SURVEY OF LITERATURE 1951 1952 285 n o m o s O x y r y n c h o s . T h e p r i v a t e u n d e r t a k i n g p l a y e d a greater p a r t in R o m a n t i m e s ; a t a n y r a t e one can s p e a k of a full p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y on t h e w o r k shops w h e r e t h e p r o d u c t i o n was carried on. I n t h e declining p e r i o d of t h e R o m a n E m p i r e t h e n e w economic s y s t e m h o u n d t h e c r a f t m e n t o t h e place of t h e i r w o r k , m a d e t h e profes-sions t r a n s m i s s i b l e f r o m p a r e n t s t o offspring a n d b r o u g h t a b o u t c o m p u l s o r y t r a d e - u n i o n s . P R I V A T E L A W T H E L A W G O V E R N I N G D O M E S T I C A F F A I R S N . N. P i k u s , Παιδίσκαι šerstotkackoj masterskoj Apolonija w
Mem-fise ( V e s t n i k Ď r e v n e j Istorii 1952, 1 p. 84—89).
I n this article t h e a u t h o r tries t o establish t h e m e a n i n g of t h e t e r m s παις, ποαδίσκη, παιδάριον in Z e n o n ' s p a p y r i . According t o h i m these t e r m s refer t o slaves. C o n s e q u e n t l y he asserts t h a t on Apollonios' δωρεά a p r o d u c t i o n of textiles existed in w h i c h slaves were m o s t l y e m p l o y e d .
F . S c h u l z , Roman Legislation of Births and Birth Certificates (reprinted f r o m J o u r n a l of R o m a n Studies X X X I I (1942) and X X X I I I (1943) in Bull. d e l l ' I s t . di dir. r o m . vol. X I V — X V , p. 170 — 206).
T h e f i r s t p a r t ol this article was reviewed in J o u r n a l J u r . P a p . I , p . 91; t h e second p a r t (p. 194 f f ) deals w i t h b i r t h certificates of l e g i t i m a t e children (ch. I V ) , b i r t h certificates of illegitimate chil-d r e n (ch. V), t h e legal value of t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n a n chil-d of t h e b i r t h certificates (ch. V I ) . As in t h e f i r s t p a r t t h e a u t h o r m a k e s also in t h i s one a v a s t e use of t h e p a p y r i .
E d o a r d o V o l t e r r a , L/n' osservazione in tema di tollere liberos ( F e s t s c h r i f t F r i t z Schulz 1951 p. 388 — 398); Ancora in tema di „tollere liberos'''' ( J u r a I I I (1952).
T h e a u t h o r discusses some d o c u m e n t s in w h i c h t h e expression „tollere liberos,'> a s s u m e s a legal-technical m e a n i n g . T h e privilege „perinde liberos tollant ac si ex duobus civibus natos" o u g h t t o refer logically t o t h e sons b o r n a f t e r t h e missio of a R o m a n citizen wed b y a iustum matrimonium w i t h a peregrine w o m a n cum conubio: t h e concession is m a d e t o t h e consorts, on t h e base of a f i c t i o iuris,
286 JOURNAL OF PAPYROLOGY
to consider the sons as if they were born of two Koman citizens. The „tollere liberos" is an act exclusively applicable to the Roman ci-tizens, and refers to the sons born of a iustum matrimonium with a woman being also a Roman citizen.
E. V o l t e r r a , Sulla condizione dei figli dei peregrini cui veniva concessa la cittadinanza romana (Estr. da Studi in onore di Antonio Cicu vol. II (1951) p. 645 — 673).
In his examination of this problem the author makes also use of the papyri and determines the exact meaning of the epistula Hadriani in RGU 140 (119 A. D.), in which the emperor granted in 119 A. D. the bonorum possessio in the class unde cognati to the sons of the soldiers born during the military service of their fathers. This decree makes it clear that the privilege was granted to the sons of soldiers whose fathers possessed Roman citizenship and who themselves were Roman citizens. The document does not imply that they are illegitimate children but states only that they must not be regarded as heirs. Apparently the reference is here made to children born in a lawful wedlock whose fathers did not possess patria potestas over them.
E. N e u f e l d , The status of the Male Minor in Talmud (Revue internationale des droits de l'antiquité ΥΙ (1951), p. 122 ff). In this article the author points out that in Talmud several de-grees of minority are recognized and while they differ from the Roman: a) absolute infancy, b) infantiae proximus and c) pubertati proximus they can be divided into the following: a) full infancy b) partial infancy c) puberty d) majority. Accordingly the author determines the legal position of the minor in all these stages. The article will be also of use for the papyrologists.
Ε. N e u f e 1 d, P h . D., D. L i t t., Ancient Hebrew Marriage Laws with special references to General Semitic Latvs and Customs. Longmans, Green and Co London — New York — Toronto. 1944.
This very important work is divided into X X chapters. Ch. I levirate marriage, ch. II errebu marriage, ch. III marriage of freeborn Hebrew Rondwomen, ch. IV marriage by capture, ch. V marriage by consent and consummation, ch. VI marriage by Mohar, ch. VII polygamy and concubinage. Part II:
