Summary
The study presents the results of a sector- and spatial-oriented analysis of changes occurring in work productivity in Poland. Work productivity, as one of the main fac-tors of economic growth and the level of economic prosperity, measured with gross value added per worker, was evaluated in the years 2004–2010, during the first seven years of a proceeding integration process and following the cohesion policy. There were analysed changes in the real level of work productivity in three sectors in Poland, as well as changes in domestic productivity ratio as compared with other EU coun-tries. Similarly, there were studied changes in the territorial distribution of work productivity variation by voivodships considered as an expression of possible trans-formations in Poland's economic structure.
Keywords: economic growth, work productivity, changes in sector relations, comparative analysis across the EU, regional relations
1. Introduction
To speed up the economic growth and economic prosperity in most of the developing countries, as well as in Poland, improvement of the effectiveness of the use of resources, particularly work, is essential.
The realization of that purpose is bound with the need of increasing the number of the workers through a reduction of the unemployment level and, most importantly, through the growth of social work productivity on a macroeconomic scale. The enhancement of work productivity may also be a result of work efficiency growth in individual sectors and divisions. It may also be a result of a change in the economic structure [5, p. 26], foremost the worker sector and branch structure, which consists in an increase in the share of sectors and divisions, characterized by higher work produc-tivity.
This study shows the results of the analysis of the work resources use methods in Poland in the economic growth process as well as the scale and type of changes, which occur in work productivity. The analysis was sector- (sector I – including agriculture, forestry and fishing industry, sector II – including industry and construction building, sector III – services) and spatial-oriented by country in EU and by province in Poland.
The research spanned mostly in the years 2004–2010, i.e. the period of the first seven years, and where the data was available – the period of eight years of proceeding integration process within the European Union and following the cohesion policy directed to decrease the spatial disproportion in the level of economic and civilization development.
The main goal of the research was to determine:
• which direct factors took part in the economic growth in Poland in the three sectors examined within the period and how the real work productivity level in those sectors changed;
• how the relations of the domestic work productivity has been shaped and developed (generally and by sectors) in relation to other EU countries;
• whether the territorial differences in work productivity decreased in Poland and whether changes occurred across the provinces.
The analysed work productivity was measured with a gross value added (GVA) and sometimes with the gross domestic product (GDP) per worker. In a particular partial analysis, the productivity was measured in different ways: fixed (basic) prices when determining the growth rate in time and current prices when determining the territorial distribution and inter-sector relations. Furthermore, in international comparisons within the EU, productivity expressed in euro was used, calculated in two ways:
• when converting national currency to euro according to the exchange rate; here, produc-tivity constitutes one of the fundamental factors deciding the level of competitiveness of the national economy on the international market [4, p. 105];
• accounting for the purchasing power parity of individual currencies (PPP) and applica-ble changes: here, productivity mostly gives information on economic foundations of living standards in a given country.
• The analysis of work productivity in Poland considers the number of workers estimated by the Central Statistical Office (GUS) with two separate methods, which give different results:
• a lower number of the workers determined with the reports provided by enterprises and supplemented with estimates by the Central Statistical Office (GUS), especially for pri-vate farms;
• a higher number of the workers determined with the representative studies of the eco-nomic activity of the population performed by the Central Statistical Office.
In a comparative analysis at the macroeconomic and international level, the number of the work-ers determined by the GUS was adopted according to the economic activity of the population.
It considers a higher, more realistic number of the workers (partly also from the black economy which is not shown in reporting) provided by GUS in international breakdowns. Considering the data availability, in the regional analysis, on the other hand, a cross-section of the provinces in Po-land, a number of the workers estimated by the Central Statistical Office, as reported by enterprises, was adopted. The application of different data concerning the workers constitutes a limitation to the range of possible comparisons to absolute productivity values, both international and regional. How-ever, it does not limit the analysis itself as well as the possibility of concluding on the basis of different types of relations in time- and spatial-oriented cross-sections, e.g. in dispersion or correla-tion within the confines of the given patterns.
2. Economic growth rate and its nature in Poland over 2004–2011
Over that time (2004–2011) a positive and a relatively rapid economic growth rate was reported in Poland.
