KWWSVGRLRUJ6,
0DUWD:LFKHUHN
8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNLZ.UDNRZLH PDUWDZLFKHUHN#XMHGXSO PDUWDZLFKHUHN#\DKRRFRPSobre el carácter heterogéneo de las connotaciones
Resumen: (QHOSUHVHQWHDUWtFXORQRVSURSRQHPRVWHRUL]DUVREUHODQDWXUDOH]DGHODVFRQQRWD FLRQHVVHPiQWLFDVHQWHQGLGDVFRPRDTXHOORVYDORUHVGHORVHOHPHQWRVOp[LFRVTXH SXHGHQHYRFDUHQORVXVXDULRVDVRFLDFLRQHVGHWLSRDIHFWLYRHPRFLRQDOYDORUDWLYR RFXOWXUDO3UHVHQWDUHPRVDOJXQDVGHVXVFODVL¿FDFLRQHV\SURSRQGUHPRVQXHVWUD SURSLDWLSRORJtD(VWHSURFHGLPLHQWRQRVSHUPLWLUiGHPRVWUDUTXHHVWDVFXDOLGDGHV QRVLHPSUHWLHQHQFDUiFWHULQGLYLGXDOSXHVWRTXHSXHGHQGLIXQGLUVH\VHUGHVFLIUD EOHVSRUPXFKRVKDEODQWHVRHQRFDVLRQHVSRUJUXSRVPX\QXPHURVRVGHXVXDULRV GHODOHQJXD$VLPLVPRVHUHVDOWDUiTXHODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVWLHQHQXQDQDWXUDOH]D PX\FRPSOHMD\HVGLItFLOHQJOREDUODVGHQWURGHODVHVWUXFWXUDV¿MDV
Palabras clavesFRQQRWDFLyQDVRFLDFLyQVHPiQWLFDYDORUVHPiQWLFRVLJQL¿FDGR
VHPiQWLFD
Abstract:
On the Heterogeneous Nature of Connotations
2XUREMHFWLYHZLWKWKLVVWXG\LVWRSUHVHQWWKHVSHFL¿FQDWXUHRIVHPDQWLFFRQQR WDWLRQVXQGHUVWRRGDVVXFKFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIOH[LFDOLWHPVZKLFKHYRNHDIIHFWLYH HPRWLRQDOHYDOXDWLYHRUFXOWXUDODVVRFLDWLRQVLQWKHXVHUVRIDQ\ODQJXDJH:H ZRXOGOLNHWRSUHVHQWDIHZRIWKHPDQ\FODVVL¿FDWLRQVDQGSURSRVHRXURZQW\ SRORJ\7KLVSURFHGXUHZLOOSHUPLWXVWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKDWWKHVHKLGGHQPHDQLQJV DUHLQPDQ\FDVHVLQGLYLGXDOEXWVRPHRIWKHPFDQEHGLVVHPLQDWHGDQGGHFRGHG LQWKHVDPHZD\E\ODUJHJURXSVRIVSHDNHUV)XUWKHUPRUHZHZRXOGOLNHWRVWUHVV
0DUWD:LFKHUHN WKDWWKHVHFRQQRWDWLYHDWWULEXWHVKDYHKLJKO\FRPSOH[VWUXFWXUHVDQGLWLVGLI¿FXOW WRHVWDEOLVKD¿[HGIUDPHZRUNLQZKLFKZHFRXOGHQFRPSDVVWKHP Keywords:FRQQRWDWLRQVHPDQWLFDVVRFLDWLRQVHPDQWLFDWWULEXWHOLQJXLVWLFPHDQ LQJVHPDQWLFV I. Introducción 6RQPXFKRVORVDXWRUHVTXHVXEUD\DQTXHODOHQJXDVHPDWHULDOL]DEDMR ODIRUPDGHDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHVGHKDEOD(QHVWRVDFWRVGHFRPXQLFD FLyQHOKDEODQWHQRVRORWUDQVPLWHVLJQL¿FDGRVUHIHUHQWHVDOPXQGRH[ WUDOLQJtVWLFRVLQRTXHWDPELpQHQPD\RURPHQRUPHGLGDRIUHFHDO UHFHSWRUFLHUWDVLGHDVTXHOHVRQSURSLDVLQKHUHQWHV\FRQVXVWDQFLDOHV (VWRVYDORUHVVLELHQQRHVWiQFRGL¿FDGRVHQORVVLJQRVOLQJtVWLFRV GHIRUPDLQHTXtYRFDSHUPLWHQHYRFDUVXVHPRFLRQHVRYDORUDFLRQHV \WDPELpQRIUHFHQLQIRUPDFLyQGHGLIHUHQWHtQGROHVREUHHOKDEODQWH/DV UHODFLRQHVHQWUHORGLFKR\ORSHQVDGRORFRPXQLFDGR\ORDVRFLDGROR WUDQVPLWLGRFRQYHQFLRQDOPHQWH\ORLQVLQXDGRGHIRUPDLQGLUHFWDFRQV WLWX\HQXQDIXHQWHLQWHUPLQDEOHGHUHÀH[LRQHVVREUHHOJUDQSRWHQFLDO GHODVSDODEUDV/RVYRFDEORVFRQIUHFXHQFLDHVWiQFDUJDGRVGHUDVJRV VHPiQWLFRVVXEMHWLYRVHItPHURV\SRFRSUHFLVRVDXQTXHKD\TXLHQHV RSLQDQTXHDXQVLHQGRDVtHVWRVPDWLFHVSXHGHQOOHJDUDVHUXQDSDUWH LQWUtQVHFDGHOVLJQL¿FDGRGHODVOH[tDV(VWRVUDVJRVUHOHYDQWHVSDUDXQD FRPXQLFDFLyQH¿FD]VXHOHQGHQRPLQDUVHFRQQRWDFLRQHV ,,'H¿QLFLyQGHOFRQFHSWR (QORVHVWXGLRVOLQJtVWLFRVHOWpUPLQRGHFRQQRWDFLyQDSDUHFHHQGLIH UHQWHVFRQWH[WRV(QWUHRWURVHQORVDQiOLVLVVLQWDJPiWLFRVDSDUWLUGHOD WHRUtDGH.%KOHUVXHOHXWLOL]DUVHSDUDDOXGLUDODFDSDFLGDGGHFLHUWRV OH[HPDVGHDWUDHUDRWUDVIRUPDVOLQJtVWLFDVSDUDTXHXQHQXQFLDGR VHDXQDHVWUXFWXUDVLQWDJPiWLFDSOHQD%KOHU>@WDP ELpQ3RODĔVNL0DMHU%DUDQRZVND%RJGDQRZLF] *UDFLDVDHVWDSURSLHGDGXQDVSDODEUDVGHFLHUWDVFDWHJRUtDV FRQQRWDQRWUDVFODVHVHQXQWH[WRFRQFUHWRHVGHFLU³HQXQFLDQ´RGDQ
6REUHHOFDUiFWHUKHWHURJpQHRGHODVFRQQRWDFLRQHV SDVRDRWUDVIRUPDVSRUHMHPSORXQDGMHWLYRFRQQRWDXQVXVWDQWLYR(Q QXHVWURWUDEDMRVLQHPEDUJRQRYDPRVDDOXGLUDHVWDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHOFRQFHSWRHQFXHVWLyQ6LJXLHQGRDORVVHPDQWLVWDVDQDOL]DUHPRVOD FRQQRWDFLyQ~QLFDPHQWHFRPRFRPSRQHQWHIXQGDPHQWDOGHOVLJQL¿FD GRHOHPHQWRTXHSHUPLWHHVWXGLDUODVSDODEUDVGHIRUPDFRUUHFWDSOHQD \H[KDXVWLYD $ODKRUDGHGH¿QLUODFRQQRWDFLyQHQWpUPLQRVVHPiQWLFRVHVQHFH VDULRDOXGLUDRWURFRQFHSWRVXVWDQFLDOHVGHFLUDODGHQRWDFLyQ(VWDV GRVQRFLRQHVHVWiQPX\XQLGDVSXHVWRTXHVXHOHQLQWHUSUHWDUVHFRPR HOHPHQWRVFRQVWLWXWLYRVGHOVLJQL¿FDGR/RVFRQFHSWRVGHGHQRWDFLyQ \FRQQRWDFLyQIXHURQDFXxDGRVSRU-60LOO\DSDUWLUGHVXV SRVWXODGRVVHXWLOL]DQHQODOyJLFDPRGHUQD0XFKRV¿OyVRIRVHPSOHDQ ODQRFLyQGHGHQRWDFLyQSDUDUHIHULUVHDODFODVHGHREMHWRVGHOLPLWDGRV SRUXQFRQFHSWRTXHVHFRUUHVSRQGHFRQODextensiónOyJLFDHQFDP ELRODFRQQRWDFLyQHVODintensiónGHOFRQFHSWRHVGHFLUHOFRQMXQWR GHUDVJRVHVHQFLDOHVGHGLFKRFRQFHSWR0RXQLQ.HU EUDW2UHFFKLRQL(VWDGLVWLQFLyQVXVFLWyGLYHUVDVSROpPLFDV HQWUHORVHVWXGLRVRVGHGLIHUHQWHVRULHQWDFLRQHVPHWRGROyJLFDVORTXH GLROXJDUDODDFXxDFLyQGHODVQXHYDVGH¿QLFLRQHVGHORVWpUPLQRV &RPRVHxDOD/i]DUR0RUDODVFRQFHSFLRQHVVHPiQWLFDV FRQWHPSRUiQHDVSDUWHQGHODGLVWLQFLyQHVWDEOHFLGDSRU/%ORRP¿HOG HQVXLenguaje%ORRP¿HOG6HJ~QHVWHOLQJLVWDQRUWHDPHULFD QRODFRQQRWDFLyQHVXQFRQMXQWRGHYDORUHVVXSOHPHQWDULRVYDULDEOHV VHJ~QORVKDEODQWHV\TXHQRIRUPDQSDUWHGHODVLJQL¿FDFLyQREMHWL YD%ORRP¿HOGVXEUD\DTXHHVWRVUDVJRVVRQPDWLFHVVLJQL¿FDWLYRVTXH FRPSOHPHQWDQODGHQRWDFLyQ\SXHGHQVHUVXEMHWLYRVHLQGLYLGXDOHV QRREVWDQWHHQRFDVLRQHVHVWiQPX\GLIXQGLGRVHQWRGDODFRPXQL GDGOLQJtVWLFDRLQFOXVRSXHGHQVHUFRPSDUWLGRVSRUXVXDULRVGHYDULDV OHQJXDV%ORRP¿HOG(QFDPELRVHVXHOHLQWHUSUHWDU ODGHQRWDFLyQGHXQYRFDEORFRPRXQFRQMXQWRGHUDVJRVGH¿QLGRUHV 3DUDPiVLQIRUPDFLyQYpDQVH0DMHU%DUDQRZVNDR%U]R ]RZVND
0DUWD:LFKHUHN GHOFRQFHSWRDQDOL]DGR\UHFRQRFLEOHVSRUWRGDODFRPXQLGDG/i]DUR 0RUD. 'XUDQWHYDULDVGpFDGDVODFRQQRWDFLyQTXHGyDOPDUJHQGHOLQWHUpV GHORVOLQJLVWDVGHELGRDTXHVHDVRFLDEDDORSDUWLFXODU\QRREMHWLYR SRUORWDQWRVHVLWXDEDIXHUDGHOHVWXGLRGHODlengua. 2WUDYLVLyQGHODFRQQRWDFLyQHVODFRQFHSFLyQPHWRGROyJLFDGHOD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQVHPiQWLFDGHHOHPHQWRVOLQJtVWLFRVSURSLDGHODOLQJtV WLFDFRJQLWLYD7RNDUVNLHQWUHRWURVVRVWLHQHTXHHQODGHVFULSFLyQVH PiQWLFDGHODVSDODEUDVDOODGRGHORVUDVJRVGLVWLQWLYRVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQ HOQ~FOHRVLJQL¿FDWLYRGHOYRFDEORGHEHUiQLQFOXLUVHORVHOHPHQWRVGHO ³VHJXQGRSODQRVHPiQWLFR´7RNDUVNL$VtSXHVDODQDOL]DU VHPiQWLFDPHQWHXQYRFDEORHVFRQYHQLHQWHSUHVHQWDUVXVUDVJRVIXQGD PHQWDOHV\GH¿QLWRULRVFX\DIXQFLyQFRQVLVWHHQLGHQWL¿FDUXQREMHWRGH IRUPDLQHTXtYRFDSDUDGLVWLQJXLUORGHRWURVHOHPHQWRVVLELHQQRREV WDQWHHQHOVLJQL¿FDGRGHODVSDODEUDVH[LVWHQWDPELpQDVRFLDFLRQHVTXH VHUH¿HUHQDORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVH[SHULHQFLDWUDGLFLyQRFXOWXUDGHORV KDEODQWHV1RVRQUDVJRVGH¿QLGRUHVVRQSRWHQFLDOHV\VHDFWLYDQFRQ IUHFXHQFLDVRORHQFLHUWRVFRQWH[WRVibidem6LQHPEDUJRQRVLHPSUH VRQKHFKRVLQGLYLGXDOHVRVXEMHWLYRVSXHVWRTXHHQPXFKDVRFDVLRQHVVH EDVDQHQODH[SHULHQFLDFRPSDUWLGDSRUORVKDEODQWHVGHXQDFRPXQLGDG OLQJtVWLFDGHWHUPLQDGD%RJGDQRZLF](VWRVUDVJRV²VLHQGR HOHPHQWRVSUDJPiWLFRV²SXHGHQVHUDFFLGHQWDOHVYROXEOHVHLPSUHYLV WRV$SUHVMDQORVGH¿QHLQFOXVRFRPR³FDSULFKRVRV´$SUHVMDQ \OODPDODDWHQFLyQVREUHHOKHFKRGHTXHHVWDVDVRFLDFLRQHVVRQ 'HELGRDORVOtPLWHVGHH[WHQVLyQQRSRGHPRVSUHVHQWDUWRGDVODVWHRUtDV FRQFHUQLHQWHVDODGLIHUHQFLDFLyQHQWUHODGHQRWDFLyQ\ODFRQQRWDFLyQ3DUDXQD YLVLyQJOREDOUHODWLYDDHVWHWHPDUHPLWLPRVDOOHFWRUDODREUDGH78ULEHHW[H EDUULDHQODFXDOVHHQFXHQWUDQH[SXHVWRVGHIRUPDVLQWpWLFD YDULRVSODQWHDPLHQWRVWHyULFRVVREUHODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHHVWRVGRVWpUPLQRVMXQWR FRQXQFRPHQWDULRFUtWLFRGHODXWRU(QWUHODVWHRUtDVPiVLQWHUHVDQWHVYDOHODSHQD PHQFLRQDUDVLPLVPRHOLQWHQWRGHDSOLFDUHVWDVQRFLRQHVDODQiOLVLVGHOWH[WR 7UXMLOORRHOGHLQWHUSUHWDUODVHQHOPDUFRGHODVHPiQWLFDHVWUXF WXUDO3RWWLHU6LJXLHQGRHVWH~OWLPRSODQWHDPLHQWRODGHQRWDFLyQ VHUtDHOFRQMXQWRGHVHPDVHVSHFt¿FRV\JHQpULFRVPLHQWUDVTXHODFRQQRWDFLyQ FRLQFLGLUtDFRQHOYLUWXHPDFRQMXQWRGHVHPDVYLUWXDOHV
6REUHHOFDUiFWHUKHWHURJpQHRGHODVFRQQRWDFLRQHV GLIHUHQWHVVLFRPSDUDPRVORVHTXLYDOHQWHVGHODVSDODEUDVHQYDULRV LGLRPDV1RREVWDQWHODVSURSLHGDGHVDVRFLDWLYDVGHORVYRFDEORVSRU PX\HItPHUDVTXHVHDQVRQGHVXPDLPSRUWDQFLDSXHVWRTXHHQHOODVVH EDVDQODPHWDIRUL]DFLyQODVFRPSDUDFLRQHV\ORVSURFHVRVGHIRUPDFLyQ GHSDODEUDVibidem$VLPLVPRGHELGRDHOODVSRGHPRVLQWHUSUHWDUGH IRUPDFRUUHFWDORVVLJQL¿FDGRVGHPXFKRVIUDVHRORJLVPRVRSDODEUDV GHULYDGDV7RNDUVNL3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHHQODRSLQLyQGHPX FKRVOLQJLVWDVHVWRVUDVJRVGHEHQLQWHUSUHWDUVHFRPRFRPSRQHQWHVGHO VLJQL¿FDGRVREUHWRGRFXDQGRFRQVWLWX\HQKHFKRVFXOWXUDOHV (QQXHVWURHVWXGLRVHJXLUHPRVHVWDFRQFHSFLyQ(QWHQGHPRVTXHODV FRQQRWDFLRQHVVRQDVRFLDFLRQHVGHWLSRDIHFWLYRYDORUDWLYRRFXOWXUDO TXHSRGHPRVGLVWLQJXLUHQHOVLJQL¿FDGRGHODVSDODEUDV6RQSURSLH GDGHVDSDUHQWHVRVXSXHVWDVTXHGHSHQGHQGHODDFWLWXGH[SHULHQFLD RFXOWXUDGHOKDEODQWHGHXQJUXSRGHSHUVRQDVRGHWRGDODVRFLHGDG /HHFK2SLQDPRVVLJXLHQGRD0DUWLQHWTXH³WRGROR TXHXQWpUPLQRSXHGHHYRFDUVXJHULUH[FLWDURLPSOLFDUGHIRUPDQt WLGDRYDJD´FLWDH[WUDtGDGH0RXQLQSDUDFDGDXQRGHORV XVXDULRVGHODOHQJXDSDUDWRGRVORVKDEODQWHVGHODPLVPDRSDUDXQ JUXSRGHWHUPLQDGRGHHOODVHUiODFRQQRWDFLyQ ,,,&ODVL¿FDFLRQHVGHFRQQRWDFLRQHV &RPRSXHGHGHVSUHQGHUVHGHORVHxDODGRFRQDQWHULRULGDGODVFRQQR WDFLRQHVQRVRQXQDFDWHJRUtDKRPRJpQHD'HKHFKRHQORVHVWXGLRV GHGLFDGRVDHVWDSUREOHPiWLFDSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUSURSXHVWDVGHFOD VL¿FDFLyQGHODVPLVPDVHQGLIHUHQWHVJUXSRV<D%ORRP¿HOG GLIHUHQFLDEDWUHVFODVHVGHHVWRVYDORUHVDVDEHU ODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVTXHLQIRUPDQVREUHODVGLVWLQWDVYDULHGDGHVGHOD OHQJXDOHQJXDMHFRORTXLDODUFDLFRSURIHVLRQDOGHiPELWRWHUULWRULDO RVRFLDOUHVWULQJLGR\ODVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQGLIHUHQWHVOHQJXDV ODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOWDE~OLQJtVWLFR ODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVTXHHYRFDQGLVWLQWRJUDGRGHLQWHQVLGDGTXHSRGH PRVREVHUYDUHQODVH[FODPDFLRQHVRQRPDWRSH\DVRHQHOOHQJXDMH LQIDQWLO
0DUWD:LFKHUHN /DYLVLyQDPSOLDGHODFRQQRWDFLyQODFRPSDUWHQWDPELpQPXFKRV RWURVOLQJLVWDVHQWUHRWURV+MHOPVOHY%DOO\8OOPDQQR0RXQLQ.HU EUDW2UHFFKLRQLTXLHQHVLQGLFDQTXHWRGDODLQIRUPDFLyQ UHODWLYDDOUHJLVWURGHOKDEODQWHIRUPDSDUWHGHORFRQQRWDWLYR$VtSXHV FXDOTXLHULQIRUPDFLyQTXHQRVSHUPLWHLGHQWL¿FDUXQYRFDEORFRPRSUR SLRGHOOHQJXDMHFRORTXLDOLQIDQWLOYXOJDUMHUJDOHVSHFt¿FRRIRUPDO HQWUHRWURVSXHGHLQWHUSUHWDUVHFRPRFRPSRQHQWHTXHLQÀX\HHQOD SOXULVLJQL¿FDFLyQGHOVLJQL¿FDGRDOODGRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQGHQRWDWLYD $VLPLVPRKD\SURSXHVWDVPX\RUGHQDGDVTXHLQWHQWDQVLVWHPDWL ]DUODVGLVWLQWDVYDULDQWHVGHHVWHIHQyPHQR8QDGHODVWLSRORJtDVPiV GHWDOODGDVHVODGH.RPOHY(VWHDXWRUUXVRSURSRQH GLVWLQJXLUVHLVFODVHVGLIHUHQWHV ODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVHPRWLYDVRDIHFWLYDVVHREVHUYDQHQFDVRVGHYR FDEORVFRORTXLDOHVODSDODEUDQHXWUDcabezaSXHGHVXVWLWXLUVHHQ VLWXDFLRQHVGHIDPLOLDULGDGSRUtestacasco o calabazaYRFDEORV FRQFDUJDGHVSHFWLYDcalloSDUDOODPDUDXQDSHUVRQDPX\IHD SDODEUDVFRQPRUIHPDVDSUHFLDWLYRVÀRUIUHQWHDÀRUHFLOOD niño IUHQWHDniñatoHWF ODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVTXHGHSHQGHQGHXQFRPSRQHQWHFXOWXUDOtran-víaQRHYRFDUiODVPLVPDVVHQVDFLRQHVHQORVOLVERHWDVTXHHQORV QHR\RUTXLQRVHQHVWDFDWHJRUtDVHLQFOX\HQWDPELpQODVFRQQRWD FLRQHVLQWHUWH[WXDOHVOLWHUDULDVDUWtVWLFDVRKLVWyULFDVla Dama de HierroSDUDOODPDUD0DUJDUHW7KDWFKHU ODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVTXHVHUHODFLRQDQFRQXQGHWHUPLQDGRQLYHOGH FRQRFLPLHQWRVPXFKRVRSLQDQTXHlos lobosVRQDQLPDOHVTXHDWD FDQFRQIUHFXHQFLDDOKRPEUHPLHQWUDVTXHORVH[SHUWRVHQ]RRORJtD VHxDODQTXHQRUPDOPHQWHHVWRVPDPtIHURVHYLWDQHOFRQWDFWRFRQODV SHUVRQDV\QRVHPXHVWUDQDJUHVLYRVVLQRVRQSURYRFDGRV ODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVTXHSURSRUFLRQDQGDWRVVREUHODSHUWHQHQFLD GHOKDEODQWHDXQJUXSRGLDVWUiWLFDRGLDWySLFDPHQWHGLIHUHQFLDGR (QQXHVWURWUDEDMRQRVKHPRVDSR\DGRHQODREUDRULJLQDOGH.RPOHY\WDP ELpQQRVKDQVLGRGHJUDQD\XGDORVFRPHQWDULRVDOUHVSHFWRGH/i]DUR0RUD VLELHQWRGRVORVHMHPSORVTXHLOXVWUDQORVFDVRVGHVFULWRVVRQ propios.
