s p r ic T b a r k - p r0p erties o f R um anian G Huidovict n %tanning m a te r ia l. C. Ot in and 15 261—-9 7 ‘l! ( i I0 ' Lcafth e r T r a d e s ’ C h em ., 1931,
m S 40 SamPIes of Rumanian
i K ' (M ies exceUa) sh o w e d (% ) ; t a n n i n 5 2 6 -9 3V S K ) ; n° n’tans 3 ' 89- 1 8 - 3 8 (aver, the Who,o' l !|m i 0Il ' ls falrIy uniform throughout hole length of the tru n k . A satisfactory bark is Large au an t> SC 1X068 ^ !“jch yield tlle best tim ber, g quantities are available in Rum ania and it
SST
n . ; .My "lh th“
D . Wo o d r o f f e.5
F iltration o f tannin so lu tio n s for the d eterm in a o f> h P a1S0 [m a tter]. R eport o f C om m ittee
1 ^ r A m erican Leather C h em ists’ A ssociation 2 7 -? -? 9T - \ U ]m ei ‘-I ;e a th e r C h e m - A sso c- 1931, 2 6 ,
- 29/). blightly higher am ounts of insol m atter
2 0e° em f f i ? T i a t . 18° ( ^ n a t i o n a l method) ' than a I S American). A turbid filtrate was obtained when quebracho extracts were filtered by these two filte e d t iL .CR ar flltrai eS,1We^e given
^
aI1 « t r a c t s S S bv t h e m , T o ° r a P id n it r a t io n w as , l a t t e r m e th o d o n v a le x e x tr a c t, slow w r y slow fihrxCt S tKU\ anCi T lebracho extracts; and very slo^ filtration by hemlock and pine bark Good S T * C‘fU’ !'° wevur’ be obtained by this method meth I* P e jj° to the International and American methods in principle, since the kaolin m at is of eventhickness Variations in results are often caused by the use of different papers and by pipetting solutions at different tem p. Slightly higher to ta l solids were obtained by evaporating 50 c.c. of solution instead of
c ,c ' D. Wo o d r o ff e.
P h otograp h ic g e la tin — See XXI.
bee also A., July, 812, M ea su rem en t of O H and SH in N a 2S so lu tio n s.
Pa t e n t s.
U n h airin g of h id es o r sk in s. G. D. McLa u g h l in, Lr- Tj- Ro c k w e l l, F . O ’Fl a h e r t y, and J. H. I Iig h-
b e r g e r, Assrs. to Ta n n e r s Co u n c il o f U.S A (U S P l,78o,092, 16.12.30. Appl., 15.3.27).—Hides or skins are treated w ith a satu rated Ca(OH)3 liquor to which has been added about 1% of a prim ary, secondary, or tert.
amme, or an amide, or m ixtures of these for 2—3 days.
, D. Wo o d r o f f e.
a Ijninm g of c h a m o is, b u ck sk in s, or oth er leather.
A Er n s t(U.S.P. 1,784,828,16.12.30. Appl., 2 7 .3 .3 0 ).- Ih e suitably prepared pelts are drummed w ith a solu
tion of 1~1-5°/o CH20 and 0-5—0-75% MeOH for f j m n \ oro/ ,1'c h p - 5.% of soaP< 2-25% of moellon o .fc o /’ "t T\T/ xT n^C0 ° d ’ G lauber’s salt, and /o of NallCO.j are added and drum m ing is con
tinued u n til tannage is complete. M gS04 is then added to the m ixture and the skins are again drummed, washed,
and d r ie d - D. Wo o d r o f f e.
T re a tm e n t of tanning so lu tio n s. A. G Wa c k e v-
b e u t e r (U.S.P. 1,786,880, 30.12.30. A p p l, 30 4 ^ " - la n m n g liquors in which hides have been suspended ior some tim e are centrifuged to remove moulds, solids, and harmful fungi, and the separated liquor is conc. for further u s e - D. Wo o d r o f f e.
M anufacture of a vegetab le a d h esiv e. I. F. Laucks
? 'l o i ^ J ? AVIDS<:)N’ Assrs. to I . F. La u c k s, In c. (U.S.P.