The Gross Domestic Product (counted in fixed prices) increased by 43%, whereas in 27 EU countries only by an average of 11.1% and in the USA – by 12.5% (Fig. 1).
A relatively fast economic growth made Poland slowly decreases the economic distance to-wards the highly developed countries in the given period of time. As far as the GDP (counted in USD according to PPS) per Polish resident constituted merely 42.3% of the corresponding value in Germany and 30.6% in the USA in 2003; in 2011, it constituted 54.0% and 43.9%, respectively.
The growth rate in the years examined in Poland was considerably diversified, as in other coun-tries, being relatively high until 2008 (on average 5% higher in the annual scale) and low at the end of the decade (Fig.1). In the years 2009–2010, as a result of external influences connected with the global financial and economic crisis, a substantial slowdown of the economic growth occurred in Poland, particularly in the financial sector, where the Gross Value Added (in fixed prices) decreased by as much as 27% and in the mining industry – by about 15% in 2009 [8, p. 684]. A sign of unfa-vourable developmental conditions during this period is also a growing number of the unemployed since 2009, which by the end of 2012 increased to over 2.1 m people and the unemployment rate reached 13.4% [7, p.8]. 90 1 00 1 10 1 20 1 30 1 40 1 50 2003 20 04 200 5 20 06 200 7 2 008 200 9 2 010 201 1 2 012 G D P g ro w th r at e in % ( 2 0 0 3 = 1 0 0 ) . Poland
E urop ean U nion -27 countries U nited States of A m erica
Fig. 1. Gross Domestic Product growth rate (expressed in %, 2003 = 100) in Poland, the European Union and the USA in the years 2004–2012
Source: own study based on Eurostat's data.
The growth of the Gross Domestic Product in Poland in the years 2004-2011 took place, ac-companied by both an increasing number of the workers and growth of work productivity. The num-ber of the workers (specified by the Central Statistical Office according to the economic activity of the population) increased in 2011 in relation to 2003 by 2.5m people, e.g. by 18.5%, whereas the
work productivity (GDP per worker according to the economic activity of the population) – by 20.9%, respectively (Table 1).
Owing to the factors creating the economic growth, its character, more or less intensive, changed in particular periods. Over 2005–2008, a relatively high economic growth rate was rather an effect of the growing number of workers than the increased productivity. The latter, in fact, in-creased the number of employees more slowly during this period. However, in 2004, and especially during the economic slowdown of 2009–2011, growth was achieved mainly as a result of increasing labour productivity; the number of employees increased at that time on a small scale (Table 1 and Figure 2).
Table 1. Changes in the real level of indicators characterizing the economic growth and eco-nomic prosperity level in Poland in the years 2004–2011 (in constant prices) Specification Dynamics in % 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Previous year = 100 2003 =100 GDP globally 105.3 103.6 106.2 106.8 105.1 101.6 103.9 104.3 143.2 GDP per resident 105.3 103.7 106.3 106.8 105.1 101.5 102.9 104.3 141.9
Income per person 99.8 101.4 108.4 108.6 108.0 103.0 104.3 98.6 136.4
Expenses per person 99.0 97.3 106.7 106.1 107.1 102.2 101.0 98.2 118.5
Number
of the workers1 101.3 102.3 103.4 104.4 103.7 100.4 100.6 101.1 118.5
GDP per worker1 103.9 101.2 102.7 102.3 101.4 101.2 103.3 103.2 120.9
Number of workers2 100.6 101.3 102.6 104.2 101.9 98.2 102.4 100.9 112.6
GDP per worker2 104.6 102.2 1036 102.5 103.1 103.5 101.5 103.4 127.2
1 On the basis Labour Force Survey (LFS).
2 Number of workers estimated by the Central Statistical Office mainly from reporting by enter-prises.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 G D P g ro w th i n % ( co n st an t p ri n ce s, p re v io u s y ea r = 1 0 0 ) . .
