426 I. F. FIKHMAN
Z. У. U d а 11 ζ о ν a, Nekotorye dannye vizantiyskikh papirusov VI-VII ve-kov o formakh zemlevladeniya i polojenii rabov i kolonov. X X V M e j d u n a r o d n y i kongress Vostokovedov. D o k l a d y delegatzii SSSR = Some data of the Byzantine papyri of the VI—VII centuries concerning the forms of landed property and the situation of slaves and coloni. T h e X X V I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress of t h e Orientalists. R e p o r t s of t h e delegation of U.S.S.R. Moscow, 1960, 9 p p .
T h e L a t i n p a p y r i p r o v e t h a t in t h e V I - V I I centuries in I t a l y inside t h e ruling class t h e r e t a k e s place a redistribution of landed p r o p e r t y , mainly as ecclesiastic possessions b u t also a n u m b e r of big a n d medium-sized estates were owned b y t h e b a r b a r i a n , chiefly Ostrogothic, aristocracy. T h e estates were cultivated b y t h e slaves and coloni. T h e g r o w t h of t h e economic relationship of t h e slave a n d t h e peculium, an increasing n u m b e r of slaves settling on land, a more extensive e m p l o y m e n t of slaves as auxiliary labourers in t h e househoolds of t h e coloni indicate t h a t t h e r e occured a definite downfall of l a t i f u n d i a l slavery. As t o t h e coloni, their situation changes approaching more a n d more serfdom. T h e m o s t striking f u n d a m e n t a l t e n d e n c y as t h e t h e n social a n d economic evolution is to bring t o t h e same level t h e position of slaves a n d coloni in effect of t h e developing feudal relations in I t a l y . T h e report is reedited in t h e „ T r u d y d v a d t z a t ' p y a t o g o M e j d u n a r o d n a g o kongressa V o s t o k o v e d o v " = „Proceedings of t h e T w e n t y f i f t h Congress of t h e Orientalists", Moscow 9 - 1 6 J u l y 1960, vol. 1, General P a r t . T h e sessions of t h e sections I - V . Moscow, 1962, p p . 511-517.
Ζ. V. U d a 11 ζ ο ν a, Rabstvo i kolonat υ vizantiyskoy Italii vo vtoroy polovine VI-VII v. (Preimushchestvenno po dannym Ravenskikh papirusów). Sbor-nik „Vizantiyskie ocherkV = The slavery and colonate in the Byzantine Italy in the second half of the VI-VII centuries (chiefly after the data of the papyri from Ravenna). The collection „The Byzantine Essays", Moscow,
1961, pp. 93-120.
An enlarged and complete p r e s e n t a t i o n of materials and a r g u m e n t s contained in t h e r e p o r t of t h e authoress a t X X V I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress of t h e Orien-talists in Moscow in 1960 (cf. above). T h e work reviews t h e respective m a t e r i a l f r o m t h e B y z a n t i n e legal l i t e r a t u r e a n d gives a t h o r o u g h general characteristics of t h e p a p y r i f r o m R a v e n n a .
I . F. F i к h m a η, К kharakteristike korporatziy vizantiyskogo Egipta = A contri-bution to the study of the corporations in the Byzantine Egypt. Vizantiyskiy
Vremennik, vol. X V I I , Moscow, 1960, p p . 17-27.
This is a t r a n s l a t i o n t o g e t h e r with a c o m m e n t a r y a n d a detailed analysis of P S I X I I , 1265 a n d SB I I I , 6266 which t e s t i f y t h a t in B y z a n t i n e E g y p t , a t least in t h e V I c e n t u r y , besides t h e corporations which were fully
subordi-S U R V E Y OF subordi-SOVIET PAPYROLOGY 427 n a t e d t o t h e S t a t e t h e n existed also t w o kinds of other corporations: a) cor-porations of free workers a n d b) corcor-porations d e p e n d e n t from great land-owners. T h e corporations of t h e f i r s t kind conserved some appearance of auto-n o m y a auto-n d democratic coauto-nstitutioauto-n (the eligibility of a h e a d of a corporatioauto-n, regular meetings etc.). T h e corporations of t h e second kind acted u n d e r t h e m a n a g e m e n t of t h e geouchos t h r o u g h t h e kephaleotai who were a p p o i n t e d t o a period suitable f o r t h e geuchos. T h e m e m b e r s of t h e corporations of t h e f i r s t kind were b o u n d t o g e t h e r mainly on fiscal lines and these of t h e second kind, on fiscal a n d p r o d u c t i o n lines.
I. F . F i к h m a n, Remeslo i krupnoe imenie ν Vizantiyskom Egypte. (Po dan-nym grecheskikh papirusov) = Handicrafts and large estate in the Byzantine Egypt (after the data of the Greek papyri). Palestinskiy Sbornik, fasc. 7 (70). Moscow-Leningrad, 1962, pp. 51-88.
I n this essay t h e i m p o r t a n c e of h a n d i c r a f t s is examined for t h e e c o n o m y of secular a n d ecclesiastical large e s t a t e s ; t h e professions of artisans on t h e staff of large e s t a t e s are discussed, t h e n t h e f o r m s of application a n d p a y -m e n t of h a n d r i c r a f t work on t h e e s t a t e (upon a n e x a -m i n a t i o n of t h e d a t a concerning irrigation, production of ceramics, building t r a d e etc.) a n d t h e situation of artisans employed on large estates. T h e r e are enclosed t h r e e tables supplying: 1. t h e acknowledgements of a receipt of i m p l e m e n t s ; 2. t h e i m p l e m e n t s given out b y large e s t a t e ; 3. t h e i m p l e m e n t s let by large e s t a t e .
I. F . F i к h m a η, К problème socialnogo sostava remeslennikov ν Egipte IV— serediny VII v. n.e. Problemy socialno-ekonomicheskoy istorii drevnego mira. Sbornik pamyati akademika Α. I. Tiumeneva = The social composition of han-dicrafts men in Egypt in the period of the IV to the middle of the VII century A.D. The problems of social and economic history of the ancient world. A col-lection of essays in memory of the Academician A. I. Tiumenev. Moscow-Leningrad, 1963, p p . 355-356.
T h e servile l a b o u r did n o t play a n d even could not play a great role i n this period of t h e f a r gone decline of t h e slaveholding society. T h e m a i n group of c r a f t s m e n consisted of free men. T h e workers of S t a t e factories, h e r e d i t a r i l y and compulsovily a t t a c h e d to their occupations, could n o t be considered f r e e in t h e full m e a n i n g of t h e t e r m . T h e m a j o r i t y of E g y p t i a n c r a f t s m e n in-herited t h e professions of their p a r e n t s n o t in t h e w a y of compulsion b u t owing to t h e economic conditions and t r a d i t i o n . T h e compulsory h e r e d i t a r y b i n d i n g t o a profession c a n n o t be proved as existing in t h e I V c e n t u r y (cf. P . Ryl. I V , 654) nor, as assumed T h . Reil, in l a t e r times.