R H)9q S ; 1,2-3®- APPL, 31.8.28. Cf. U.S.P. 1,689,732 ; 13., 141).—A vegetable meal containing protein, e-g-, soya bean, linseed, or cottonseed flour, is incor- porated w ith an alkaline medium [e.g., NaOH, Ca(Oil).,]
Tn ° f meal) ; otLer substances,
e.g., iSaCl, CaCi2, N a2Cr20 7, m ay also be added.
T L . A. Co l e s.
m pre^n ated a r tic le s.—See V. R eclaim ed rubber.
K eclaim ed leath er. R u b b erised sh eet. See XIV.
X V I.— AG R IC U LTU R E.
v SA°ilS 0 f, f ? )IN i , e a n d G a s h - !• p - V a g e l e r and 1 . A l i e n (Z. Pflanz. Diing., 1931, 21A, 47—57).—Dis
cussion of appropriate methods of exam ining these soils.
o - i A . G. Po l l a r d.
S o d s of the H avelland p la in s. B. Ta c k e (M itt. Ver.
z. Ford. Moork. i D .R., 1931, Nos. 1, 2, 3 - 7 , 2 5 - 2 9 ; Bied. Z entr.,1931, 60A , 1 5 1 ).-T h e response of alkaline low-moor soils to various types of m anurial treatm ent is recorded. Physiologically neutral or acid fertilisers are preferable. Bone meal rs non-effective in these soils.
Applications of M nS04 counteracted, to some extent, the i effects of soil alkalinity. The conjoint use of milling waste and S produced good results. A. G. Po l l a r d.
C om parison o f m eth o d s for d eterm in in g the v o lu m e-w eig h t of so ils . A. S. Cu r r y (J. Agric Res.,
B ritish C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts—B .
Cl. XVI.— Ao i u c o l t u r e. 773
1931, 42, 765—772).—A cylinder method is described.
Existing m ethods proved less satisfactory for the soils
examined. A. G. Pollap.d.
Catalytic p ow er o f s o ils. I . F . Radu (Landw.
Versuchs-Stat, 1931, 112, 45—54).—The catalytic power bears no relationship to the p 1{ or exchange acidity (cf. B., 1929, 182), b u t increases w ith the content and degree of dispersion of colloidal clay and humus.
Correlation between catalytic power, nutrient content, and bacterial numbers is examined. A. G. Polla r d.
D yn am ics of the absorbing com p lex of so ils.
M. A. Vin o k u r o v (Pochvoved., 1928,23, No. 3—4, 46—
92).—In a chernozem soil the Ca was higher in the autumn and lower in the s p rin g ; the reverse held for the Mg. The to tal bases were lower in the spring.
During the first p a rt of the growing season the total exchange capacity (BaCl2 method) decreased slightly, whilst the Ca increased. In some cases the total Ca and Mg absorbed was greater than the base-exchange capacity. Increase in th e absorption capacity during summer and w inter is a ttrib u ted to change in p n and possibly to mechanical absorption. The cpiantity of highly dispersed particles of the absorption complex falls from the beginning of spring until the middle of summer. Ch em ic a l Ab st r a c t s.
D eterm ination of adsorption cap acity of the m ineral and organ ic portions of the adsorption com plex of s o il. B. Malac (Vestn. Ceskoslov. Zem., 1930, 6, 1063— 1065 ; Chem. Zentr., 1931, i, 1964—
1965).—The soil was treated w ith BaCl3 followed by 0-LV-HN03 u n til no further reaction was obtained, the Ba" and Cl' in the filtrate being determined. By pretreatm ent of th e soil w ith a cation (NIT4‘, K ', Na') of which the hum ate is sol. in pyridine, followed by extraction of the complex w ith pyridine, only the mineral portion remained. A. A. El d r id g e.
D eterm in ation o f so il o rgan ic m a tter. C. T.
Sc h o ll en b er g er (Soil Sci., 1931, 31, 483—486).—
The author’s original method (B., 1927, 662) is modified by the addition of H 3P 0 4 or H F to the dil. solution prior to titra tio n w ith Fe(N H 4)2(S04)2 in the presence of N H Ph2. The end-point is sharp. A blank determ in
ation should be made. A. G. Po l la r d. B ase exch an ge in so ils rich in organic m atter.
L. Sjio l ik (Vestn. Ceskoslov. Akad. Zem., 1930, 6, 912—915; Chem. Zentr., 1931, i, 1963).—The base- exchange capacity is greater in soils rich in C than in those poor in humus. No connexion w ith N content was observed. A. A. El d r id g e.