Increase resulting from work product ivit y growth
Increase resulting from worker number growt h (of the basis LFS)
Fig. 2. Growth rate (in %) of the workers (of the basis Labour Force Survey) and work productiv-ity as a contribution to the GDP growth rate (constant prices, previous year = 100) in Poland
in the years 2004–2011 Source: own study based on data: [8].
The rate and nature of the growth, according to the use of the work resources, differed in the three sectors analysed. Industry and construction building sector in Poland sustained the highest growth rate in the years 2004–2011. The Gross Value Added (GVA) produced in this sector (counted in fixes prices) increased in 2011 by 76.2% in comparison to 2003. The share of this sector in the GVA increased from 29.6% in 2003 to 33.1% in 2011 in the economy as a whole. The growth in this sector was realised at the increasing number of the workers (according to the economic activity of the population) by 26.7% (i.e. by 1 mln people) and a simultaneous substantial work productivity growth (GVA per worker) by 39% (Figs 3 and 4).
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 G V A i n m ld P L N ( co n st an t p ri ce s o f 2 0 0 3 ) . Total Agricultural sector
Indurtry and construction scector Service sector
Fig. 3. Gross Value Added (GVA) in bn PLN (fixes prices of 2003) in Poland in the years 2004–2011
Source: own study based on: [8].
A considerably lower growth rate with a more extensive nature took place in the service sector. The Gross Value Added increased here by 37% throughout the period examined, and the share in
the GVA in total decreased from 66% (in 2003) to 62.9% (in 2011). In this sector, the growth was possible mainly as the result of a growing number of the workers by 26.8% (i.e. 1.9m people), and at relatively low work productivity growth – only by 8% (Table 2, Fig. 3 and 4).
Table 2. Inter-sector relations and work productivity dynamics in Poland in the years 2004–2011
Specification
Gross Value Added per worker (according to the economic activity of the population)
Country's average value in % (current prices) Dynamics (fixed prices of 2003) 2004 2006 2008 2020 2011 2011 (2003=100) Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 Sector I 28.4 27.0 26.5 29.1 31.9 121.0 Sector II 106.8 104.7 100.6 106.7 108.1 139.0 Sector III 120.6 118.6 118.5 112.4 110.8 108.0
Source: own study based on data: [8].
The lowest growth rate was reported in agriculture, where the Gross Value Added underwent some minor fluctuations and increased only during the three years examined (2004, 2005 and 2009); in the remaining period it showed a decreasing tendency. As a result, this value (counted in fixed prices) was 1.3% lower in 2011 than in 2003, just as the sector's share in the GVA in total, which decreased slightly from 4.4% (in 2003) to 4.0% (in 2011). Owing to the decreased number of the workers in this sector during that period (by 18.5%, i.e. by about 0.5m people), the work productivity increased, however, by 21%. Nevertheless, the level of productivity in this sector was still very low, in comparison to the other sectors (Table 2 and Fig. 3 and 4).
18,5 -18,5 26,7 26,8 20,0 21,0 39,0 8,0 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Total sector I sector II sector III
G ro w th r a te i n % . work productivity Workers
Fig. 4. Growth rate of the number of the workers (according to the economic activity of the popu-lation) and work productivity as a share in the changing Gross Value Added (GVA) within the
sector system in Poland in the years 2004–2011 (2003 = 100) Source: own study on the basis of data: [8].
The development tendencies observed in the years 2004–2011 consisted in a relatively substan-tial growth of work productivity in the industry and construction building sector and, to a lower extent, also in the agricultural sector and to the lowest extent in the services sector. It all contributed to a decreased diversification in work productivity, so far very high, across the sectors. In 2011, the highest work productivity was recorded for the service sector; however, its advantage in this field decreased substantially during the years examined, particularly in relation to the industry and con-struction building sector. However, favourable transformations consisting in the outflow of the workers from the low-efficiency agriculture and growing productivity in this sector took place at a too little scale. As a result, work productivity in the agricultural sector in 2011 was only at the level of 1/3 of the average economic productivity (Table 2).
