a c t a U N I V E R S I T A T I S l o d z i e n s i s ________________ FOLIA SOCIOLOQICA 7 . 1 9 8 3 ___________
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TRANSFORMATIONS IN PEASANT AGRICULTURE IN YUGOSLAVIA AND POLAND
T aking i n t o c o n s id e r a t io n m u lt ip l e r e s e r v a t i o n s c o n c e rn in g c o m p a ra tiv e a n a ly s e s o f d i f f e r e n t s p h e re s o f th e s o c io e c o n o -mic l i f e , e s p e c i a l l y th o s e c o n n e c te d w ith d iv e r s e d e te r m in a n ts o f th e n a t u r a l e n v iro n m e n t, v a r i e d h i s t o r i c a l e x p e rie n c e as w e ll a s d i f f e r e n t d e te r m in a n ts o f th e econom ic, s o c i a l , and p o l i t i -c a l n a tu r e i n b o th -c o u n t r i e s , an a tte m p t has been made to com-p a re ch o sen c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e s o c io -e c o n o m ic s i t u a t i o n o f th e v i l l a g e and p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e i n Y u g o sla v ia and Po-la n d .
The s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l system i n b o th a n a ly z e d c o u n t r i e s i s so -c ia l is m ( i n Y u g o sla v ia "se lf-m an a g e m e n t- s o c i a l i s m “ ) in tr o d u c e d a f t e r th e Second World War«
The s t r u c t u r e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l system i n b o th c o u n tr i e s c a r -r i e s a v e -ry c lo s e -resem b lan ce ( w h ile s im u lta n e o u s ly i t d i f f e -r s from o t h e r E uropean s o c i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s ) . I n Y u g o sla v ia i t i s th e i n d i v i d u a l p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e and th e s o c a l l e d s o c i a l s e c -t o r ; i n Poland - th e s e c t o r o f i n d i v i d u a l p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e , c o - o p e r a tiv e and s t a t e s e c t o r s ( t h e two l a s t m entioned w i l l be c a l l e d h e re t h e s o c i a l s e c t o r ) .
T a b l e 1 B a sic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e s o c i a l s e c t o r
i n Y u g o slav ia and P o lan d
Item Y u g o slav ia Poland
S h a re o f a r a b le la n d in s o c i a l s e c t o r i n o v e r a l l a g r i c u l t u r a l a r a b l e la n d ( %) 16 25.1 S h a re o f s o c i a l s e c t o r i n o v e r- - a l l a g r i c u l t u r a l p ro d u c tio n 25 2 0 .8 Employment ( i n th o u sa n d s) 198 946 1. B a sic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e I n b o th c o u n t r i e s th e f a m ily a g r i c u l t u r e p la y s a v e ry s i g -n i f i c a -n t r o l e - o v e r t h r e e f o u r th * o f la -n d i s ow-ned by i n d i v i -d u a l fa rm e ra . H o w e v e r,th e ir f a n e s a r e n o t v e ry b ig w ith re g a r d tc t h e i r a r e a s iz e » i n Y u g o slav ia c a . 2 .5 m il li o n f a a i l y f a r e s c u l t i v a t e c a . 8 .3 m il l i o n h a . o f a r a b l e la n d ( w i th th e a v e ra g e farm s i z e am ounting t o c a . 3 .8 h a . o f a r a b l e l a n d ) t i n Poland t h e r e a re c a . 2 .8 m il li o n p e a s a n t farm s w ith an a v e ra g e s i z e o f c a . 5 .4 h a .o f a r a b l e la n d . I n th e a n a ly z e d c o u n t r i e s , th e p r e s e n t a g r a r ia n s t r u c t u r e i s baaed on s o l i d h i s t o r i c a l f o u n d a tio n s - i n 1 9 th and e a r l y 2 0 th c e n t u r i e s c a p it a l i s m was r e v e a li n g u n d e r-developm ent f e a t u r e s i n th e s e c o u n t r i e s , w hich e x e r te d a power-f u l im pact on c o n s o li d a ti o n o power-f s m a l l- s c a l e commodity p r o d u c tio n i n th e n a t i o n a l econom ies, and c o n s o li d a ti o n o f th e p e a s a n t s tr a tu m i n th e s t r u c t u r e o f th e s o c i e t y .