Carbon : n itrogen ratio in relation to the accu
m ulation of o rgan ic m a tter in s o il. F. J. Sa l t e r
(Soil Sci., 1931, 31, 413— 430).—The micro-org. decom
position of plant m aterial in soil depends prim arily on the C : N ratio, there being a general tendency for the latter to stabilise a t 10 : 1. W ith wider ratios losses of C occur, and w ith narrower ratios there is an accumu
lation. N itrate form ation is rapid where the C : N ratio is narrow, b u t is depressed for several months where the ratio is wide. The N fixed as a result of energy supplies carried by wide-ratio m aterials does not become available until losses of C have reduced the C :N ratio to 10: 1. F ixation of N is favoured by a
C : N ratio of 15 : 1, but is not appreciably increased by applications of phosphates. Addition of N to soils is necessary in order to increase the accum ulation of C.
A. G. Po i.l a r d. R elations betw een the h yd rolytic a cid ity of soils and the d egree of saturation w ith lim e . A . Ge h r in g and O. Weh r m a n n (Z. Pflanz. Diing., 1931, 21A, 1—32).—The CaO requirem ent of soil as deter
mined by the authors’ method (B., 1930, 256) is th a t requisite to ensure a sufficiency of replaceable Ca to maintain a good physical condition in addition to removing acidity. Methods based on measurements of hydrolytic acidity are not concerned w ith the nature of the active soil bases. In determ ining the degree of saturation of soils w ith Ca, due proportionality between the wt. of sample and vol. of C a(0H )2 solution used and vol. of filtrate collected m ust be m aintained. The hydrolytic acidity as determined by the authors’ method is in close agreement w ith the degree of saturation w ith Ca if the value “ y 1 ” be m ultiplied by th e factor 4.
Relationships between this value and K appen’s measure
ments of hydrolytic acidity are discussed.
A. G. Po l la r d. R eplaceable cations in the soil and the p lan t.
K. K. Ge d r o iz (Udobr. Urozhai, 1930, 2 , 464—475).—
When a chernozem soil was saturated w ith Mg, Ba, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, or H ions, no crop (mustard) was obtained w ith or w ithout a complete fertiliser; when CaC03 was added, no crop (oats) was obtained w ith Ba, Ni, or Co, small crops w ith Cu, Mg, or Mn, and a normal crop w ith H. In another series (Mg, Ca, Sr, Cd, F e '', Fe:", Al, H), C d 'a n d F e” gave zero, and Mg, Al, and H a small yield in absence of CaC03 ; Sr gave a normal crop. W ith CaC03 present Cd gave no, F e" and F e 'v small, and Al and Mg 50% normal, crops.
Che m ica l Abst r a c t s. Phosphorus a ssim ila tio n b y soil m icro -o rg a n ism s. L. G. Thom pso n, j u n., F. B . Sm it h, and P . E. Br o w n (Soil Sci., 1931, 31, 431—436).—The H 20-sol. P of soils is affected to different extents by various species of soil micro-organisms. Some species render sol. more P than th ey can assim ilate; w ith others the reverse is the case. Azotobacter chrhococcum and various species of Aspergillus are examined in this
respect. A. G. Po l l a r d.
T ran sform ation of A z o to b a c te r -n itr o g e n in so ils . H. En g e l (Z. Pflanz. Diing., 1931, 21A, 32—46).—The N of Azotobacter cultures, w hether alive or dead, was rapidly nitrified on adm ixture w ith soil. The results are discussed in relation to decomp, of straw and cattle manures in soil (cf. B., 1930, 73).
A . G. Po l l a r d. C hem ical m eth o d s for d eterm in in g the availa
b ility of so il phosphate. P. L. Hibb a r d (Soil Sci., 1931, 31, 437—466).—E xtraction of soils w ith dil.
acids (1 :5 equilibrium mixtures) offers the simplest and quickest method for determining the availability of soil P, but several extractions w ith acids of different concentrations yield more satisfactory results. S trict comparisons of different soils should be made w ith extracts of similar p a (e.g., 4-0). Simple extraction methods which indicate conditions a t the tim e of sampling only are inadequate to characterise the supply
B r itis h C h em ical A b s tr a c ts —B •
774 Cl. XV I.— Ag r i c u l t u r e.
of P throughout the p la n t’s growth. The “ relative solubility ” m ethod (Lemmermann) is more satisfactory from this viewpoint. Methods involving extraction of soils w ith C 02 and CaC03 (Dirks and Scheffer), citric acid (Dyer), H N 0 3 (Fraps), NaCI in H 2S 0 4 (Arrhenius) or II 20 arc n o t generally applicable to soils of all types.
