108.* Electrical Process for Extraction of Salts from Refinery Charging Stock. T . N . S t. H ill a n d H . C. E d d y . l i m e Congrès M o n d . Pétrole, 1938, 2, 345-350.— T h e p resen ce o f s a lts in c ru d e o il gives rise to d e p o s its in s till-tu b e s , in creased coke fo rm atio n , a n d se v e re c o rro sio n , p a r tic u la r ly if h y d ro g e n s u lp h id e is a lso p re s e n t. T h o e lectrical s y s te m o f s a lt re m o v a l is c la im e d to bo s u p e rio r to a n y w ash in g sy s te m . A c e rta in a m o u n t o f w a te r is a d d o d to th o c ru d o , w h ic h is th e n c irc u la te d b e tw e e n ele ctro d e s c a rry in g h ig h p o te n tia l. S e p a ra tio n ta k e s p lac e w ith o u t re s o r t to s e ttle m e n t ta n k s , a n d a lth o u g h th e re s u ltin g oil s till c o n ta in s w a te r, t h e s a lt c o n te n t is m u c h red u ced . A p p a r a tu s is d escrib ed a n d c o s ts a re a n a ly se d . W . P . 109.* Catalytic Purification of Gas Oils. E . Lege. l i m e Congrès m ond. Pétrole, 1938, 2, 351-354.— G as o ils c a n b e refin ed b y tr e a tin g t h e m u n d e r c o n tro lled c o n d itio n s w ith s u lp h u ric acid a t te m p e ra tu r e s fro m 150° to 250° C. T h e p ro c ess is e q u iv a le n t to a lo w -te m p e ra tu re c rac k in g p ro c e ss a n d y ield s s ta b le oils o f n a p h th e n ic s tru c tu re .
W . P . 110.* K now les Coking Process. C. W . A n d re w s. l i m e Congrès m ond. Pétrole, 1938, 2, 3 7 5-378.— A d e s c rip tio n o f a K n o w le s C oking P la n t a t E a s t S t. L o u is to c o n v e rt o rd in a ry g ra d e s o f fu e l oil in to g ra d e s s u ita b le fo r d o m es tic h e a tin g p u rp o se s, to g e th e r w ith g aso lin e, g a s, a n d coke. A n a ly se s of th e p r o d u c ts a re g iv en . W . P . 111.* Lachm an Process for Refining Cracked Gasoline by m eans of Zinc Chloride in Vapour Phase. M. R ey m o n o n q . I l m e Congrès m ond. Pétrole, 1938, 2, 379-388.—
T h e L a c h m a n p ro c ess a s c o m m e rc ially o p e ra te d in C alifo rn ia a n d in E u ro p o u tilizes t h e c a ta ly tic effect o f zinc c h lo rid e s o lu tio n s in c o n ta c t w ith t h e v a p o u r p h a se . D i- olefines a r e p o ly m e rize d , b u t d e fin e s a n d a ro m a tic s le ft u n c h a n g e d to p ro d u c e high- g ra d e g aso lin e o f go o d c o lo u r a n d g u m s ta b ility . T h o com m ercial a p p a r a tu s a n d its o p e ra tio n a re d e sc rib e d a n d a n a ly se s of th e p r o d u c ts given. W . P . 112.* Clay Treatment of Cracked Gasoline in Liquid Phase. A n cap R efinery- I l m e Congrès m ond. P étrole, 1938, 2 , 389-393.— A d e sc rip tio n of p la n t e re c te d in U ru g u a y fo r th o d is tilla tio n , c rac k in g , a n d s u b s e q u e n t t r e a tm e n t o f p e tro le u m fra c tio n s . A D u b b s c ra c k in g p l a n t is lin k e d w ith a u n it in w h ich t h e g aso lin e is t r e a te d w ith clay b efo re re -d is tilla tio n . T h is tr e a tm e n t rem o v es g u m s a n d g u m -fo rm in g b o d ies to yield a g aso lin e o f good g u m a n d c o lo u r s ta b ility . O rd in a ry cla y is b ro k e n d ow n, d ried ,
a n d screen ed fo r uso in th o p la n t. W . P .
113.* Use of Copper Salts in the Refining of K erosine. M. H . R o ch e. I l m e Congrès m ond. Pétrole, 1938, 2, 395-398.— S w eeten in g k e ro sin e s b y t h e D o c to r T re a tm e n t is
3 0 a ABSTRACTS.
n o t a lw ay s s a tis fa c to ry a n d th o u so of c o p p e r ch lo rid e is su g g o sted . A p ro cess h a s b e e n d ev elo p ed in w hich th o n o rm a l d e co lo u risin g e a r th is s u p p le m e n te d b y e a r th p re v io u s ly tr e a te d w ith c o p p er s u lp h a te a n d s o d iu m c h lo rid e. T h e p ro cess is e q u ally
ap p lic a b le to o th e r p o tro le u m frac tio n s . W . P .