T h is a g r a r ia n s t r u c t u r e i s u s u a l l y c o n s id e re d t o be in a p p ro -p r i a t e one i n r e l a t i o n t o p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f f e r e d f o r a g r i c u l t u r e by te c h n iq u e ( r a t i o n a l u se o f a g r i c u l t u r a l m achines e t c . ) . The s t r u c t u r e i s a l i t t l e more f a v o u r a b le i n P oland ( e s p e c i a l l y a s r e g a r d s th e number o f b ig g e r farm s - o y e r 10 h a . ) . The s i t u a t i o n o f farm s i n Y u g o slav ia i s c o n s id e r a b ly a g g ra v a te d by t h e i r atom-i z a t atom-i o n ( o n th e a v e ra g e - 6 to 7 p a r c e l s p e r one fa rm ).
T a b l e 2 P e a s a n t farm s a c c o rd in g t o s i s e o f a r a b l e la n d
( i n % )
Farm s i z e Y u g o slav ia P oland
To 2 h a .* 3 9 .0 3 0 .0 2 -5 h a . 3 5 .6 2 9 .3 5-1 0 h a . 1 9 .8 2 5 .6 Over 10 h a . 5 .6 15.1 I n Y u g o slav ia th e lo w er U n i t i n f a r o s i z e i s 0 .1 h a . , w h ile i n P o lan d 0 .5 h a . o f a r a b l e la n d . S im u lta n e o u s ly p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e i n b o th c o u n tr i e s i s l a r -g e ly u n d e r c a p it a li z e d a s r e -g a r d s a -g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c tio n m eans, w h ile th e v i l l a g e i n c h a r a c t e r i z e d w ith i n s u f f i c i e n t h o u s in g ,I n -s t i t u t i o n a l and c u l t u r a l i n f r a -s t r u c t u r e , w hich i s a b a s ic c a u se o f s u b s t a n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s betw een w orking and l i v i n g c o n d itio n s i n th e v i l l a g e and th e t o r n .
The above rem arks i n d i c a t e d s i m i l a r i t i e s i n fu n d am e n ta l cha-r a c t e cha-r i s t i c s o f a g cha-r i c u l t u cha-r e i n b o th c o u n t cha-r i e s ; o b v io u s ly t h e r e a r e a l s o d i f f e r e n c e s e n su in g among o t h e r s from v a ry in g f e a t u r e s o f th e n a t u r a l e n v iro n m en t. Among more s i g n i f i c a n t o f them a r e s l i g h t l y b e t t e r p ro d u c tio n e f f e c t s o f p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e in Po-l a n d , b e in g p r i m a r i Po-l y a d e r i v a t i v e o f a Po-l i t t Po-l e b e t t e r a g r a r ia n s t r u c t u r e and o t h e r v a r i a b l e s m a in ly o f th e s o c i a l n a tu r e . I t i s e c o n o m ic a lly and s o c i a l l y v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t p a r t - - tim e farm s r e p r e s e n t a v e ry s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t o f a l l p e a s a n t fa rm s. The 1969 a g r i c u l t u r a l c e n su s i n Y u g o sla v ia r e v e a le d t h a t p a r t - t i m e farm s a c co u n te d f o r 42 p e r c e n t o f a l l p r i v a t e fa rm s. S in c e t h a t tim e t h e i r number h a s c o n s id e r a b ly grown to re a c h a b o u t 60 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l number o f fa rm s . The part-time
farm s p o s s e s s c a . 50 p e r c e n t o f c u l t i v a t e d p r i v a t e la n d p ro -d u cin g betw een 40 an-d 45 p e r c e n t o f th e o v e r a l l p r i v a t e a g r i
-T a b l e 3 Chosen p ro d u o tlo n in d ic e s i n Y u g o s la v ia '» and P o la n d ’ s
a g r i c u l t u r e
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I n d ic e s Y u g o sla v ia P o lan d
Number o f c a t t l e ( p e r 100 ha»
o f a r a b l e l a n d ) 3 8 .5 6 2 .4
Namber o f hogs ( p e r 100 be*
o f a r a b l e l a n d ; 5 5 .3 9 7 .7
Number o f sh e ep p e r 100 ha* 5 1 .9 2 0 .5
Cow m ilk p r o d u c tio n p e r
1 i n h a b i t a n t i n k ilo g ra m s 198 426 P ro d u c tio n o f eggs p e r 1 i n h a b i t a n t in k ilo g ra m s 1 0 .2 1 3 .6 S iz e o f a r a b l e la n d p e r 1 t r a c t o r ( h a ,) 2 0 .5 2 3 .1 Use o f a r t i f i c i a l f e r t i l i z e r s p e r 1 h a . o f a r a b l e la n d i n k ilo g ra m s 1 0 4 .4 235 5 G ra in c ro p s from 1 h a . i n q u i n t a l s 3 3 .6 2 4 .9
S o u r c e s ? S t a t i s t i c a l Y earbooks o f Y u g o sla v ia and Po-la n d f o r 1980-1991.
