In response to the directly asked question about the treatment of “uncomfortable historical facts”, the two nations in large majority agreed that such facts should be openly discussed. The survey also asked about more specific issues, i.e. about the faults of Poles and Ukrainians towards each other. In such sensitive matters, it is very important how the ques-tions were formulated, which is why we quote them here literally. The order of the quesques-tions presented below reflects the poll for the Poles; the Ukrainians were asked first about the faults of Poles, and then about the blame of the Ukrainians.
A. Were there any such events in the history of relations between Poland and Ukraine in the 20th century, in connection with which Ukrainians should feel guilty towards Poles today?
B. Were there any such events in the history of relations between Poland and Ukraine in the 20th century, in connection with which Poles should feel guilty towards Ukrainians today?
Both questions could only be answered “yes”, “no” or “I do not know”. If someone answered in the affirmative, they were asked to indicate what the events were.
The distribution of answers to both questions is presented in the chart below. First of all, one notices the fact that half of the Ukrainians were unable (or refused) to speak about the discussed matter. The percentage of Poles who answered “It is hard to say” was also very high. Additionally, Poles demonstrate much better disposition than Ukrainians. More than half of them think that they can find no faults with themselves regarding relations with Ukrainians, and only 8% note that certain events occured due to which they could feel guilty.
This result seems to suggest that in recent years, the Polish public opinion (and the political elite) greatly supports the view that the crimes of the OUN-UPA against Poles that occured in 1943 and 1944 were very unique in comparison with the evil done to Ukrainians by Poles in the First and Second Polish Republic. In fact, they were so unique against the background of
the whole history of mutual relations, that the abovementioned evil can be dismissed. This is connected with great popularity of the image of Eastern Borderlands as an area in which the harmony of intercultural relations flourished under Polish rule, while such aspects that can be interpreted as forms of colonial rule are being repressed.
Chart 20. Opinions of Poles and Ukrainians about mutual faults and wrongs
In Poland, inhabitants of the former Prussian partition most often recognise how Poles wronged Ukrainians (12%), while in Galicia and the Congress Poland, where the events in question took place, only 10% and 5% respectively see their responsibility. Apparently, living in the areas where historical events took place is not related to the knowledge of these events or the desire to draw conclusions from them. It has also turned out that the level of education did not affect the percentage of Poles who did not notice the fault of their national group in relation to Ukrainians. Among respondents with university degrees, just as in other groups, more than half believed that in the twentieth century Poles have never acted towards Ukrai-nians in a way that they should apologize for.
The conviction concerning the guilt of Ukrainians is mainly related to age – the older the respondents are, the more often they indicate that there were situations in which Ukraini-ans should feel guilty. 44% of those born before 1945 and 25% of those born after 1990 be-lieve so. The percentage of people answering “no” does not depend on their age – in all age categories, it amounts to approximately 28-30%, but the frequency of evading the answer (“I do not know”) is very different. In the youngest age group, this answer was provided by 46%, and in the oldest group by only 28%.
In Ukraine, the situation is in a certain sense symmetrical. Inhabitants of the western region most seldom notice the faults of their own national group towards Poles (17%), while they are most often recognized by the inhabitants of the south of the country (29%). In this case, it seems that in the west of Ukraine there is a mechanism of repression of responsibility for the behavior of ancestors – as it was here that atrocity crimes against Poles took place
27%
8%
21%
36%
23%
52%
31% 29%
50%
41%
47%
36%
opinions of Ukrainians opinions of Poles opinions of Ukrainians opinions of Poles Yes
No
I do not know
SHOULD POLESFEELGUILTY TOWARDS UKRAINIANS?
SHOULD UKRAINIANS FEELGUILTYTOWARDS POLES?
during World War II. Perhaps, western Ukrainians’ defense of their own image as victims of the Polish rule and not the perpetrators of crimes is also strong because accusations of crimes against Poles are much more often formulated not by local Ukrainians, but by inhabitants of the South regarded as the most strongly sovietized. Such are the indirect implications of the presented data. In the society as a whole, the faults of Ukrainians towards Poles are more often noted by older people, born before 1945. 28% of them think that Ukrainians are guilty, while in the youngest age group this view was expressed by only 14%. The youngest, howev-er, most often did not have the opinion on the subject.