3. Work productivity in Poland against other European Union countries
In the years 2004–2010, Poland's distance in terms of work productivity in relation to 27 EU countries, including the 15 economically developed countries of the former EU, decreased. The level of work productivity in total, competitively important for the national economy on the international market, measured in euros according to the exchange rate, increased in Poland in relation to the average level in the 27 EU countries by 10 percentage points (from 28.7% in 2004 to 38.7% in 2010), and in relation to the average level in the 15 countries of the former EU by 9 percentage points (from 24.3% to 33.4%) (Table 3).
Table 3. Social work productivity in Poland in relation to the average EU-27 and EU-15 productivity in the years 2004–2010
Specification 2004 2006 2008 2010
Average EU-27 = 100
GVA (according to the exchange rate) per worker – in total 28.7 33.7 39.9 38.7
in the agricultural sector 25.6 29.7 31.8 35.0
in the industry and construction sector 36.7 36.4 40.1 41.0
in the service sector 29.9 37.3 44.7 41.5
Average EU-15 = 100
GVA (according to the exchange rate) per worker – in total 24.3 28.8 34.6 33.4
in the agricultural sector 14.4 17.4 18.7 20.3
in the industry and construction sector 30.7 30.3 34.3 34.3
in the service sector 26.3 33.3 40.3 37.2
Source: own study based on [8].
As it results from earlier considerations, work productivity in the service sector in Poland ob-served the lowest growth dynamics during the years examined; however, its relative level in com-parison to EU countries (EU-27 and EU-15) increased in the relatively highest range – by about 11 percentage points. It is a result of lower work productivity dynamics in this sector in most of the EU countries, and as a result from broader studies, its decrease in the years 2004–2012, considering the basic prices from 2000 (Table 3 and Fig. 5).
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2004 2010 2004 2010 2004 2010 2004 2010
total in sector I in sector II in sector III
W o rk p ro d u ct iv it y i n t h o u s. e u ro a cc o rd in g to t h e ex ch an g e ra te ( cu rr en t p ri ce s) . EU-15 EU-27 Poland
Fig. 5. Work productivity in thousands euro (current prices, according to the exchange rate) in three sectors in Poland and other EU countries in the years 2004–2010
Source: own study on the basis of [8].
A similar situation took place in the agricultural sector, where the relative level of work produc-tivity in Poland increased in relation to the average level of the 27 EU countries by 9.4 percentage points, and in a slightly lower range (by about 6 percentage points) in relation to the average level of the 15 former EU countries. (Table 3 and Fig. 5).
In the years 2004–2010, work productivity in the industry and construction building sector in Poland recorded the highest growth dynamics of all the sectors examined; its relative level increased the least (by 3.6 percentage points in relation to the average level of the EU-15 countries and by 4.3 percentage points to the EU-27). It is a result of a relatively fast growth of work productivity in this sector in other EU countries. Provided in 2004, work productivity in the industry and construction building sector in 15 EU countries (52.4 thousand euro) was considerably lower than in the service sector (accordingly 56.8 thousand euro), in 2010 this relation was reversed. Work productivity in Sector II (60.9 thousand euro) was slightly higher than in the service sector (59.1) (Table 3 and 4, Fig. 5).
A relative productivity level growth was higher in other EU countries than in Poland, particu-larly in Luxembourg (in Sectors 3 and 1), Denmark (in Sectors 2 and 3) and Spain (mainly in Sector 2), and among the accession countries: particularly Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Latvia and Estonia (Table 4). As a result, Poland, among the 27 countries, in terms of work productivity (counted in euros according to the exchange rate) in the economy in total took a relatively distant 23rd place (before Lithuania, Latvia, Romania and Bulgaria), accordingly in the agricultural sector 26th (before Romania), in the industry and construction building sector (despite a substantial growth rate in productivity) – 23rd (before Estonia, Latvia, Romania and Bulgaria) and in the service sector – 22nd (before Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania and Bulgaria). In as much as Poland's position, in the terms of work productivity in the economy in total and in the service sector, did not change in the years 2004–2010; then, in the case of production sectors, owing to a faster progress of the other accession countries, Poland moved away (declined) from the lead by two positions.