Percolation m ethods are superior to equilibrium extracts in th a t they resemble more closely the action of the growing p lan t, and give a general but n o t accurate interpretation of the ability of soils to m aintain a supply of P. " A. G. Po l l a r d.
T h e p h osp h ate q u estion [in s o ils ]. V. P h o s
phate and n itrate con cen tration s and plant g ro w th . 0 . Ar r h e n iu s (Z. Pflanz. Diing., 1931, 10B, 289—292).
—I n sand-culture experim ents w ith oats and barley in which both the N and P contents of the n u trien t were varied, insufficient supplies of either n u trien t completely nullified the effect of increasing the concen
tra tio n of the other. W ith clover (inoculated) additions of P were effective in all ¡proportions used.
A . G. Po l l a r d. P ortable field apparatus for the d eterm in ation of ch lorid es in so ils . R. J . Be s t (J. Counc. Sci. Ind.
Res., Australia, 1931,4,122—123)—A pparatus described previously (B ., 1929, 731) is adapted for field work.
_ _ A . G. Po l l a r d.
E ffect of h u m ic acid on the A s p e r g illu s m eth od [for so il-n u trien t d eterm in ation ]. L . F . Kie s s l in g
(Z. Pflanz. Diing., 1931, 21A , 86—104).—The N iklas-oschenrieder I rischler m e th o d fo r 'd e te r m in in g th e availab le K in soils b y m eans of A . niger gav e u n d u ly h igh values in low -m oor soils. S im ilar results were o b ta in ed on m ineral soils to w hich hum ic p re p a ra tio n s ( H 20 -so1. or -insol. o r K hum ate) were added. H u m ic acid n o t only stim u la te s m ycelium p ro d u ctio n , b u t causes m odifications in its s tru c tu re an d in conidia
fo rm a tio n . A. G. P o l l a r d .
N eu b au er m eth od fo r d eterm in in g m in era l nu trien t d eficien cies in s o ils . S. F. Thorn ton
(J. Amer. Soc. Agron., 1931, 23, 195—208).—The N eubauer m ethod gives results m ost closely in accord w ith the pot and field t e s t s ; extraction w ith 0^ 22\-HNO3 and the Illinois phosphate test frequently give high values for PoO-. N u trien t absorption by seedlings is greatly affected by selection of seed and tem p, control, and to a smaller extent by light intensity, m oisture content, soil reaction, and the presence of other nutrients. Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s.
A v a ila b ility of n itrogen in farm m an u re under field c o n d itio n s. A. F. He c k (Soil Sci., 1931. 31, 467—481).—Little, if any, of the H 20-insol. N of farm y ard manure is recovered in the first crop after applica
tion. The recovery of the N of liquid m anure is greater if applied w ith dung th a n if used alone. If ploughed in im m ediately after spreading, no difference is apparent in th e availability of th e N of ferm ented and fresh m anure. Nitrification of m anure is more rapid when applied as a top dressing and harrowed in th an when ploughed in. Losses of N from m anure in the interval between spreading and ploughing in are greatest when the m anure has become ammonified b u t n o t fermented, less after complete ferm entation, and least in fresh
m anure. Adm ixture of straw w ith m anure decreases the am ount of N recovered in the first crop.
A. G. Po l la r d. C hanges in sta ll m an u res d u rin g sto ra g e and th eir action in s o il. H. C. vox Se y d e w it z (Landw.
Versuchs-Stat., 1931, 112, 55— 102).—Inadequate heating in m anure stacks (<^ 60°) results in incompletely ro tted straw , greater losses of N and d ry m atter during ferm entation, and a final product of lower dry-m atter content. Losses of N from hot-ferm ented manure stacks did n o t increase after the 4th m onth. Drainage from hot-ferm enting stacks decreased w ith the age of the stack and contained much less N H 3-N th a i° did ordinary liquid m anure. H ot-ferm ented manure was nitrified more rapidly and more completely th an yard m anure and produced greater crop increases.