114.* Sw eetening Gasolines w ith Copper Salts. W . L. B e n e d ic t, C. G. D ry e r, J . C.
M orrell, a n d G. E gloff. I l m e Congrès m ond. Pètrol, 1938, 2, 399-406.— T h e u se of c o p p e r s a lts in sw eeten in g gaso lin e is c la im e d to o b v ia te e n tire ly th o k n o w n d is a d v a n ta g e s of th e c u s to m a ry D o c to r T re a tm e n t. L a b o ra to ry a n d co m m ercial e q u ip m e n t aro d e sc rib e d fo r c a rry in g o u t a p ro c ess u s in g solid c u p ric s u lp h a te a n d a m m o n iu m ch lo rid e c a rrie d b y fu lle r’s e a r th . I n te r m e d ia te s e ttin g is a v o id e d a n ti th e p ro c ess is c o n tin u o u s, y ield in g o gasoline s u p o rio r to t h a t o b ta in e d b y p lu m b ite sw eetening.
W . P . 115.* Improved PbS Sw eetening Process. C. W . S tr a tf o r d a n d D . B . N u t t , l i m e Congrès m ond. Pétrole, 1938, 2, 4 0 7 -4 1 1 .— T h e d is a d v a n ta g e s o f th e D o c to r T r e a tm e n t a re o v erco m e b y a p ro c ess u sin g a s u s p e n s io n of p re fo rm e d lead su lp h id o in c o n ce n t r a t e d c a u s tic so d a, th e s o lu tio n b ein g k e p t c o n tin u o u sly in ch em ical e q u ilib riu m b y a d d itio n of so d iu m su lp h id o . T h is p ro c ess, th o S tra c to p ro c ess, h a s b een in successfu l o p e ra tio n fo r se v e ra l y e a rs, a n d o x am p le s aro g iv en of i ts w o rk in g . W . P . 116.* Cold Acid Treatment of Cracked Gasoline. C. W . S tr a tfo rd , F . G. G ra v es, a n d E . S. B ro w n . I l m e Congrès m ond. Pétrole, 4 1 3-419.— I n th e cold a c id tr e a tm e n t of c rac k ed gaso lin e i t is e sse n tia l to h a v e (a) c o n tro lled te m p e ra tu re , (6) o p tim u m d is p e rsio n of a cid , (c) c o n tro lle d c o n ta c t tim e. T h ere is a lw ay s a m a x im u m te m p e ra tu re a b o v e w h ich th e p ro c ess is less econom ical ; th is te m p e ra tu re lios b e tw e e n 20° a n d 60° F . I n th o ab sen ce of c o n tro l, a c id c o n su m p tio n is excessive, tr e a tin g a n d p o ly m e riz a tio n losses a ro h ig h , a n d th e r e is a d ecre ase in o c ta n e n u m b e r o f th e p r o d u c ts . A re c e n t co m m ercial in s ta lla tio n fo r cold a cid refin in g — th e S tra tc o ld P la n t— is d escrib ed .
W . P . 117.* D easphalting and Acid Treating in Propane Solution for Production of Bright Stocks and Cylinder Stocks. W . H . B a h lk e , E . W . T h ie le, C. E . A d a m s, a n d B . G in s
berg . I l m e Congrès m ond. Pétrole, 1938, 2, 4 21-433.— A n a c c o u n t o f e x p e rim e n ta l in v e s tig a tio n s o n th e d e a s p h a ltin g a n d a c id tr e a tin g o f M id -C o n tin e n t ro sid u u m p r e p a r a to r y to th o e rec tio n of co m m ercial p la n t a t W h itin g , I n d ia n a . T h e p la n t is d esc rib e d . R e s id u u m a n d p ro p a n e a re m ix e d a t 100° F . in th o r a tio o f 1 to 3 b y v o lu m e a n d s e ttle d in a h o riz o n ta l d ru m . T h e lig h te r la y e r is a c id tr e a te d in v e rtic a l d ru m s in a tw o -sta g e c o u n te r-c u rre n t o p e ra tio n . A fte r n e u tra liz a tio n w ith w e ak c a u s tic so lu tio n a n d s e ttle m e n t, p ro p a n e is d is tille d a n d re co v ered a n d a s p h a lt is re m o v e d b y
flu x in g w ith lig h t oil. W . P .
118.* Sulphuric Acid from Refinery Gases. F . L . C laise a n d E . S. B ro w n . I l m e Congrès m ond. Pétrole, 1938, 2 , 4 4 1-446.— T h e p ro x im ity of th e E l S eg u n d o refin ery to a su lp h u ric -a c id p l a n t w o rk in g th o c o n ta c t p ro c e ss h a s e n ab led th e refin ery to c o n v e rt a p o te n tia l n u isa n ce in to a n econom ic p ro p o sitio n . T h e h y d ro g e n su lp h id e p ro d u c e d in t h e c rac k in g of S o u th C a lifo rn ian C ru d es is re m o v e d fro m th e c ra c k e d gases b y w a sh in g w ith so d iu m p h e n o la to . T h e h y d ro g e n s u lp h id e is re co v ered , p u rifie d , a n d b u r n t u n d e r c o n tro lled c o n d itio n s to y ield s u lp h u r d io x id e a n d o x y g en in s u ita b le p ro p o rtio n s fo r c a ta ly tic c o n v ersio n in to s u lp h u r trio x id e . T h e h y d ro g e n -su lp h id o
re co v e ry p la n t is d e sc rib e d in d e ta il. W . P .
119.* Recent Progress in Refinery Acid R ecovery. S. F . S p an g ler. I l m e Congrès m ond.
Pétrole, 1938, 2, 4 4 7 -4 4 9 .— A d e sc rip tio n o f th e Chem ico S ludge C o n v ersio n P ro c e ss, in w hich acid slu d g e is d ecom posed b y h e a tin g ; th o s u lp h u r d io x id e so p ro d u c e d is p u rifie d a n d c a ta ly tic a lly tra n s fo rm e d to s u lp h u r trio x id e . T h e rm a l d e co m p o sitio n is effected b y u tiliz in g th e excess coke p ro d u c e d in th o re a c tio n a s a h e a t-c a rrie r. P u r i fica tio n e n ta ils c o n d e n s a tio n of w a te r a n d h y d ro c a rb o n s b y sc ru b b in g , o x id a tio n of n o n -c o n d en sa b le h y d ro c a rb o n s b y h e a tin g in a se c o n d ary fu rn ac e , cooling b y s c r u b bin g , a n d re m o v a l of acid m is t b y C o ttre ll p re c ip ita tio n . W . P .
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ABSTRACTS.
A BSTRACTS.
c o m p a rab le in size to th e k ie s elg u h r p a rtic le s, is sh o w n to increaso t h e p e rm e a b ility of th o cako. T h is in crease in p e rm e a b ility is sh o w n to bo q u a n tita tiv e ly re la te d to th e p o ro s ity o f th e c ak e b y m e a n s of th o d ire c t d e te rm in a tio n s of th o p e rm e a b ility a n d p o ro sity .
T ho re la tio n s h ip b etw ee n p e rce n ta g e filte r a id a n d c ak e re s is ta n c e fo r a non-com - p ressib le c ak e is sim ila r to t h a t o b ta in e d fo r a co m p ressib le cak e. T h is s u b s ta n tia te s th o th e o ry t h a t th o m a in a c tio n of a filte r a id is to in cre ase th e p o ro s ity of th e cake.
J . W . H . 128.* Separation Processes. Fractionation of Partially Miscible Liquids. M . R a n d a ll a n d B . L o n g tin . In d u str. E n g n g O hem ., 1939, 31 (9), 1181.— T h o c a lc u la tio n of th o n u m b e r o f p la te s in th o fra c tio n a tio n o f p a r tl y m iscib le liq u id s o f t h e m in im u m b oiling p o in t a n d e u te c tic v a p o riz a tio n ty p e s is d isc u sse d . T h o a rra n g e m e n t of co lu m n s n e ce ssa ry to c a rry o u t su c h a fra c tio n a tio n is co n sid ered . P . D.
129.* Extraction in Spray and Packed Columns. T . K . S h erw o o d , J . E . E v a n s , a n d J . V. A . L ongcor. In d u s tr . E n g n g Chem ., 1939, 31 (9), 1144.— D a ta woro o b ta in e d on th o e x tra c tio n of a c e tic acid d isso lv e d in w a te r b y ben zen e a n d b y m e th y l iso b u ty l k e to n e . I n th e firs t s e t of e x p e rim e n ts e x tr a c tio n w a s c a rrie d o u t in a n u n p a c k e d tu b e u s in g d ro p s t h e d im e n sio n s o f w h ich w ere m e a su re d . I n th o second s e t v a rio u s h e ig h ts of p a c k in g woro u se d . T h o p o c k in g c o n sisted of 1-in. a n d 1-in. c a rb o n rings, a n d 1-in. b irl sa d d les. T h o to w e r w a s a lso o p e ra te d a s a s p r a y to w er.