6REUHHOFDUiFWHUKHWHURJpQHRGHODVFRQQRWDFLRQHV
ababolSDODEUDXWLOL]DGDHQHOGLDOHFWRDUDJRQpVRULRMDQRSDUDOOD PDUDXQDSHUVRQDGLVWUDtGDRVLPSOHORVOXQIDUGLVPRVFRPRcana
federico o polizónSDUDOODPDUDORVDJHQWHVGHSROLFtD
ODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVYDORUDWLYDVTXHDxDGHQHVWLPDRPHQRVSUHFLRDOD GHQRWDFLyQpintamonas por pintorbardo por poeta
ODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVHVWLOtVWLFDVOHQJXDMHSRpWLFRasaz por bastante OHQJXDMHU~VWLFRquedaros por quedaosOHQJXDMHDUFDLFRhortal por
huertoHWF (VXQDFODVL¿FDFLyQPHWyGLFDQRREVWDQWHGHEHQRWDUVHTXHDOJX QRVOH[HPDVSRGUiQLQFOXLUVHHQGRVRPiVFDWHJRUtDV3RUHMHPSORHQ DOJXQRVFDVRVHVUHODWLYDPHQWHGLItFLOGLIHUHQFLDUFRQFODULGDGHQWUHORV UDVJRVDIHFWLYRV\ORVTXHDSRUWDQXQYDORUGHWHUPLQDGR'DQLHOHZL F]RZD(VWHHVHOFDVRGHPXFKRVGLPLQXWLYRVTXHVH UHODFLRQDQQRUPDOPHQWHFRQXQDOWRJUDGRGHDIHFWLYLGDG\DOPLVPR WLHPSRWLHQHQFRQQRWDFLRQHVSRVLWLYDVFDWHJRUtDV\'HPRGR SDUHFLGRORVUHJLRQDOLVPRVRORVDUFDtVPRVSXHGHQLQWHUSUHWDUVHFRPR HOHPHQWRVFRQIXHUWHVFRQQRWDFLRQHVHVWLOtVWLFDVVLJXLHQGRODQRPHQFOD WXUDGH.RPOHYDXQTXHWDPELpQDSRUWDQLQIRUPDFLyQVRFLROLQJtVWLFD FDWHJRUtDV\ 'HIRUPDSDUDOHODDODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVDSDUWLUGH ODLQIRUPDFLyQVHPiQWLFDTXHWUDQVPLWHQTXHSXHGHUHVXOWDUEDVWDQWH LQHVWDEOHFRPRKHPRVSRGLGRREVHUYDUVHSRGUtDHODERUDUXQDFODVL¿FD FLyQTXHJLUHHQWRUQRDUDVJRVFXDQWLWDWLYRV8QHVWXGLRFHQWUDGRHQHO Q~PHURGHXVXDULRVTXHFRPSDUWHQODVPLVPDVFRQQRWDFLRQHVFRPSOH WDUtDHQQXHVWUDRSLQLyQHODQiOLVLVDQWHULRUPHQWHPHQFLRQDGRDXQTXH VHUtDVXPDPHQWHGLItFLOUHDOL]DUXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHDEDUFDUDWRGRV ORVWLSRVGHFRQQRWDFLRQHVUHIHULGRVFRQDQWHULRULGDG1RREVWDQWHKD\ SURSXHVWDVTXHDQDOL]DQGHWDOODGDPHQWHDOJ~QWLSRHVSHFt¿FR3RUFLWDU XQFDVRGHVWDFDHOWUDEDMRGH'DQLHOHZLF]RZD³2SRMĊFLXNRQRWDFML ZDUWRĞFLXMąFHM´HQHOFXDOODDXWRUDDQDOL]DODVFRQ QRWDFLRQHVYDORUDWLYDVH[LVWHQWHVHQODOHQJXDSRODFD\HVWDEOHFHFXDWUR JUXSRVGHHOODVODVJHQHUDOHVODVVRFLDOHVODVIDPLOLDUHV\ODVLQGLYL GXDOHV(VWHYDOLRVRWUDEDMRQRVKDLQVSLUDGRSDUDGHVDUUROODUXQDFODVL ¿FDFLyQDSOLFDEOHDYDULRVVLVWHPDVOLQJtVWLFRV\HVWDEOHFLGDVHJ~QHO Q~PHURDSUR[LPDWLYRGHKDEODQWHVTXHWLHQHQODVPLVPDVDVRFLDFLRQHV
0DUWD:LFKHUHN GHWLSRHPRWLYRDIHFWLYR\YDORUDWLYROLJDGDVDXQVRORFRQFHSWR$Vt SXHVRSLQDPRVTXHDOKDEODUGHHVWRVYDORUHVSXHGHQGLVFHUQLUVHFLQFR FDWHJRUtDVTXHSURSRQHPRVOODPDUGHOPRGRVLJXLHQWH /DVFRQQRWDFLRQHVLGLROpFWLFDVHVWHWLSRHVHOPHQRVFXHVWLRQDEOH SXHVWRTXHHVGHFRQVHQVRFRP~QTXHFDGDXVXDULRSXHGHDVRFLDUXQD SDODEUDFRQFUHWDFRQGLIHUHQWHVDVSHFWRVEDViQGRVHQRUPDOPHQWHHQ VXSURSLDH[SHULHQFLD$VtSDUDPXFKRVODSDODEUDperroVHDVRFLDGH LQPHGLDWRFRQYDORUHVWDOHVFRPROD¿GHOLGDGODOHDOWDGODVXPLVLyQROD WHUQXUDSXHVWRTXHHVWDVVRQODVSULQFLSDOHVFRQQRWDFLRQHVSURSLDVGH HVWHOH[HPDYLJHQWHVHQVXFXOWXUD6LQHPEDUJRSXHGHTXHKD\DTXLH QHVWHQJDQRSLQLRQHVFRQWUDULDVTXHVRQDQLPDOHVDJUHVLYRVUHEHOGHV GRPLQDQWHV\TXHPROHVWDQRSXHGHQFDXVDUGDxR(VSDOSDEOHTXH DXQTXHH[LVWDQYRFDEORVTXHSUHVHQWDQYtQFXORVVHPiQWLFRVDUUDLJDGRV HQODOHQJXDVLHPSUHHVSRVLEOHTXHORVLQGLYLGXRVORVGRWHQGHVXV SURSLDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV 3UiFWLFDPHQWHFXDOTXLHUYRFDEORSXHGHGHVSHUWDUHQORVXVXDULRVGH
ODOHQJXDDVRFLDFLRQHVGLIHUHQWHV3HQVHPRVHQSDODEUDVWDOHVFRPRre-lámpago bosque o LunaSRGHPRVUHODFLRQDUODVFRQDOJRPLVWHULRVRLQ
FRPSUHQVLEOHLQDOFDQ]DEOHLQFOXVRSHOLJURVRVRQOH[HPDVTXHSXHGHQ DVRFLDUVHDSHUVRQDMHVPtWLFRVPDOLJQRVRTXHWUDHQEXHQDVXHUWHTXH DOXGHQDFRQFHSWRVTXHQRVDWUDHQRDRWURVTXHQRVSURYRFDQPLHGRHQ GH¿QLWLYDKD\XQVLQItQGHDVRFLDFLRQHV$OKDEODUGHORVPDWLFHVVLJQL ¿FDWLYRVLQGLYLGXDOHVHVPHQHVWHUUHFRUGDUTXHWRGRVWHQHPRVWHQGHQFLD DDJUHJDUVHQWLGRVDODVSDODEUDVHQIXQFLyQGHORYLYLGRRORSUDFWLFDGR 1RREVWDQWHQRGHEHPRVSHUGHUGHYLVWDTXHODVPLVPDVSDODEUDVSXH GHQHYRFDUGLIHUHQWHVHPRFLRQHVQRVRORHQGLVWLQWRVKDEODQWHVVLQR LQFOXVRHQXQPLVPRLQGLYLGXRORFXDOGHSHQGHUiGHOFRQWH[WRHVSDFLDO RWHPSRUDO(VVDELGRTXHGXUDQWHODLQIDQFLDORVQLxRVDSUHQGHQODVSD ODEUDVHQFRQWH[WRVFRQFUHWRVHVWUHFKDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOPXQGR H[WUDOLQJtVWLFR'HHOORGHSHQGHUiHOWLSRGHDVRFLDFLRQHVTXHWHQGUiQ ORVXVXDULRVHQVXHGDGPiVDYDQ]DGD6LQHPEDUJRHVSRVLEOHTXHORV VXFHVRVRFXUULGRVGXUDQWHVXYLGDPRGL¿TXHQHVWDVFRQH[LRQHVVHPiQ WLFRPHQWDOHV3XHGHVXFHGHUTXHORTXHHQODLQIDQFLDVHUHODFLRQDED FRQDOJRGHVDJUDGDEOHPROHVWRRLQRSRUWXQRJUDFLDVDODH[SHULHQFLD DGTXLULGDVHWUDQVIRUPHHQDOJRFRQYHQLHQWHDPHQRRSURGLJLRVR