c u l t u r a l p r o d u c tio n 1. A ccording t o some a u th o r s th e e n t i r e p r i -v a te a g r i c u l t u r e i n Y u g o sla v ia e v o lv e s i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f b i - p r o f e a s io n a li s m . I n P o la n d , a b o u t 26 p e r c e n t o f a l l farm s in 1974 ware farm s i n w hich a head o f t h e f a m ily was c o n s t a n t l y employed o u t s i d e th e fa rm . Among th e a t h e r e w ere 500 ООО farm s o v e r 2 h a . , and 150 COO f a r a d o v e r 5 h a . T hese farm s had a t t h e i r d i s p o s a l a b o u t 14 p e r c e n t o f a l l p r iv a te ly -o w n e d l a n d . A cco rd in g to th e d a ta o f th e C h ie f S t a t i s t i c a l O f f ic e , i n 1974 3 m il li o n p e o p le i n P oland bad a g r i c u l t u r a l and n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l eoure&a o f incom e a t th e same tim e , how ever, ab o u t 50 p e r c e n t
1 S e e i P^r t-tiffife f'arm H ouseholds and P e a s a n t-w o rk e rs i n Yu-g o s la v ia vln S e r b ia n ) , Z agreb 1980.
w ere members o f th e f a r m e r 's f a m ily f o r t h e i r m ost p a r t n o t w orking on th e farm 2 .
I r r e s p e c t i v e o f th e p ro c e d u re employed t o e s tim a te th e s c a -l e o f th e s e p r o c e s s e s , th e phenomenon o f b ip r o f e s s io n a lio m r e a -ched b ig g e r d im en sio n s i n th e Y u g o sla v ia n a g r i c u l t u r e . I t m ust e x e r t i t s im p a c t a l s o on th e volume o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c tio n . And a lth o u g h some a u th o r s 3 c la im t h a t i n th e c a s e o f farm s
un-• 4
d e r 5 h a . work o f t h e i r owners o u t s i d e a g r i c u l t u r e does n o t a f f e c t n e g a t i v e l y th e o v e r a l l l e v e l o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c tio n , t h e r e a r e o t h e r s who p o i n t o u t t h a t farm s o f t h i s ty p e have t h e i r i n t e r n a l c y c le c o n n e c te d w ith p r o d u c tiv e c a p a c i t i e s , I n w hich t h e r e o c c u r p h a s e s o f la b o u r s h o r ta g e c a u s in g a s u b s ta n -t i a l d e c re a s e o f a g r i c u l -t u r a l p r o d u c -tio n .
2 . D l s a g r a r l s a t i o n p r o c e s s e s
I n th e p e r io d a f t e r th e Second W orld War, e s p e c i a l l y a s a r e s u l t o f I n te n s iv e i n d u s t r i a l i s a t i o n p r o c e s s e s ta k in g p la c e in b o th c o u n tr i e s t h e r e c o u ld be o b se rv e d p r o c e s s e s o f abandoning work i n a g r i c u l t u r e by r u r a l p o p u la tio n . I n P o lan d o v e r th e l a s t t h i r t y y e a rs th e s h a re o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p o p u la tio n i n th e e n t i r e p o p u la tio n d e c lin e d from a b o u t 50 p e r c e n t to 2 1 .5 p e r c e n t in
1981. S im u lta n e o u s ly o v e r th e y e a rs 1945-1980 Y u g o sla v ia w i t -n e s se d o-ne o f th e b i g g e s t ( f a s t e s t ) exoduses e v e r re c o rd e d i n th e h i s t o r y . The s h a r e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p o p u la tio n d e c lin e d from 73 p e r c e n t I n 1945 t o u n d e r 30 p e r c e n t i n 1980'*. By com parison, i t i s w o rth adding h e re t h a t Sweden, USA o r P ran ce needed c a . 90 y e a rs to a c h ie v e su c h a change I n p r o p o r tio n s betw een a g r i -c u l t u r a l and n o n a g r i -c u l t u r a l p o p u la tio n .
