SURVEY OF LITERATURE 1953—1955 509
m e n t record. In this period it was t h e word διαγράφειν meaning t h e act of p a y i n g . At the beginning of t h e R o m a n domination t h e s t a t e m e n t of having fulfilled such an act is p u t in the perfect ten-se as it was t h e caten-se since the Ptolomaic era w i t h all t h e analo-gous s t a t e m e n t s .
W . L. W e s t e r m a n n, Price Controls and Wages (The Age of Diocle-tian, A Symposium, p. 25·—36) (The Metropolitan Museum of A r t , New" Y o r k 1953).
This m a s t e r f u l l essay deals with the problem which will also interest papyrologists. We f i n d there interesting remarks on t h e t a x a t i o n system, reorganized b y Diocletian, on t h e f a m o u s letter w r i t t e n b y a local official Dionysios (ed. b y M a t t i n g l y, Transactions of the International Numismatic Congress [1936] 246 ff.) and on t h e f a m o u s edict u p o n prices of goods for sale.
L. C a s s o n , The Grain Trade of the Hellenistic World (extr. f r o m t h e T . A . P . A . I X X X V [1954] p. 168 ff.).
The f i n d i n g s of t h e a u t h o r are as follows: F r o m t h e t i m e of Ale-x a n d e r to t h e middle of t h e second c e n t u r y B.C. t h e key figure in the grain t r a d e of the eastern Mediterranean was Rhodes. I t was she who distributed most of the s u p p l y f r o m E g y p t , and her share of t h a t f r o m t h e Black Sea area, to t h e coastal cities of Asia Minor and the Aegean islands a n d Greece. She employed Delos as a con-venient distribution point for shipment t o t h e neighboring islands a n d as a more convenient receiving point for grain f r o m t h e west. Financing was done w i t h her own capital and m u c h of the grain traveled in her own b o t t o m s . Athens a n d Greece, as in the f o u r t h century, received in addition substantial supplies directly f r o m t h e P o n t u s . F r o m t h e middle of t h e second c e n t u r y B.C. to the anne-x a t i o n of E g y p t , Rhodes does n o t lose her position in t h e grain t r a d e a l t h o u g h other forms of her commerce suffer. Whereas in t h e previous period there h a d been enough grain available to pro-duce competition a t times, t h e situation now changes. Sicilian sup-plies are now diverted t o R o m e . N u m i d i a n grain a t t e m p t s t o re-place it b u t is soon swallowed u p b y R o m e as well. The a m o u n t available f r o m t h e Black Sea is somewhat reduced. T h e b u r d e n t h u s falls upon E g y p t . I n the f i r s t c e n t u r y B.C., because of t h e
510 JOURNAL OF JURISTIC PAPYROLOGY
growing needs of t h e public distribution of grain, R o m e too must seek E g y p t i a n supplies to such a point t h a t , once a n n e x e d , t h e l a t t e r f u r n i s h e s her with n o less t h a n 150.000 tons a year, a t h i r d of her r e q u i r e m e n t s .
K . H . B e l o w , Der Arzt im römischen Recht (Münch. Beiträge z. Pap. 37 B d . 1953).
This s t u d y ought t o be interesting for the papyrologists since it deals also w i t h t h e p a p y r i (cf. p . 3549, 36) which b u t in
connec-tion w i t h t h e other sources appear in t h e proper light. N o t e w o r t h y are t h e a u t h o r ' s r e m a r k s a b o u t t h e institution of city-doctors which developed u n d e r t h e Hellenistic influence. P e r h a p s these physi-cians were sometimes also called αρχίατροι which at the beginning was the official title of physicians in o r d i n a r y t o t h e princeps in Asia Minor. I n addition it developed in t h e course of t i m e t o a ti-tle only. I n R o m a n law, where it refers also t o t h e physicians of t h e c o u r t s , it can be attested for t h e f i r s t t i m e in С 7,35, 2 (Dio-cletianus et Maximianus A. A. Aurelio archiatro a. 286).
V. G a z z a , Prescrizioni mediche nei papiri delVEgitto greco-romano (Aegyptus X X X V , fasc. 1 [1955] p . 86—110).
This article comprises a collection of medical prescriptions f r o m t h e I I I cent. B.C. u n t i l the late B y z a n t i n e period. T h e a u t h o r gi-ves " a n analysis of the recipes" which are valuable for the h i s t o r y of medicine.
J . S e y f a r t h , Φράτρα und φρατρία im nachklassischen Griechentum (.Aegyptus X X X V (1) [1955] 3—38).
The a u t h o r examines f i r s t P . H i b . 28 ( = W . Chr. 25 p . 41) a n d comes t o t h e conclusion t h a t t h e r e are no convincing p r o o f s so as t o a t t r i b u t e t h e ordinance comprised in t h e p a p y r u s t o P t o -lemaie a n d t h a t also Alexandria m a y be considered as the possible place of its origin. She supposes t h a t in this p a p y r u s t h e p h r a t r i e s could be imposed a worship t a s k . T h e n t h e a u t h o r examines P . Lond. 2710 (ed. b y R o b e r t s - S k e a t - N o c k , Harv. Theol. Rev. X X I X [1936] p . 39 ff.) a νόμος of a worship association f r o m t h e I cent. A.D. where the notion φράτρα appears f i r s t . According t o