Table 4. Change in work productivity in relation to average level in the 27 EU countries in the years 2004–2010
Countries
Change in the years 2004-2010 (in percentage points) of the relative GVA level per worker
Total Sector I Sector II Sector III
to the ex-change rate to PPS to the ex-change rate to PPS to the ex-change rate to PPS to the ex-change rate to PPS Luxembourg 28.0 8.4 40.9 13.3 -30.2 -38.5 44.4 22.5 Ireland -4.9 5.8 -8.2 4.8 26.9 38.3 -6.7 2.7 Denmark 13.0 8.1 -4.4 -5.9 16.0 10.2 14.3 9.2 Belgium 1.4 -5.2 -10.9 -21.7 -12.1 -17.5 7.5 0.7 France 3.4 2.0 42.4 35.8 -5.1 -5.5 6.4 4.6 Sweden 1.0 -3.9 -32.3 -39.5 7.9 0.3 2.8 -1.8 Finland 4.9 0.4 32.6 20.2 -8.6 -12.1 10.6 5.6 Austria 2.1 -4.6 -22.7 -27.8 1.7 -5.9 4.9 -1.6 Netherlands 5.0 2.1 -12.9 -17.0 39.8 33.1 2.1 -0.2 Italy -3.2 -3.8 -16.7 -17.2 -4.6 -5.1 -2.6 -3.2 Germany -6.7 -5.1 -1.4 0.6 -2.1 -0.7 -7.6 -6.0 U. Kingdom -19.4 -9.0 -107.8 -83.4 -14.9 -3.1 -16.5 -7.1 Spain 11.1 7.7 9.2 1.5 20.8 17.6 9.1 5.8 Greece 2.2 -8.5 -12.5 -23.9 6.4 -2.8 -1.4 -14.0 Cyprus 7.2 7.0 15.2 14.9 -1.0 -2.2 10.0 10.2 Malta 6.9 3.2 5.7 -5.3 5.5 2.5 7.0 3.1 Slovenia 8.7 -1.0 7.8 -0.5 2.9 -7.7 11.4 1.6 Portugal 4.8 8.0 -3.9 -3.0 2.8 5.3 4.4 8.0 Czech Rep. 16.2 2.4 14.5 -20.1 14.4 -0.4 16.7 3.8 Slovakia 20.5 16.0 76.8 77.1 25.0 22.9 16.4 10.1 Estonia 12.0 8.8 41.4 42.4 13.6 12.3 10.1 5.7 Hungary 3.2 3.6 -8.0 -17.8 4.2 5.4 3.1 3.6 Poland 10.0 4.7 9.4 5.2 4.2 -8.1 11.6 7.0 Lithuania 11.5 9.2 18.6 22.0 13.4 10.3 9.3 5.3 Latvia 12.6 8.2 38.5 47.5 13.9 10.9 10.6 3.9 Romania 11.2 13.5 7.3 8.1 18.7 27.1 11.0 8.9 Bulgaria 7.2 7.6 2.9 -21.2 6.4 6.8 8.1 9.5
1 The order of the countries according to the level of GVA per worker given in euros according to the exchange rate in 2010.
Source: own study based on [8].
A considerably higher was the level of work productivity in Poland measured in euros consid-ering the Purchasing Power Standard (PPS), which informs mainly about the economic basics of living standards diversification in particular countries. In Poland, productivity in economy consid-ered in this way, in total, ran into the level of about 60% in 2004, and in 2010 – 64.3% of the average level of the 27 EU countries. However, the relative level of productivity counted with consideration of purchasing power parity increased in Poland in the years 2004–2010 to a much lower degree (by about 5 percentage points) than considering the exchange rate. It shows a faster growth and the
prices in Poland becoming equal at that time in comparison to the remaining EU countries, especially the highly-developed ones (Fig. 6).
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2004 2010 2004 2010 2004 2010 2004 2010
total in sector I in sector II in sector III
W o rk p ro d u c ti v it y in t h o u s .e u ro a c c o rd in g t o P P S ( c u rr e n t p ri c e s ) . EU-15 EU-27 Poland
Fig. 6. Work productivity in thousands of euro (current prices, according to PPS) in three sectors in Poland and other EU countries in the years 2004–2010
Source: own study based on [8].