The p r o c e s s o f abandoning a g r i c u l t u r e was accom panied i n 2 M. K ł o d z i ń s k i , B i- P r o f e s s io n a lis m in Farm ing ( i n P o l i s h ) , "Wieé i R olnictw o" 1981, No 1.
3 I b i d .
^ S e e î " O p r e d je lje n ia " 1982, No 1, ( S a r a j e v o ) .
" For w id e r d i s c u s s io n se e s V. P u 1 J i z , Exodus o f F ar-m ers ( i n S e r b ia n ) , Z agreb 1977.
b o th c o u n tr i e s by m ig r a tio n o f r u r a l p o p u la tio n to tow ns. I n th e p e r io d u n d e r s u rv e y , th e s h a re o f u rb an p o p u la tio n i n th e o v e r-a l l number o f i n h r-a b i t r-a n t s grew by r-a b o u t 25 p e r c e n t re a c h in g th e l e v e l o f c a . 60 p e r c e n t i n Poland and c a . 47 p e r c e n t i n Y u g o s la v ia . One common c o n c lu s io n c o u ld be drawn h e re i . e . in b o th c o u n tr i e s th e r a t e o f abandoning a g r l o u l t u r e was f a s t e r th a n r a t e o f m ig r a tio n from th e v i l l a g e to th e town; i n t h i s way a group o f p o p u la tio n making i t s l i v e l i h o o d o u t s i d e a g r i -c u l t u r e was grow ing r a p i d l y i n th e v i l l a g e ( i n t h e p a s t th e s i z e o f t h i s group was q u i t e i n s i g n i f i c a n t ) .
The above m entioned p r o c e s s pro d u ced s i g n i f i c a n t t r a n s f o r -m atio n s i n th e de-m ographic and s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p o p u l a t io n . I t i s commonly r e c o g n iz e d b o th in Y u g o sla v ia and in P o lan d t h a t d e r i v a t i v e changes in c lu d e ;
A. P ro c e s s o f a g in g o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p o p u la tio n s i n c e , f i r s t o f a l l , young p e o p le abandon a g r i c u l t u r e . S . L ivada c la im s t h a t b i o l o g i c a l c o re o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p o p u la tio n h as been d i s t u r b e d in Y u g o s la v ia . At p r e s e n t , a b o u t 1 .8 m il l i o n fa rm e rs a r e o v e r 60 y e a rs o f age and 1 .3 m i l l i o n o v e r 65 y e a r s . A n a ly s is o f a c t i v e members o f p e a s a n t farm s i n 100 a d m i n i s t r a t i v e communes o f th e S o c i a l i s t R ep u b lic o f C r o a tia r e v e a le d t h a t t h e i r a v e ra g e age
amounted t o 59 y e a r s I ^
In P oland i n 1974 t h e r e were 3 5 .9 p e r c e n t farm s i n w hich th e main u s e r was aged more th a n 55 y e a r s , in t h i s number i n farm s w ith an a r e a 0 .5 - 2 h a . th e y r e p r e s e n te d a s much a s 54.1 p e r c e n t
and i n th o s e o v e r 15 h a . - 9 p e r c e n t . Farm ers i n th e p o s tp r o -7
d u c tiv e age a c c o u n te d f o r a b o u t 2 6 .6 p e r c e n t o f a l l . In 1981, p e r each 100 p e rs o n s i n th e p o s tp r o d u c tiv e age t h e r e were 8 1 .3 p e rs o n s i n th e n o n p ro d u c tiv e age i n th e v i l l a g e ( w h ile i n th e town - 6 0 .6 p e r c e n t ) . These f i g u r e s t e s t i f y t o th e o u tflo w o f youth from a g r i c u l t u r e and t h e i r t r a n s f e r to n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o f e s s io n s .
D e f i c i t o f h ig h ly co m p eten t la b o u r i s one o f e le m e n ts o f bad p r o d u c tiv e c o n d itio n s in many p e a s a n t f a r m s . “
0 3 . L i v a d a , " O p r e d je lJ e n ia " 1982, No 1, p . 7 -1 3 . 1 D. G a ł a J , Farming P e o p le ( i n P o l i s h ) , " P o lity k a " 1979, No 24.