6REUHHOFDUiFWHUKHWHURJpQHRGHODVFRQQRWDFLRQHV 6LQOXJDUDGXGDVODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHVVRQUDVJRVVX PDPHQWHVXEMHWLYRVDYHFHVIXJDFHV\SRUORJHQHUDOLPSUHGHFLEOHV $XQTXHVHDGPLWHTXHVRQPX\IUHFXHQWHVVXFDUiFWHUSRFRVLVWHPiWLFR RULJLQDTXHVXVFLWHQLQWHUpVHQSRFDVRFDVLRQHV/RVDQiOLVLVTXHVH UHDOL]DQGHODOHQJXDGHKDEODQWHVLQGLYLGXDOHVTXHDEDUFDQWDPELpQ VXVFRQQRWDFLRQHVVRQ²SULPRUGLDOPHQWH²GHORVLGLROHFWRVTXHHQ VXVREUDVXVDQSRHWDVRQRYHOLVWDV /DVFRQQRWDFLRQHVHFROpFWLFDVVHUH¿HUHQDODVFRQQRWDFLRQHV H[LVWHQWHVHQORVHFROHFWRVHVGHFLUHQJUXSRVFRQXQUHGXFLGRQ~PHUR GHPLHPEURV6HWUDWDHQSULPHUOXJDUGHDVRFLDFLRQHVFRPXQHVSDUD ORVPLHPEURVGHXQDPLVPDIDPLOLDRGHXQFRQMXQWRGHDPLJRVFRQORV FXDOHVVHWLHQHXQDUHODFLyQGLUHFWD\IUHFXHQWH'HELGRDOFRQWDFWRKDEL WXDOFRQWLQXR\HVSRQWiQHRDOJXQRVYRFDEORVXQLGRV\DDORUHDOPHQWH H[SHULPHQWDGRVHLPSUHJQDQGHQXHYDVFRQQRWDFLRQHVFRPSDUWLGDVSRU ORVPLHPEURVGHOJUXSR(VWDVSXHGHQPDQWHQHUVHVRORHQGLFKRVFtUFX ORV\DOLJXDOTXHODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHVKDFHUVHLQGHVFLIUDEOHV IXHUDGHHOORV1RREVWDQWHVXHPSOHRDXQTXHOLPLWDGRDXQJUXSRSRFR QXPHURVRDYHFHVUHVXOWDPX\HVWDELOL]DGRVREUHWRGRFXDQGRHVIUXWR GHODWUDQVPLVLyQGLUHFWDHQWUHJHQHUDFLRQHV/RVYtQFXORVVHPiQWLFRV GHHVWHWLSRSXHGHQUHIHULUVHDFLHUWRVREMHWRVLGHDVRFRVWXPEUHV3RU HMHPSORKD\IDPLOLDVSDUDODVFXDOHVODSDODEUDocéanoVHYLQFXODDODV YDFDFLRQHVHOEXHQWLHPSR\HOSODFHUSDUDODVIDPLOLDVTXHYLYHQGH ODSHVFDHOPLVPRYRFDEORHQFDPELRKDFHSHQVDUHQXQWUDEDMRGXUR \PRQyWRQRHQFRQGLFLRQHVDWPRVIpULFDVDGYHUVDVRLQFOXVRHQODPXHU WH3DUDORVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVSULPDULRVDORVTXHQRVUHIHULPRVHQHVWH DSDUWDGRSUiFWLFDPHQWHFXDOTXLHUREMHWRRFRQFHSWR²\SRUHQGHVX GHQRPLQDFLyQ²SXHGHHYRFDUHPRFLRQHVFRPXQHVPX\SDUWLFXODUHV SRUORWDQWRHVWDVFRQQRWDFLRQHVDXQTXHFRPSDUWLGDVWDPELpQVRQLP SUHYLVLEOHV\VLQJXODUHV /DVFRQQRWDFLRQHVVRFLROpFWLFDVVRQFRPSDUWLGDVSRUKDEODQWHV TXHIRUPDQSDUWHGHXQDFRPXQLGDGSURIHVLRQDORVRFLDO6XQ~PHUR +D\DXWRUHVTXHLQFOXVRRSLQDQTXH³ODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVQRVRQHVHQFLDOHV SDUDHOXVRRODFRPSUHQVLyQGHOOH[HPD´+XWFKLQVFLWDGRSRU*DUULGR 0HGLQD
0DUWD:LFKHUHN SXHGHVHUPX\YDULDEOHKD\FROHFWLYLGDGHVTXHFXHQWDQFRQGHFHQDVGH SHUVRQDVPLHQWUDVTXHRWUDVSXHGHQLQWHJUDUDPLOHVGHLQGLYLGXRV\HV SUiFWLFDPHQWHLPSRVLEOHHVWLPDUVXFDQWLGDGH[DFWD(QWUHORVPLHPEURV GHHVWDVDJUXSDFLRQHVQRKD\YtQFXORVEDVDGRVHQODDIHFWLYLGDGODVSHU VRQDVHQRFDVLRQHVLQFOXVRQRVHFRQRFHQSHUVRQDOPHQWH/RTXHODVXQH HVODSHUWHQHQFLDDXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQIRUPDOXQDHQWLGDGSURIHVLRQDO XQDDVRFLDFLyQRXQFOXE/RVVRFLRVTXHIRUPDQSDUWHGHHVWRVJUXSRV VXHOHQXWLOL]DUVXSURSLROHQJXDMHVRQMHUJDVWHFQROHFWRVROHQJXDVSDUD ¿QHVHVSHFt¿FRV0XFKDVGHODVSDODEUDVTXHXWLOL]DQDOXGHQFRQVFLHQWH RLQFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHDRWUDVQRFLRQHVHVGHFLUFRQQRWDQRWURVFRQ FHSWRV/RVKLQFKDVGHI~WEROVRQXQEXHQHMHPSORGHHVWRVJUXSRV VRFLDOHV&RPRHVVDELGRKD\YDULRVFRPSRQHQWHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVHQOD LGHQWLGDGGHORVFOXEHVWDQUHSUHVHQWDWLYRVFRPRHOHVFXGRORVDSRGRV RODVEDQGHUDV'HDKtTXHODPHQFLyQGHDOJ~QHOHPHQWRGHHVWHWLSR KDJDSHQVDUGHIRUPDLQPHGLDWDHQHOHTXLSRSUHIHULGRXRGLDGR(QHO OHQJXDMHIXWEROtVWLFRHVSDxROSDODEUDVWDOHVFRPRYLNLQJRVcolchoneros
califas o turcosWLHQHQXQDUHIHUHQFLDLQHTXtYRFDDOXGHQDORVD¿FLRQD