The level of work productivity was considerably higher in Poland and measured in euros con-sidering the Purchasing Power Standard (PPS), which informs mainly about the economic basics of living standards diversification in particular countries. In Poland, with productivity in the economy considered in this way, in total, ran at the level of approximately 60% in 2004, and in 2010 – 64.3% of the average level of the 27 EU countries. However, the relative level of productivity counted with the consideration of purchasing power parity that increased in Poland in the years 2004–2010 to a much lower degree (by about 5 percentage points) than considering the exchange rate. It shows a faster growth and the prices in Poland becoming equal at that time in comparison to the remaining EU countries, especially in the highly-developed ones (Fig. 6).
Poland's position, among other EU countries, is slightly more favourable when productivity is counted with consideration of the purchasing power parity. In 2010, in terms of the Gross Value Added (counted according to PPS) per worker (according to the economic activity of the population) in the economy in total, Poland among the 27 countries took 22nd place (before Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania and Bulgaria), in the agricultural sector – 25th (before Portugal and Romania), in the industry and construction sector – 22nd (before Romania, Portugal, Estonia, Latvia and Bulgaria) and in the service sector – 20th (before Slovakia, Hungary, Estonia, Lithuania, Romania, Latvia and Bulgaria) [2].
4. Territorial differences in work productivity in Poland across the voivodships in the years 2004–2010
Broader research, as part of PB no. 3808/B/H03/2011/40, showed that in the years 2004–2010 the differences in work productivity across the 27 EU countries was decreasing, unlike in Poland where it increased in all the three sectors analysed [2]. The coefficients of variation, as well as rela-tions between the maximal and minimal level of productivity examined for 16 voivodships were higher in 2010, as compared with those in 2004. Only in the agricultural sector, with unusually big territorial disproportions in that respect, were the differences in work productivity analysed per prov-ince distinctly decreasing to 2008; nevertheless, in the last two years (2009–2010) the differences increased again over the level of 2004 (Table 5).
Provided in 2004, the level of productivity in seven voivodships was higher than the country's average, in 2010 it was true for only five of them. The level of productivity in relation to the country's average increased in the years 2004–2010, to the highest degree in the Mazowieckie voivodship (in all the three sectors) and in Dolno lskie voivodship (only in Sector 2 with a simultaneous decrease in the remaining sectors), and to the lowest degree (only in the production sectors – I and II) in the Podlasie and Łód voivodships (Table 6 and Fig.7).
Table 5. Differences in social productivity across 16 voivodships in Poland in the years 2004–2010
Year
Maximum to minimum quantity relation Coefficient of variation
Gross Value Added (GVA) per worker (in current prices given in PLN)
Total in this sector: Total in this sector:
I II III I II III 2004 1.84 6.39 1.41 1.47 12.7 35.0 9.7 7.0 2005 1.93 5.28 1.51 1.55 13.3 32.6 9.2 8.2 2006 1.97 5.51 1.60 1.56 13.4 31.9 10.3 8.4 2007 1.93 4.54 1.63 1.58 13.2 29.2 10.0 8.9 2008 1.86 4.45 1.45 1.56 12.5 28.0 9.2 8.4 2009 1.94 5.80 1.50 1.52 12.8 32.8 8.9 8.5 2010 2.11 9.96 1.70 1.61 14.9 35.7 11.7 9.5
Table 6. Ranking list of Polish voivodships according to the level of work productivity in 2010 Voivodships Total In sector I II III 2004 2010 2004 2010 2004 2010 2004 2010 Mazowieckie 1 1 9 5 1 2 1 1 Dolno lskie 3 2 6 10 4 1 4 6 lskie 2 3 10 12 2 3 5 3 Zachodniopomorskie 4 4 1 2 11 10 2 2 Pomorskie 5 5 7 4 6 4 3 5 Wielkopolskie 8 6 4 6 9 11 6 4 Lubuskie 6 7 2 3 5 7 12 15 Opolskie 7 8 8 8 3 6 9 Kujawsko-Pomorskie 9 9 5 7 10 13 7 8 Łódzkie 12 10 11 11 12 8 8 9 Warmisko- Mazurskie 10 11 3 1 16 15 11 14 Małopolskie 11 12 15 15 8 9 10 12 Podlaskie 14 13 12 9 14 12 13 10 witokrzyskie 13 14 13 14 7 5 14 11 Lubelskie 16 15 14 13 13 14 15 13 Podkarpackie 15 16 16 16 15 16 16 16