As for the Poles’ fault with the Ukrainians, they were most often noted by the inhab-itants of the western region (41%), and the least often – by those from the east (19%). The pattern of age dependence was as described above; people born before 1945 saw Poles’
faults more clearly than younger people (33% of the oldest and 21% of the youngest respon-dents, respectively).
In Poland, at the national level there was no relationship between opinions about the fault of one’s own nation and public treatment of the past. In Galicia, where Polish-Ukrainian conflicts occured in the past, such a relationship was noted as very similar to the one char-acteristic for the western region of Ukraine. This would indicate the existence of a similar dependence on the Ukrainian side of the border: the more local ancestors were involved in the fight, the more locals reject the modern accusation against them that they acted unwisely and the more they want to hide it from the world. However, results from Poland should be treated with greater caution, as in Poland the research was conducted on a smaller sample than in Ukraine, and included only 200 inhabitants of Galicia.
In conclusion, it is worth looking at the changes that have occurred in the minds of Poles and Ukrainians in the perception of mutual faults over the past five years. In May 2013 (thus before the events that were later named “Euromaidan”), the Institute of Public Affairs conducted a survey in Poland and in Ukraine concerning the mutual perception of Poles and Ukrainians. The survey was conducted on representative samples using the telephone survey method, quite different than the survey being the main subject of the analysis in this report (Fomina et al., 2013). Moreover, in 2018 no research was carried out in the occupied and armed areas. Despite the above, we think that it is worth comparing these results, since the differences are so large that they cannot result solely from different methodologies.
The question about the mutual faults of Poles and Ukrainians was formulated almost identically. The graph presents the results of combining the answers to the questions of whether Ukrainians should feel guilty towards Poles and whether Poles should feel guilty towards Ukrainians. The “Both nations are at fault” category includes people who answered
“yes” to both questions. The category “Poles are to blame, and Ukrainians are not” includes people who answered “yes” to the question on Poles’ faults and at the same time responded
“no” or “I do not know” to the question on Ukrainians’ fault. Similarly, the category
“Ukrai-nians are to blame, and Poles are not” includes people who answered “yes” to the question of Ukrainians’ faults towards Poles, while the question about Poles’ faults was answered “no”
or “I do not know”. “Nobody is to blame” includes people who answered “no” to one of the questions and “no” or “I do not know” to the other. Therefore, the category “I do not know”
includes only those who consistently answered “I do not know” in both questions.
Chart 21. Polish-Ukrainian settlements of injustices. Comparison of 2013 and 2018.
The graph above highlights the decrease of the readiness to recognize the respon-sibility of one’s national group for events that harm the other group. Therefore, the share of people recognizing the faults of both nations has decreased significantly in both countries.
In Poland, this decline is simply dramatic – eightfold, from 50% to 6%, while in Ukraine this group has halved. There is also a significant increase in the percentage of “I do not know”
answers, which in this context should rather be treated as an escapist response (avoiding a position, not an actual lack of opinion).
It is also worth noting that within 5 years that elapsed between both polls in Poland, the share of people convinced of the innocence of their own group in combination with the faults of the second group increased significantly. The change occured between the 70th and 75th anniversary of the crime in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia and is related to the prevailing message of the Polish public debate and politics: that Ukraine as a state evaded acceptance of responsibility and did not accept the Polish qualification of OUN-UPA massacres as geno-cide. In contrast, in Ukraine the percentage of those thinking that Poles are guilty in a conflict with the Ukrainians decreased slightly during the discussed period.
50%
6%
33%
15%
3%
2%
18%
13%
23%
30%
7%
7%
18%
33%
31%
24%
7%
30%
12%
42%
2013 2018 2013 2018
Poles Ukrainians
Both nations are guilty
Poles have guilts but Ukrainians don't
Ukrainians have guilts but Poles don't
Nobody is guilty
I don't know