GRVGHGRVHTXLSRVFRQVHGHHQ0DGULGHO5HDO0DGULG\HO$WOpWLFR XQRHQ&yUGRED\RWURHQ/D&RUXxDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH(QHVWDMHUJD ORVFRORUHVWDPELpQGHVHPSHxDQXQSDSHOVXPDPHQWHLPSRUWDQWHQRP EUHVWDOHVFRPRazulesrojos o blancosGHVLJQDQ²SRUPHWRQLPLD² DORVGHSRUWLVWDVGHO&KHOVHDGHO/LYHUSRRO\GHO5HDO0DGULG. En las SHUVRQDVLQWHUHVDGDVHQHOI~WERODXQTXHYLYDQHQGLVWLQWRVWHUULWRULRV VHDQGHGLIHUHQWHHGDGSURIHVLyQRLQFOXVRQDFLRQDOLGDGODVSDODEUDV PHQFLRQDGDVHYRFDUiQODVPLVPDVFRQQRWDFLRQHV(QFDPELRSDUDOD JHQWHVLQFRQRFLPLHQWRVIXWEROtVWLFRVODGHFRGL¿FDFLyQGHODVIUDVHVTXH FRQWLHQHQHVWDVOH[tDVUHVXOWDUiDOHDWRULD /DVFRQQRWDFLRQHVFXOWXUDOHVVRQSURSLDVGHXVXDULRVYLQFXODGRV HQWUHVtSRUUHODFLRQHVFXOWXUDOHV(VWDVSXHGHQHVWDEOHFHUVHDSDUWLUGH FULWHULRVJHRJUi¿FRVROLQJtVWLFRV(VXQDFDWHJRUtDPX\DPSOLDDEDU FDXVXDULRVGHXQDOHQJXDRGHYDULDVOHQJXDVTXH²DXQTXHXWLOLFHQ $OJXQRVFRORUHVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQORVFOXEHVGHI~WEROSXHGHQRIUHFHUPiV GHXQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ3RUHMHPSORFXDQGRORVIDQVKDEODQGHazulesSXHGHQUH IHULUVHWDQWRDORVIXWEROLVWDVGHO&KHOVHDFRPRDORVMXJDGRUHVGHODVVHOHFFLRQHV QDFLRQDOHVGH,WDOLDR-DSyQ
6REUHHOFDUiFWHUKHWHURJpQHRGHODVFRQQRWDFLRQHV VLVWHPDVOLQJtVWLFRVGLIHUHQWHV²DVRFLDQGHODPLVPDPDQHUDPXFKRV YRFDEORVFRQFLHUWRVUDVJRVGHOVHJXQGRSODQRVHPiQWLFR3RUFRQVL JXLHQWHODFDQWLGDGGHHVWDVFRQQRWDFLRQHVFXOWXUDOHVHVWDPELpQPX\ YDULDEOHDXQTXHGHFLGLGDPHQWHHOHYDGD$PRGRGHHMHPSORORVYDORUHV VHPiQWLFRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQORVQ~PHURVVRQEDVWDQWHVVLPLODUHVHQWUH ORVKDEODQWHVTXHYLYHQHQWHUULWRULRVSUy[LPRVPLHQWUDVTXHVRQPX\ GLIHUHQWHVVLORVFRPSDUDPRVHQWUHORVGHUHSUHVHQWDQWHVGHKDEODVQR HPSDUHQWDGDV\TXHKDELWDQHQGLIHUHQWHVFRQWLQHQWHV3DUDLOXVWUDUORVH SXHGHFLWDUHOQ~PHURtreceTXHHQYDULRVSDtVHVHXURSHRVHVFRQVLGH UDGRHOQ~PHURGHODPDODVXHUWHHQFDPELRHQODVOHQJXDVKDEODGDV HQHO/HMDQR2ULHQWHFKLQRMDSRQpVRFRUHDQRHVODFLIUDcuatroHQWUH RWUDVODTXHVHUHODFLRQDFRQORDWHPRUL]DQWHRPDOpYROR. 2WURHMHPSORFOiVLFRHVHOVLPEROLVPRTXHVHHVFRQGHWUDVODVGH QRPLQDFLRQHVGHGLIHUHQWHVFRORUHV$SDUWLUGHODWHRUtDGH%%HUOLQ \3.D\VHDGPLWHTXHHQPXFKDVOHQJXDVH[LVWHXQDGLFRWRPtD EiVLFDHQWUHOREODQFR\ORQHJURFX\DIXQFLyQSULPRUGLDOFRPRRFXU UHWDPELpQHQHOFDVRGHRWURVFRORUHVFRQVLVWHHQGHVFULELUDOJXQRV HOHPHQWRVGHODUHDOLGDGH[WUDOLQJtVWLFD1RREVWDQWHHVWDVWRQDOLGD GHVDFURPiWLFDVHYRFDQGLVWLQWDVHPRFLRQHVGHSHQGLHQGRGHODOHQJXD DQDOL]DGD(QODVFXOWXUDV\WUDGLFLRQHVHXURSHDVFRQWHPSRUiQHDVOD EODQFXUDVHDVRFLDFRQOREXHQRORVHJXURORVDELGR\FRQHPRFLRQHV JHQHUDOPHQWHSRVLWLYDV6HJHGDPLHQWUDVTXHORQHJURKDFH SHQVDUHQODPDODVXHUWHHOSHVLPLVPRRODWULVWH]D6]DáHN (QFDPELRHQ-DSyQHOFRORUEODQFRVLJQL¿FDLQPDGXUH]RFUHGXOLGDG \HOFRORUQHJURVDELGXUtDH[SHULHQFLDRPDHVWUtD&RPRPXHVWUDSHQ VHPRVHQODVDUWHVPDUFLDOHVHOFLQWXUyQQHJURHVHORWRUJDGRDORVPiV LQVWUXLGRVPLHQWUDVTXHORVSULQFLSLDQWHVUHFLEHQHOFLQWXUyQEODQFR -XUHN (QORVKDELWDQWHVGHOFRQWLQHQWHDVLiWLFRODWHQGHQFLDDHYLWDUHVWDFLIUDHV PX\QRWDEOHORFXDOHVWiUHODFLRQDGRFRQODVLPLOLWXGHQHOSODQRIRQpWLFRGHORV YRFDEORVTXHVHUH¿HUHQDµFXDWUR¶\DODµPXHUWH¶ $XQTXHDOJXQRVDXWRUHVVHxDODQTXHVHUtDPiVDSURSLDGRXWLOL]DUORVFRQ FHSWRVGHORFODURFODURFiOLGR\ORRVFXURRVFXURIUtR:LHU]ELFND :LHU]ELFND7RNDUVNL
0DUWD:LFKHUHN 3RURWURODGRQRIDOWDQOH[HPDVTXHVHHPSOHDQHQOHQJXDVGLIHUHQWHV TXHDXQTXHSHUWHQHFHQDOPLVPRSURWRLGLRPDWLHQHQXQVLJQL¿FDGRTXH FRQOOHYDGLVWLQWDVFRQQRWDFLRQHV$YHFHVVXGHVDUUROORDVRFLDWLYRSXHGH UHVXOWDUEDVWDQWHLQHVSHUDGR3RUHMHPSORWDQWRORVHVSDxROHVFRPRORV KDELWDQWHVGHRWURVWHUULWRULRVDVRFLDQODSDODEUDnaranjaFRQHORSWLPLV PRODHQHUJtDRXQDGLHWDVDQD(Q(VSDxDHVXQDIUXWDPX\SRSXODU \YDORUDGDTXHVHDVRFLDGHLQPHGLDWRFRQODUHJLyQGH9DOHQFLDGDGR TXHHQHVWDVWLHUUDVVHFXOWLYDQODVQDUDQMDVGHODPHMRUFDOLGDG$GHPiV PXFKRVKLVSDQRKDEODQWHVUHODFLRQDQHOQRPEUHGHHVWDIUXWDFRQHODPRU
GHELGRDXQDH[SUHVLyQPX\HVWDELOL]DGDHQHOFDVWHOODQRbuscarencon-trarser media naranja de alguien(VLQWHUHVDQWHQRWDUTXHHQODOHQJXD
SRODFDHVWDDVRFLDFLyQQRWLHQHHOPLVPRHVWDWXVSRUTXHORVSRODFRVVXH OHQHPSOHDUXQDYHUVLyQPRGL¿FDGDGHHVWHPRGLVPRbuscar/encontrar a su mitad\ORVKDEODQWHVDXQVLODXWLOL]DQFRQUHJXODULGDGQRVRQ FRQVFLHQWHVGHTXHGHWUiVGHHVWDH[SUHVLyQVHHVFRQGHXQDUHIHUHQFLD DHVWDIUXWD1RREVWDQWHKD\RWUDFRQQRWDFLyQUDGLFDGDIXHUWHPHQWHHQ VXFXOWXUDPXFKRVSRODFRVHVWiQDFRVWXPEUDGRVDFRPSUDUQDUDQMDVGX UDQWHODpSRFDQDYLGHxD(VXQDFRVWXPEUHTXHVHUHPRQWDDODpSRFDGH ORVDxRVVHWHQWD\RFKHQWDFXDQGRORVDOLPHQWRVHUDQHVFDVRV\HVWDEDQ UDFLRQDGRV6LQHPEDUJRHQDTXHOODpSRFDHQGLFLHPEUHVLHPSUHVH SRGtDQFRPSUDUDOJXQRVSURGXFWRVde lujoHQWUHORVFXDOHVGHVWDFDEDQ ODVQDUDQMDV&RPRFRQVHFXHQFLDHQWUHORVHOHPHQWRVWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH UHODFLRQDGRVFRQOD1DYLGDGFRPRHOiUEROHOEHOpQRORVYLOODQFLFRV VHKDOODQWDPELpQHVWRVFtWULFRVSXHVWRTXHWRGDYtDHQODDFWXDOLGDGHQ PXFKDVIDPLOLDVVHPDQWLHQHHOKiELWRGHFRPSUDUORVDSHVDUGHTXH HVWDVIUXWDVSXHGHQDGTXLULUVHGXUDQWHWRGRHODxR (QPXFKDVRFDVLRQHVHOOXJDUGRQGHYLYHQODVSHUVRQDVLQFOXVR FXDQGRPDQHMDQODPLVPDOHQJXDGHWHUPLQDHOWLSRGHFRQQRWDFLRQHV FXOWXUDOHV$VtSXHVSDUDODJUDQPD\RUtDGHORVKDELWDQWHVGHOKHPLV IHULRQRUWHODSDODEUDNavidad\DPHQFLRQDGDHQHOSiUUDIRDQWHULRUVH DVRFLDUiFRQQRFLRQHVWDOHVFRPRQLHYHEODQFXUDRIUtR1RREVWDQWHORV (QODOHQJXDSRODFDKD\RWUDYDULDQWHGHHVWHIUDVHRORJLVPRV]XNDü]QDOHĨü VZRMąGUXJąSRáyZNĊMDEáNDHQODTXHVHKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDXQDIUXWDVLQHPEDU JRQRVHWUDWDGHXQDQDUDQMDVLQRGHXQDPDQ]DQD
6REUHHOFDUiFWHUKHWHURJpQHRGHODVFRQQRWDFLRQHV TXHKDELWDQHQHOKHPLVIHULRVXUDXQFXDQGRKDEOHQODPLVPDOHQJXD FRPRORVLQJOHVHV\ORVDXVWUDOLDQRVRORVHVSDxROHV\ORVFKLOHQRVUHOD FLRQDUiQHVWDPLVPDSDODEUDFRQODVWHPSHUDWXUDVDOWDVRODVYDFDFLRQHV GHYHUDQRSXHVWRTXHHVSUHFLVDPHQWHHQODpSRFDQDYLGHxDFXDQGRHQ HVWRVWHUULWRULRVORVGtDVVRQPiVFDOXURVRV /DVFRQQRWDFLRQHVVXSUDFXOWXUDOHVHQHOSRORRSXHVWRGHODVFRQ QRWDFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHVVHHQFXHQWUDQODVDVRFLDFLRQHVTXHSRGHPRVGH WHFWDUHQYDULRVLGLRPDVGHRULJHQPX\GLVWLQWR$XQTXHHVVXPDPHQWH GLItFLOHQFRQWUDUOH[tDVTXHHYRTXHQODVPLVPDVFRQQRWDFLRQHVHQWRGRV ORVKDEODQWHVVHSXHGHQLQGLFDUYRFDEORVTXHGHVSLHUWDQHPRFLRQHV VLPLODUHVHQJUXSRVPX\QXPHURVRVGHJHQWH3DUDGHOLPLWDUGHIRUPD PiVSUHFLVDORVOtPLWHVGHHVWDFDWHJRUtDDVXPLPRVTXHVHUiQFRQQRWD FLRQHVVXSUDFXOWXUDOHVDTXHOODVTXHSRGHPRVGHWHFWDUHQDOPHQRVWUHV LGLRPDVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDGLVWLQWDVIDPLOLDVOLQJtVWLFDV(QWUHODVSDOD EUDVTXHVHDGVFULEHQDHVWDFODVHVHKDOODODSDODEUDmadreSXHVWRTXH HQXQDFDQWLGDGFRQVLGHUDEOHGHLGLRPDVDGHPiVGHSRVHHUORVUDVJRV FDWHJRULDOHVRHVHQFLDOHVµVHUPXMHU¶\µWHQHUXQKLMR¶FRQQRWDWDPELpQ XQRVYDORUHVWtSLFRVSHURDOPLVPRWLHPSRUHOHYDQWHV/RVXVXDULRV LQWXLWLYDPHQWHVLHQWHQTXHDODVPDGUHVVHOHVDWULEX\HQFXDOLGDGHVWDOHV FRPRHODPRUGHVLQWHUHVDGRODSDFLHQFLDRODWHUQXUDKDFLDVXVKLMRV %DUWPLĔVNL6LELHQHQODUHDOLGDGQRWRGDVODVPDGUHV FXPSOHQHVWDVFRQGLFLRQHVODVLPSOLFDFLRQHVGHFDUiFWHUSVtTXLFRVRFLDO FRQIRUPDQXQDLPDJHQHVWHUHRWLSDGDGHODPDGUH\FRPSOHWDQODGH¿QL FLyQREMHWLYDGHHVWHFRQFHSWR (QWUHRWUDVSDODEUDVFRQDVRFLDFLRQHVVLPLODUHV\PX\DUUDLJDGDV HQGLIHUHQWHVOHQJXDV\FXOWXUDVVHHQFXHQWUDHOYRFDEORsol(QYDULDV FRPXQLGDGHVWLHQHXQYDORUSRVLWLYRSXHVWRTXHHVFRQVLGHUDGRIXHQWH GHOX]YLGD\HQHUJtD7DQWRHQHOFRQWLQHQWHHXURSHRFRPRHQ$VLD RHQÈIULFDKD\VHxDOHVOLQJtVWLFDVTXHQRVSHUPLWHQD¿UPDUTXHHVWD YDORUDFLyQD[LROyJLFDVLJXHYLJHQWHHQORVKDEODQWHV&RPRPXHVWUD SRGHPRVFLWDUORVVLJXLHQWHVSURYHUELRV³'RQGHHQWUDVROQRHQWUDHO GRFWRU´XQUHIUiQHVSDxRO³8QDPLJRWUDEDMDDODOX]GHOVROXQHQH PLJRHQODRVFXULGDG´XQGLFKRSRSXODUGHOSXHEOR$FKROLGHÈIULFD R³(OVROLOXPLQD\FDOLHQWDDWRGRVSRULJXDO´XQSURYHUELRMDSRQpV 1DWXUDOPHQWHHQPXFKDVFXOWXUDVHVWRVUDVJRVVRQYHVWLJLRVGHDQWLJXDV
0DUWD:LFKHUHN FUHHQFLDVVHJ~QODVFXDOHVVHGHEtDYHQHUDUHVWHDVWURQRREVWDQWHHVWRV PDWLFHVHVWiQSUHVHQWHVHQHOKDEODGHPXFKRVXVXDULRVWRGDYtDHQOD DFWXDOLGDG ,92EVHUYDFLRQHV¿QDOHV &RPRKHPRVSRGLGRREVHUYDUODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVYDUtDQLQPHQVDPHQWH VHJ~QHOQ~PHURGHXVXDULRVGHVGHODVXWLOL]DGDVSRUXQDVRODSHUVR QDKDVWDODVFRPSDUWLGDVSRUXQJUXSRPX\FRQVLGHUDEOHGHKDEODQWHV 3XHGHQOLPLWDUVHDXQDOHQJXDFRQFUHWDRLUPiVDOOiGHXQLGLRPD H[WHQGLpQGRVHDORVVLVWHPDVGHODPLVPDIDPLOLDOLQJtVWLFDRLQFOXVR DEDUFDQGRPDFURUUHJLRQHVGHKDEODVGLIHUHQWHV6RPRVFRQVFLHQWHVGH TXHVDOYRHQHOFDVRGHODSULPHUDFDWHJRUtDHVVXPDPHQWHGLItFLOWUD ]DUGHIRUPDQtWLGDODVIURQWHUDVHQWUHORVGHPiVJUXSRVORFXDOWLHQH TXHYHUFRQODQDWXUDOH]DSURSLDGHODFRQQRWDFLyQVRQDVRFLDFLRQHVGH GLVWLQWDtQGROHTXHDYHFHVVHHQWUHFUX]DQRVXSHUSRQHQ$VLPLVPROD DGVFULSFLyQGHXQYRFDEORGHWHUPLQDGRDXQDGHODVFDWHJRUtDVPHQFLR QDGDVFRQDQWHULRULGDGQRVLHPSUHWLHQHFDUiFWHU¿MRHVGHFLUHVSRVLEOH TXHODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHVSDVHQDVHUFRPSDUWLGDVSRUPiV