P.
1,725,964, 27.8.29. A ppl, 29.1.24).—The oils are extracted without reduction in vitamin content by cooking the livers a t not above 100° under reduced pressure, and cooling, separating, decanting, and storing the oil in an atmosphere of an inert gas.
E . Le w k o w it s c h.
Manufacture of sulphonated linseed oil. Or a n i e n- b u r c e r C h e m . F a b r . A.-G, Assees. of C h e m . F a b p..
M i l c h A.-G. (B.P. 293,806, 12.7.28. G er, 12.7.27).—
A substantial proportion of oleic acid, or fatty m atter containing it (e.g., olive oil), is added to linseed oil before sulphonation in the usual manner, whereby (after washing and neutralisation as required) a clear, water- soluble oil is formed, suitable for oiling, smoothing, etc.
in the leather and textile industries.
E . Le w k o w i t s c h.
Decolorising and refining crude cottonseed oil.
W. S. B a y l i s , Assr. to F i l t r o l Co. o f C a l i f o r n i a
(U.S.P. 1,725,895, 27.8.29. A ppl, 1.11.24).—The oil is heated at not above 43° and intimately mixed with water, the water etc. removed from the oil, the oil mixed with activated clay, and the clay together with impurities carried by it is then separated.
E. L e w k o w i t s c h .
Modification of drying o ils. J. E. B o o g e and C.
CooLrDGE, Assrs. to E. I. Du P o n t b e N e m o u r s & Co.
(U.S.P. 1,725,561, 20.8.29. A ppl, 7.3.28).—The oils are heated at a moderate temperature in the absence of an oxidising gas, and the product is blown a t a lower temperature with a gas containing oxygen.
E. L e w k o w i t s c h .
Separating im purities from oils (B.P. 308,752).
Soaps from m ineral oil sludge (U.S.P. 1,718,335).—
See II.
XIII.— PA IN T S; PIGMENTS; VA R N ISH ES; RESINS.
Titania and titanium w hite. 0. P. v a n H o e k
(Farben-Ztg, 1929, 34, 2828—2832).—The properties of titanium white pigments are discussed (with a full bibliography); it is concluded th a t these are unsuitable for paints as the coatings formed are too soft and chalk very rapidly in exterior use, and th at the greatly increased covering power conferred by small additions of titania to other pigments constitutes its value to the industry.
E. L e w k o w i t s c h .
Pigm ent form . E. K l u m b p (Farben-Ztg, 1929, 34, 2612—2614).—A recapitulation of the author’s view that oil absorption depends on interstitial volume at
close packing. When a pigment absorbs appreciably more than 66% of its own volume of oil it consists of secondary particles. Grinding such secondary particles will lowTer the oil absorption by producing a system more closely packed. The thickness of “ oil sheath ” around individual particles a t close packing is shown to be so small as to have no appreciable effect on the observed oil absorption. Two types of secondary particles exist, v iz, those due to cohesion and adsorption, respectively.
The former break down to primary particles on intensive grinding, giving the reduced oil absorption corresponding to close packing ; the latter, however, owe their condition to adsorption of foreign material, e.g., moisture, and retain their secondary structure even when intensively ground. The thickening of paints is probably due to formation of such adsorptive secondary particles, analogy being drawn to the thickening of a sol when precipitated
to form a gel. S. S. W o o l f .
Course of the distillation and evaporation of solvents and thinners for nitrocellulose lacquers and their m ixtu res. H. J o r e s (Farben-Ztg, 1929, 34, 2886—2892).—The rates of evaporation and distil
lation for 65 lacquer solvents, thinners, and mixtures of these are recorded. No definite relation can be estab
lished between the two processes, although the generalisa
tion may be made that, as a rule, the lower-boiling liquids evaporate the more rapidly ; exceptions, however, e.g., alcohol, b.p. 78—79°, and toluol, b.p. 97—142°, which evaporate a t practically the same rate, are noted.
The speed of evaporation of mixtures may be greater or less than th at calculated from the observed value for the constituents. E. L e w k o w i t s c h .
D eterm ining the effect of w ater on varnish film s.
H. K o p p (Farben-Ztg, 1929, 34, 2892—2893).—A
simple device is described which automatically records the time taken before the breakdown of insulating power occurs in a varnish film exposed to water ; the value obtained is a measure of the susceptibility of the film to moisture. E. L e w k o w i t s c h .
U se of T hénard ’s blue. D i t m a r and P r e u s z e . —
See XIV.
Pa t e n t s.
Production of w hite lead. F. T . B a i l e y and
W . A u s t i n (U.S.P. 1,720,196, 9.7.29. A ppl, 28.1.26).—
Corroded white lead is prepared by whipping into atmos
pheric suspension a mixture in water of lead oxide and acetic acid in a revolving closed container, through which air passes and carbon dioxide circulates at a
definite rate. S. S. W o o l f .
Elim ination of poisonous constituents from w hite lead. L . B e v i l a c q u a ( B .P . 315,637, 11.10.23).—A
continuous stream of sodium bicarbonate solution is introduced into the tanks in which white lead prepared by the Dutch process is softened ; lead acetate is thereby converted into carbonate. The pulp is then washed in filter presses or by décantation until sodium acetate is completely eliminated. S. S. W o o l f .
Manufacture of coloured opacifying p igm en ts.