T h e r e s u lts in d ic a te t h a t K a , th o p r o d u c t o f t h e e x tra c tio n coefficient a n d th e in ter- facial a re a , d e p e n d s p rim a rily o n a . K a in creases ro u g h ly in p r o p o rtio n to th e r a te o f th o d isp e rse p h a se . A s th e r a te o f th e c o n tin u o u s p h a s e is in creased , K a firs t rises s h a rp ly a n d th o n falls, d u e to coalescence. T h e d ro p size d e p e n d s o n th o p a ck in g r a th e r th a n o n th o in itia l size of th e d ro p s fed to th o c o lu m n . P . D . 130.* Counter-current Absorption. H . B . O s b o rn a n d C. W . S im m o n s. In d u str.
E ngng C hem ., 1939, 31 (9), 1105.— A large-scalo te s tin g u n it w a s c o n s tru c te d w ith a n a b s o rp tio n to w e r 10 ft. b y 1 ft. i.d ., p a c k e d w ith 1-in. rin g s. E x p e rim e n ts w ore c arried o u t o n t h e a b s o rp tio n o f CC14 v a p o u r fro m a ir b y kerosino a t a p p ro x im a te ly ro o m
te m p e ra tu re . P . D .
131.* Mass Transfer between Phases : R ole of Eddy Diffusion. T . K . S herw ood a n d B . B . W o e rtz . In d u s tr . E n g n g Chem ., 1939, 31 (8), 1034.— T h e re la tiv e im p o rta n c e of e d d y d iffu sio n a n d film d iffu sio n w as in v e s tig a te d e x p e rim e n ta lly b y m ea su rin g th e w a te r - v a p o u r g ra d ie n t in a t u r b u le n t s tr e a m o f g as, flow ing in a sq u a re d u c t, one side o f w h ich w a s coverod w ith a film o f w a te r, w h ils t th e o p p o site w a ll w as covered w ith a s tro n g CaCl2 so lu tio n .
A ir, c a rb o n d ioxido, a n d h e liu m w ere u se d . I t w as fo u n d t h a t each film offered 2 1 -3 6 % o f th o o v e rall d iffu sio n al re sista n c e . T h o R e y n o ld s n u m b e r w as v a rie d fro m 3600 to 102,000. T h e p r o d u c t o f th o diffu sio n al re sista n c e a n d th e gas d e n s ity w as fo u n d to v a r y w ith R e in th e sa m e m a n n e r fo r a ll th re e gases. P . D . 132.* Absorption of Gases by Liquid Droplets. H . F . J o h n s to n o a n d G. C. W illiam s.
In d u str. E n g n g Chem ., 1939, 31 (8), 993.— E x p e rim e n ts w ere m a d e o n th e a b s o rp tio n o f am m o n ia, h y d ro g e n ch lo rid e, c a rb o n d io x id e, s u lp h u r dio x id e, a n d h y d ro g e n s u lp h id e fro m a ir. V a rio u s sized d ro p le ts o f s ta n d a r d a cid o r alk alin e so lu tio n s w ere u se d . T h e r e s u lts o b ta in e d a ro in a g re e m e n t w ith th e th e o ry o f J o h n s to n e a n d K le in s c h m id t (A m c r . In s t. Chem. E ngs, 1938, 34, 181). T h e a p p lic a tio n o f th e r e s u lts to a b s o rp tio n a n d h u m id ifica tio n is illu s tr a te d . P . D . 133.* Direct Solution of tsoTherm al Flow in Pipes. B . F . R u th . In d u str. E ngng Chem ., 1939, 31 (8), 985.— A m e th o d is dovised b y m e a n s o f w h ich flow p ro b le m s m a y b e so lv e d ■without a p p ro x im a tio n in th e tu r b u le n t region. I n p rin cip le, th e v a lu e fo r th o u n k n o w n q u a n tity w h ich w o u ld b e o b ta in e d if th e flow w ere s tr e a m lino is firs t c a lc u la te d , a n d is th e n m u ltip lie d b y a fa c to r o b ta in e d fro m a c h a r t, in o rd e r to give
th e a c tu a l v a lu e . P- D.
0
3 4 a ABSTRA CTS.
134.* Separation Processes : A nalogy betw een Absorption, E xtraction, D istillation, H eat Exchange, and other Separation Processes. M. R a n d a ll a n d B . L o n g tin . In d u s tr .