KDEODQWHVHLQFOXVRSXHGHQSURSDJDUVHDWRGDODFRPXQLGDGHQODTXH VHGHVHQYXHOYHXQKDEODQWHFRQFUHWR (QGH¿QLWLYDRSLQDPRVTXHHVLPSRUWDQWHDQDOL]DUODVFRQQRWDFLR QHVWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDWRGDVXLQHVWDELOLGDGSXHVWRTXHODVHVWUXFWXUDV VHPiQWLFDVGHORVYRFDEORVVRQXQPRGHORFRQFHSWXDOFRPSOLFDGRFX\RV HOHPHQWRVFRQVWLWXWLYRVGH¿QLWRULRV\IDFXOWDWLYRVVHLPSOLFDQ\FXP SOLPHQWDQUHFtSURFDPHQWH7RNDUVNL(VWRDODODUJDSHUPLWH GDUFXHQWDGHODFRPSOHMLGDGGHOVLJQL¿FDGRGHODVSDODEUDV Bibliografía $35(6-$1-'6HPDQW\NDOHNV\NDOQD6\QRQLPLF]QHĞURGNLMĊ]\ND =DNáDG1DURGRZ\LP2VVROLĔVNLFK:URFáDZ %$570,ē6.,--Ċ]\NRZHSRGVWDZ\REUD]XĞZLDWD:\GDZQLFWZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX0DULL&XULH6NáRGRZVNLHM/XEOLQ
6REUHHOFDUiFWHUKHWHURJpQHRGHODVFRQQRWDFLRQHV
%(5/,1%.$<3Basic Color Terms. Their Universality and
Evo-lution8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV%HUNHOH\ %/220),(/'/Language$OOHQ 8QZLQ/RQGRQ %2*'$12:,&=(³2SRMĊFLXNRQRWDFMLZOLQJZLVW\FHQDSU]\NáD GDFKSROVNLFKLURV\MVNLFK´6WXGLD:VFKRGQLRVáRZLDĔVNLHSS %5=2=2:6.$0(W\PRORJLDDNRQRWDFMDVáRZD6WXGLDVHPDQW\F]-ne:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX0DULL&XULH6NáRGRZVNLHM/XEOLQ %h+/(5.>@7HRULDMĊ]\ND2MĊ]\NRZHMIXQNFMLSU]HGVWDZLD-nia8QLYHUVLWDV.UDNyZ '$1,(/(:,&=2:$0³2SRMĊFLXNRQRWDFMLZDUWRĞFLXMąFHM´HQ *U]HJRUF]\NRZD5=DURQ=UHGStudia semantyczne:\GDZQLFWZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX:DUV]DZVNLHJR:DUV]DZDSS *$55,'20(',1$-³(OVLJQL¿FDGRFRPRSURFHVRFRQQRWDFLyQ \UHIHUHQFLD´HQElementos de análisis lingüístico)XQGDPHQWRV0DGULG SS>RQOLQH@KWWSHSULQWVXFPHVJDUULGRVLJSURSGI -85(..³=QDF]HQLHV\PEROLF]QHLIXQNFMHNRORUXZNXOWXU]H´Kul-tura-Media-TeologiaSS>RQOLQH@KWWSZZZNPWXNVZHGXSO PHGLDSGINPWBBBEH]VSDGRZBMXUHNSGI .(5%5$725(&&+,21,&La connotation3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHV GH/\RQ/\RQ .20/(91*.RPSRQHQW\VRGLHU]DWLHO¶QRMVWUXNWXU\VORYD,]GD WHOVWYR0RVNRYVNRJR8QLYHUVLWHWD0RVNZD /È=$52025$)$³6LJQL¿FDFLyQ\FRQWH[WRODFRQQRWDFLyQ´ HQActas III jornadas de metodología y didáctica de la lengua y literatura
españolas. Lingüística del texto y pragmática8QLYHUVLGDGGH&iFHUHV
SS
/((&+*Semantics. The Study of Meaning3HQJXLQ%RRNV 0LGGOHVH[
0$-(5%$5$12:6.$8³=KLVWRULLXĪ\FLDWHUPLQXNRQRWDFMD´ HQ%DUWPLĔVNL-UHGKonotacja:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX0DULL &XULH6NáRGRZVNLHM/XEOLQSS
0,//-6A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, Being
a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scienti-¿F,QYHVWLJDWLRQ+DUSHU %URWKHUV3XEOLVKHUV1HZ<RUN>RQOLQH@KWWSV
0DUWD:LFKHUHN HERRNVDGHODLGHHGXDXPPLOOMRKQBVWXDUWV\VWHPBRIBORJLFFRPSOHWH KWPO 0281,1*pGDictionnaire de la linguistique3UHVVHV8QLYHUVL WDLUHVGH)UDQFH3DULV 32/$ē6.,.UHG(QF\NORSHGLDMĊ]\NR]QDZVWZDRJyOQHJR=DNáDG 1DURGRZ\LP2VVROLĔVNLFK:URFáDZ
3277,(5%Linguistique générale. Théorie et description.OLQFN VLHFN3DULV
6(*('$2³%DUZDELDáDZMĊ]\NXKLV]SDĔVNLPQLHPLHFNLPLUR V\MVNLP´HQ.RPRURZVND(6WDQXOHZLF]'UHG%DUZDZMĊ]\NXOLWH
UDWXU]HLNXOWXU]H9ROXPLQDSO6]F]HFLQSS
6=$à(.-³/RVFRORUHV\VXVHPiQWLFDHQODVH[SUHVLRQHVIUDVH ROyJLFDVHVSDxRODV´Studia Romanica Posnaniensia:\GDZQLFWZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX3R]QDĔVNLHJR3R]QDĔSS>RQOLQH@ KWWSVUHSR]\WRULXPDPXHGXSOELWVWUHDPB-HU]\B6]DOHNB /RVBFRORUHVB\BVXBVHPDQWLFDB3') 72.$56.,5³.RQRWDFMHMDNRVNáDGQLNWUHĞFLVáRZD´HQ%DUWPLĔVNL -UHGKonotacja:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX0DULL&XULH6NáRGRZ VNLHM/XEOLQSS 72.$56.,56HPDQW\NDEDUZZHZVSyáF]HVQHMSROV]F]\ĨQLH:\ GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX0DULL&XULH6NáRGRZVNLHM/XEOLQ
758-,//25Principios de semántica textual$UFR/LEURV0DGULG 85,%((7;(%$55,$7Palabras y lengua(GLWRULDOGHOD8QLYHU VLGDGGHO3DtV9DVFR%LOEDR :,(5=%,&.$$6HPDQW\ND-HGQRVWNLHOHPHQWDUQHLXQLZHUVDOQH :\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX0DULL&XULH6NáRGRZVNLHM/XEOLQ :,(5=%,&.$$-Ċ]\N±XP\Vá±NXOWXUD:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\ WHWX0DULL&XULH6NáRGRZVNLHM/XEOLQ