C. J . K i n z i e , Assr. to T i t a n i u m A l l o y M a n u f . Co.
(U.S.P. 1,719,432, 2.7.29. A ppl, 21.1.27).—Opacifying pigments for vitreous enamels are prepared by mixing
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
Cl. XIV.— In d i a- Ru b b e k; Gu t t a- Pe r c h a.
a colouring material, a zirconium compound, and a flux, heating the mixture until the ingredients are thoroughly incorporated, and cooling the product.
S. S . Wo o l f.
M ixing colours w ith varnish, oil, and the like.
Kr a u s e w e r k A.-G. (B.P. 306,926, 21.4.28. Ger, 29.2.28).—Residual water is expelled from washed pigments by means of a water-miscible liquid, e.g., alcohol, which with the pigment forms a stirrable paste.
The paste is mixed with a varnish or oil, non-miscible with the added liquid, so th a t minute pigment-varnish or pigment-oil aggregates are formed. These are coalesced by churning, nearly all the “ added liquid ” being expelled. S. S. W o o l f .
Coating surfaces w ith cellulose varnishes. 0. Y.
Im r a y . From I. G. F a r b e n i n d . A.-G. (B.P. 317,987, 20.8.28).—To prepare surfaces of wood, metal, e tc , or other cellulose coatings, for the reception of cellulose varnish, an intermediate coating of a solution of cellulose esters or ethers of the higher fatty acids (e.g., in benzene, chlorobenzene) is applied ; resins, rubber, fillers, etc.
may be added. E. L e w k o w i t s c h .
Coating of solid surfaces [with synthetic resins].
D u n l o p R u b b e r Co, L t d , and E. E. W h i t e (B.P.
317,350, 14.5.28).—Impervious surfaces, e.g., of metals, are partially or wholly coated with aqueous dispersions of synthetic resins, e.g., of the phenol-formaldehyde type, with rubber and sulphur, the synthetic resin being present in the optimum proportion for adhesion ; other dispersed substances may also be present. The deposits are dried and then heated in the presence of air.
D . F. T w iss.
Production of transfer pictures and their applica
tion for im proving wood and other surfaces.
J . Y. J o h n s o n . From I. G. F a r b e n i n d . A.-G. (B.P.
317,871, 21.5. and 29.11.28).—The transferable adhesive layer of transfers (preferably made by printing etc. with lacquers or pastes containing cellulose esters or ethers on a gum-coated paper base) contains cellulose esters or ethers and/or resins which are both soluble in alcoholic solvents. The transfers are applied after moistening with alcohol, and the picture so affixed will withstand polishing after a very short time ; extra priming layers comprising alcohol-soluble cellulose derivatives and resins and also protective polishing layers may be included in the transfer. E . L e w k o w i t s c h .
Refining wood rosin. H . E. K a i s e r and A. L a n g - m e i e r , Assrs. to H e r c u l e s P o w d e r C o. (U.S.P.
1,719,431, 2.7.29. A ppl, 15.5.23).—Wood rosin is heated at 260—343° while under a vacuum corresponding to an absolute pressure of 3 in. of mercury or less, and a portion of the rosin is condensed a t 177° or over.
S. S. W o o l f .
Manufacture of synthetic resin s. G. T. M o r g a n
and A. A. D r u m m o n d (B.P. 315,442, 13.2.28).—A mixture of a phenol, a solid polymeride of formaldehyde, a catalyst, and an organic solvent for the phenol which does not react so as to form part of the resin, is heated.
The resin solution produced (after acidification, if an alkaline catalyst has been used) is washed, preferably with saturated sodium thiosulphate solution, and dried. The dried solution is then used directly in known
manner, or the resin is obtained by evaporation or by precipitation with a suitable solvent in which an inert pulverulent material may be suspended. S. S. W o o l f .
Plastic com position. R. A. N o r t o n , Assr. to
S e l d e n Co. (U.S.P. 1,720,051, 9.7.29. A ppl, 15.10.27).
—A thermal-hardening phetiol-aldehyde condensation product in the fusible state is mixed with a high-boiling ester of a polybasic, aliphatic acid and alcohols having less than three hydroxyl groups. S. S. W o o l f .
M oulding com positions. K. R i p p e r (B.P. 287,568, 22.3.28. A ustr, 25.3.27).—Thiourea, or a mixture of thiourea and urea containing not less than 1 mol. of the former to 1 mol. of urea, is condensed with form
aldehyde in boiling aqueous solution, the proportion of formaldehyde being not more than corresponds to 3 mois, to 1 mol. of thiourea in the first case, or to 2 mois, to 1 mol. of each of the other two starting substances in the second. The resinous condensation product is brought into intimate contact with cold water and thereby reduced to a fine powder suitable for moulding by hot-pressing. An opaque final product is obtained by condensation of the thiourea and nrea simultaneously, or a transparent, clear article by initiating the con
densation with thiourea before adding a solution of urea in formaldehyde. E . L e w k o w i t s c h .
Production of non-turbid aldehyde condensation products. R. A. N o r t o n , Assr. to S e l d e n Co. (U .S .P .
1,720,052, 9.7.29. A ppl, 12.3.28).—An aldehyde is condensed with a resinophoric compound, e.g., phenol, in the presence of an alkaline condensing agent, a polycarboxylic acid compound is added, free water is substantially removed, and the product is hardened by
heat. S. S. W o o l f .
Coating com positions. W . P. D a v f .y , Assr. to
G e n . E l e c t r i c C o. (U.S.P. 1,726,473, 27.8.29. A ppl, 24.8.25).—See B.P. 257,243; B , 1927, 916.
Organic salts of dyes (B.P. 316,370). Azo dves (B.P. 298,907 and 294,583).—See IV.