1 Order of the provinces according to the level of work productivity in 2010 Source: based on data: [8].
The level of productivity in relation to the country's average decreased generally in the other voivodships, mainly in Podkarpacie, Lubuskie, Małopolska and lskie voivodships where the de-crease occurred in all the three sectors, as well as in the Opole voivodship where the level of produc-tivity decreased mainly in Sector 2 (Table 6 and Fig. 7).
In 2010, the highest level of work productivity in economy in total distinguished voivodships: Mazowieckie, Dolno lskie, lskie, Zachodniopomorskie and Pomorskie, scoring relatively high in terms of work productivity in the non-agricultural sectors (II and III). Only the Zachodniopomor-skie voivodship is an exception, ranking lower in terms of work efficiency in sector II but at the same time, one of the leading places in the agricultural sector (Table 6).
The lowest level of work productivity was characterized by the southeastern voivodships: Pod-karpacie, Lubelskie, witokrzystkie, Podlasie and Małopolska. An unfavourable developmental distance of these provinces results in a low work productivity in all the three sectors ( witokrzyskie voivodship is the only exception, coming 5th in terms of productivity in the industry and construc-tion sector in 2010).
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 M az o w ie ck ie D o ln o l sk ie l sk ie Z ac h o d n io p o m o rs k ie P o m o rs k ie W ie lk o p o ls k ie L u b u sk ie O p o ls k ie K u ja w sk o -p o m o rs k ie Ł ó d zk ie W ar m i sk o -m az u rs k ie M ał o p o ls k ie P o d la sk ie w i to k rz y sk ie L u b el sk ie P o d k ar p ac k ie W o rk p ro d u ct iv it y i n % . th e n at io n al a v er ag e 2004 r. 2010 r. Fig. 7. Total work productivity in relation to national average in Poland in section voivodships
in the years 2004–2010 Source: [8].
In this part of Poland, the comprehensive and permanent delay in developmental processes ad-vancement are also reported by Daska-Borysiak [6, pp. 13–26] concerning total factor productivity (TFP), which is a synthetic evaluation measure for production processes effectiveness due to the technological progress. In this research, the lowest TFP values were recorded in the southeastern provinces of Poland. In the author's opinion, the stability of the estimated variable also shows the adherence of an undesired division of the country into economically effective and ineffective areas.
The work productivity variation in Poland is structural. It is a derivative from regional dispro-portions in the course of both historical and contemporary developmental processes and advance-ment in the sectoral transformations in the economy [1, pp. 247–257].
In the process of sectoral transformations, the delayed areas of the southeastern Poland are char-acterized by a high share of the workers in the agricultural sector and simultaneously very low work productivity in this sector (in the Podkarpacie voivodship merely at the level of 21% of the country's average, in Małopolska voivodship– 35%, in witokrzyskie – 55% and in Lubelskie – 59%).
A very high variation in work productivity in the agricultural sector is a result of an interaction of numerous factors (natural and socio-economic), among which the number of the workers in this sector in relation to the total number of the workers and the agricultural land are essential. It is strongly differentiated per province and of a negative correlation with the social distribution of work productivity in sector I (the correlation coefficient is -0.90) [3].
With the existing substantial differences in work productivity between the agricultural sector and the other two sectors, the sectoral structure of the workers has a significant effect on the work productivity level, development and economic prosperity (table 7).
The level of work productivity and the economic prosperity, measured with GDP per capita, the income and the expenses per person in households in total, across provinces, is strongly positively correlated with the number of non-agricultural workers, mainly in the service sector, and negatively correlated with the number of workers in the agricultural sector.