A . G. Po l l a r d. C om p arison of variou s m eth o d s of storing m an u re. J. P. Ma m c hen k o v (Udobr. Urozhai, 1930.
2, 284 291).—Loose piling, compacting, and K rantz’
m ethod (compacting a t 55°) were compared, combined, N H 3-, and to tal N being determ ined. Packing down is preferable, since m ineral-N is preserved.
Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s. Effect of d ry in g m an u re on the n itrogen losses and crop y ie ld s. J . P. Ma m c hen k o v an d J. F.
Ro m a sh k e v ic h (Udobr. Urozhai, 1930, 2 , 391—397).—
Piled m anure lost more N th an scattered m anure ; the latter lost N chiefly as NH 3 in the first 2 days and was slightly inferior to fresh m anure w ith oats.
Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s. _ A v a ila b ility o f n itro g en of green m an u re for rice and the su p p lem en ta ry value of various fe r tilise r s. H. Misu and H. Sh im o h ir a (Ann. Agric.
Exp. S ta . Gov.-Gen. Chosen, 1929, 4 , 65—94).—The availability of N was lower in dried th a n in fresh green manure. The yield was b etter with fresh th a n with ferm ented green m anure. Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s.
E ffect of ph osp h ate m a n u rin g on the y ield and q u a lity of m a ltin g b a rley . C. Dr e y s p r in g, H.
Ku r t h. and F. He in r ic h (Z. Pflanz. Diing., 1931, 10B, 265— 289).—In p o t cultures w ith m any varieties of barley, applications of easily-sol. P definitely acceler
ated growth and caused increased tillering and earlier flowering and m aturing, the la tter being particularly apparent in th e “ green-ripe ” and “ yellow-ripe ” stages. Phosphate m anuring produced greater yield increases in grain th an in straw, th ere being an increase both in the wt. and num ber of ears. The length of straw was not definitely affected. The protein content of the grain decreased with increasing applications of superphosphate. This effect was greatest in varieties having a high protein content when grown in untreated soil. In no case was the protein content < 8 -9 % . There was a direct relationship between the proportion of high-mol. protein and the P content and stage of m atu rity of the grain. Phosphate fertilisers did not increase th e starch content of the grain. The P content of the grain was directly proportional to the grain yield, the num ber of tillers and ears, to the wt. per ear, the acceleration of growth, and the increase in grain : straw ratio, b u t was inversely proportional to the total protein content. A. G. Po l l a r d.
B ritish C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts—B .
Cl. XVI.— Ag r i c u l t u r e. 7 7 5
C om parative value of nitrogenous fertilisers on 7 to 21 days old. The N content of all tissues, w ith the the grow th of au tu m n and sp rin g barley. I. Om a i possible exception of seed and fruit, decreased with (Ann. Agric. Exp. Sta. Gov.-Gen. Chosen, 1930, 3 , m aturity. Close spacing of plants tended to accelerate 347—354) — Of the m aterials tested, N aN 03 and N absorption, to produce bolls of higher IN content, and (NH.LSO, gave the highest recovery of N (60—66%) to increase the proportion of s t e m to dry wt. The and the best yield. The efficiency of the N in pig and general intake and distribution of N during growth is cow m anure is small. Ch e m ic a l Ab stra cts. recorded.
F ertiliser ex p erim en ts w ith citrus seed lin gs.
I. Ta k a h a sh i (J. Okitsu H ort. Soc., 1930,25,38—50).
The P 2Or> and K requirem ents are, respectively, 50 and 66% of the N requirement.
Ch e m ica l Ab st r a c t s. ^ E fficiencies of ph osp h oric acid of various ferti
lisers for sp r in g - and au tu m n -sow n barley. I.
Om ai (Ann. Agric. Exp. Sta. Gov.-Gcn. Chosen, 1930, 3 , 394—402).—Application of N a2H P 0 4, bone meal, and superphosphate gave about 190% greater yield and 130—140% more absorbed P , 0 5 ; rice polishings and AlPO.j gaye 150% (yield), 60—70% (P 20 5). Autumn- sown barley showed higher absorption and higher yield th an spring-sown barley.
Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s. O rganic fe r tilise rs for oats and fla x . ^ Z. V.
Logvinova and A. P. Sh c her ba ko v (Udobr. Urozhai, 1930, 2, 476—482).— Various org. sources of N were compared w ith N aN 0 3 an d (NH4)2S 0 4. W ith oats intestinal slime gave good re s u lts ; m eat scrap, horn meal or shavings, burned horn, blood meal, feathers and down, and oil meal gave good results when larger quantities were compared. The residual effects on the succeeding crop were better for org. than for inorg. N W ith flax, org. N was superior to inorg. N.
Ch e m ic a l Ab st r a c t s. A m m on ification of n itrogenous su b stan ces by pure cu ltu res of m ic r o -o r g a n ism s. H. C. Polley
(J. Agric. Res., 1931, 42 , 791—800).—Ammonification of the following N compounds in soil by pure cultures of various organisms occurred in the order : asparagine (most rapid), peptone, gluten, urea, casein, gelatin, dried blood, uric acid, egg albumin, hippunc acid.
Acetanilide and caffeine depressed ammonification, which was entirely inhibited by N IIP h 2. CaCN2 was not ammonified in the soil examined, nor was any urea formed. In general, amino-N is readily ammonified, but th e N groups of purine bases are more resistent.
A. G. Po lla r d. Effect of sa lt on the m icrob ial h eatin g of alfalfa [lucerne] h a y . L. S. St u a r t and L. H. Jam es (J.
Agric. Res., 1931, 42, 657—664).—Lucerne hay heated most rapidly when its moisture content was 30 R etardation of heating following the addition of varied inversely w ith the moisture present. Small am ounts (1— 2%) of NaCl tend to increase the growth of moulds and reduce th a t of bacteria. W ith laiger proportions microbial activity m ay be delayed sufficiently
• to perm it th e curing of the hay. A. G. Po l la r d. C otton p lan t, w ith sp ecial reference to its nitro
gen con ten t. G. M . Arm stron g and W. B. Al b e r t
(J. Agric. Res., 1931,42, 689—703).—A generous supply of soil-N is associated w ith a succulent growth and high N contents of leaves, stalk, and fruit. The Is supply did n o t affect the N content of seed and lint from
F ertilisin g citru s trees. J. J. Th e ron (Farming in S. Afr., 1931, R eprint No. 29, 5 pp.).—In the area examined, citrus trees responded to applications of N aN 03 and phosphates, b u t K had little effect. Appro
priate manurial treatm ents are specified.
A. G. Po l la r d. Percentage dry m atter and field w eig h t of ear m aize from u n lim ed and lim ed p lo ts. A. W Bl a ir (J. Agric. Res., 1931, 42, 773—774).—Maize grown on acid soil does not m ature and dry out so quickly as when the same soil is adequately limed.
Small b u t n o t very definite increases in grain yield after liming are recorded. A. G. Po l l a r d.
Su gar and catalase d eterm in ation s of seed s of varying v ia b ility . A. N ie th a m m e r (Z. Pflanz. Dung., 1931, 21 A , 69—86).—A general parallelism exists between the catalase activity and germinative capacity of m any seeds, the effect being more definite among seeds of cultivated crops than of wild plants. Differences are apparent among certain seeds of the same species and strain. Seeds of sufficient age to lose all germina
tive power usually had no catalase activity.
A. G. Po l l a r d. A n a ly sis of see d s. L . Bu ssa rd (Ann. Falsif., 1931, 24, 211—220).—Tests are made for identification, degree of purity (P = % genuine seeds), presence and nature of foreign material, dryness, and germinating faculty (Q = % genuine seeds germinating in given time).
Cultural value = PG /100. Methods of sampling are
¡riven together w ith data for 58 kinds of seeds of good
quality. E. B . Hu g h e s.
P r o g r e s s i v e c h a n g e s i n t h e w a x - l i k e c o a t i n g o n t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e a p p l e d u r i n g g r o w t h a n d s t o r a g e . K. S. M a r k l e y and C. E. S a n d o (J. Agric. Res., 1931, 42, 705—722).—W ith advancing growth, the
P r o g r e s s i v e c h a n g e s i n t h e w a x - l i k e c o a t i n g o n t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e a p p l e d u r i n g g r o w t h a n d s t o r a g e . K. S. M a r k l e y and C. E. S a n d o (J. Agric. Res., 1931, 42, 705—722).—W ith advancing growth, the