5. Conclusions
The analysis of the human factor use and changes which occur in work productivity during the economic growth process in Poland, in the sectoral and spatial approach for 2004–2010 (and when-ever 2004–2010 data was available), i.e. during the period of further integration process and follow-ing the cohesion policy, has provided the followfollow-ing findfollow-ings:
The relatively high pace of the economic growth in Poland was achieved in participation of a growing number of workers and an even higher increase in work productivity. The latter was the main factor of growth in the years 2010–2011, when the number of the workers was increasing slowly.
Throughout the period the highest growth rate, including the growth of work productivity (by about 40%), was observed in the industry and construction building sector. The service sector was developing slower and mainly through increasing workplace number, and to a relatively low extent, thanks to work productivity growth (by 8%). Yet, in the agricultural sector the growth in work productivity by over 20% was mainly a result of the decreasing number of workers in this sector (according to the economic activity of the population by 18%). The Gross Value Added generated in total in sector I did not increase and was only a subject to minor fluctuations.
Different development tendencies in respective sectors contributed to certain changes in inter-sectoral relations of work productivity. In 2011, the highest work productivity indeed characterized the service sector (110.8% of the national average productivity), however its dominance in this field decreased considerably in relation to the industry and construction building sector (108.1%). Con-sidering the small scale of favourable transformations in the worker structure and despite some
Table 7. Coefficients of correlation between the economic sector structure and the level of work productivity and economic prosperity across 16 voivodships in Poland in 2010
“X” variable across 16 voivodships “Y” variable across 16 voivodships Total work productivity ktywno GDP per capita Income per person Expenses per person Number of workers in sector I in
re-lation to the total number of work-ers
-0.81 -0.55 -0.62 -0.62
Total number of workers in sectors II and III the total number of work-ers
+0.81 +0.55 +0.62 +0.62
Share of urban population in the
population in total +0.75 +0.53 +0.61 +0.54
growth in 2011, the work productivity in the agricultural sector remained very low – merely at the level of 1/3 of the national average in the economy.
In the years 2004–2010, Poland decreased its distance in relation to other EU countries in terms of work productivity. However, it concerned the industry and construction building sector to a rela-tively lowest degree, which is a result of a fast work productivity growth in this sector also in other EU countries. If the average work productivity level in the industry and construction building sector was higher than the level in the service sector in the 15 countries of the former EU, then the propor-tions were just opposite in 2010.
The analysis performed across the provinces showed that the problem of a big and deepening regional diversification of the country still remains, also in the filed of work productivity. The di-versification is structural and is a derivative of territorial disproportions in both historical and con-temporary development processes, including the economy's sectoral transformations.
In the period analysed, favourable economic convergence processes at the international level occurred, expressed in a gradual decrease in the development gap between Poland and highly devel-oped countries. At the same time, alarming divergence processes at the regional level were getting more intensive in Poland.
Bibliography
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PRODUKTYWNOĝû PRACY JAKO CZYNNIK WZROSTU GOSPODARCZEGO I DOBROBYTU EKONOMICZNEGO W POLSCE W LATACH 2004–2010
Streszczenie
W opracowaniu przedstawiono wyniki analizy przeprowadzonej w ujciu sekto-rowym i przestrzennym w zakresie zmian zachodzcych w produktywnoci pracy w Polsce. Produktywno pracy, mierzon głównie wartoci dodan brutto (WDB) przypadajc na jednego pracujcego, jako jeden z głównych czynników wzrostu go-spodarczego i poziomu dobrobytu ekonomicznego, badano w latach 2004–2010, tj. w okresie pierwszych siedmiu lat postpujcego procesu integracyjnego i realizowa-nia polityki spójnoci. Analizowano zmiany zachodzce w Polsce w realnym poziomie produktywnoci pracy w trzech sektorach, jak równie w relacjach krajowej produk-tywnoci w stosunku do pozostałych pastw UE. Badano take zmiany w rozkładzie terytorialnego zrónicowania produktywnoci pracy w układzie województw, traktu-jc je, jako wyraz ewentualnych przekształce w strukturze gospodarki Polski.
Słowa kluczowe: wzrost gospodarczy, produktywno pracy, zmiany w relacjach sektorowych, analiza porównawcza w ramach UE, relacje regionalne
Grayna Adamczyk-Łojewska Wydział Zarzdzania