B. P ro c e a s o f f e m in iz a tio n o f p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e . I n 1971» women r e p r e s e n te d on th e a v e ra g e 5 7 .8 p e r c e n t o f th e o v e r a l l ac-t i v e a g r i c u l ac-t u r a l p o p u la ac-tio n i n Y u g o s la v ia , and o v e r 60 p e r c e n t in more d e v e lo p e d r e g i o n s . A ccording t o t h e d a t a f o r 1969, 1 3 .3 p e r c e n t o f a l l a g r i c u l t u r a l farm s were ru n e x c lu s i v e l y by wo-men. Vlado P u l j i * w r i te s t h a t i n th e c a s e o f Y u g o sla v ia we c a n ‘ t sp eak a b o u t a phenomenon o f m a s c u lin iz a tio n o f a g r i c u l t u r a l l a -b o u r8 .
I n P oland, p e r 100 h a . o f a r a b l e la n d i n p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e i n 1974 ( a c c o r d in g t o d a ta o f th e I n s t i t u t e o f Development o f V illa g e and A g r i c u l t u r e o f th e P o lis h Academy o f S c ie n c e ) t h e r e were employed 3 1 .7 p e r s o n s , i n t h i s number 1 8 .5 women and 13.2 men. At t h a t tim e , women o v e r 60 y e a rs o f age r e p r e s e n te d o v e r
10 p e r c e n t o f m ain u s e r s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l fa rm s.
C. R e l a t i v e l y low l e v e l o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f p e rs o n s rem ain-in g i n farm s b e ain-in g a r e s u l t o f b o th advanced age o f a p a r t o f fa rm e rs and th e s o - c a l l e d " n e g a tiv e s e l e c t i o n " i . e . th e f a c t t h a t more dynam ic, t a l e n t e d and b e t t e r e d u c a te d young p e o p le more o f -t e n -th a n o -t h e r young p e o p le g iv e up w orking on t h e i r own farm s abandoning a g r i c u l t u r e , and v e ry o f te n m ig r a tin g from th e v i l -la g e t o th e town a s w e ll.
Summing up t h i s p a r t o f th e a n a l y s i s , i t s h o u ld be s t r e s s e d t h a t th e s i t u a t i o n i n p e a s a n t farm in g i n b o th compared c o u n tr i e s i s f a r from s a t i s f a c t o r y . In a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c tio n t h e r e p r e -v a i l s th e so -< îa lled m a rg in a l la b o u r i . e . -v e ry young p e o p le and o ld p e o p le , w hich e x e r t s a s i g n i f i c a n t I n f lu e n c e on low q u a l i t y o f " la b o u r r e s o u r c e s " . The f a c t o r " la n d " - a s i t was a lr e a d y i n d i -c a te d i s a to m iz e d , w h ile th e f a c t o r "means o f p ro d u c tio n " i s a t an i n s u f f i c i e n t l e v e l . As a r e s u l t , th e l e v e l o f p e a s a n t a g r i -c u l t u r e i n b o th c o u n t r i e s , way o f w orking and l i v i n g s ta n d a r d s o f fa rm e rs th e m se lv e s a r e lo w er th a n i n many o t h e r c o u n t r i e s ; th e y a r e a l s o , on th e a v e ra g e , lo w e r th a n l i v i n g s ta n d a r d s o f town i n h a b i t a n t s .
3» S o c i o - p o l i t i c a l d im ension o f a n a l yala
The above p r e s e n te d o b j e c t i v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e s i t u -a t i o n I n p e -a s -a n t -a g r i c u l t u r e -a f f e c t -a ls o t h e s p h e re o f s o c i a l l i f e I n th e v i l l a g e . Some v i l l a g e s , i n f a c t , d i e o u t p h y s i c a l l y ( i n Y u g o s la v ia , o u t o f th e t o t a l number o f 27 0 0 0 ‘v i l l a g e s and s e tt le m e n t s 21 000 re c o rd e d a r a d i c a l drop i n p o p u la tio n num ber). Young p e o p le c h o o sin g t o rem ain i n a g r i c u l t u r e have i t d i f f i -c u l t to f i n d t h e i r p a r t n e r s ( m o s t o f te n - w i f e ) . The i n s t i t u -t i o n a l i n f r a s -t r u c -t u r e in v i l l a g e s i s i n s u f f i c i e n t In r e l a t i o n to needs and a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e young g e n e r a ti o n . I t i s accom-p a n ie d by accom-p o o r ly d ev e lo accom-p e d c u l t u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . L o cal e e l f - management i n s t i t u t i o n s d is p la y low a c t i v i t y ( e v e n i n c o n d
i-t i o n s o f i-th e Y u g o sla v ia model p e a s a n i-ts p a r i-t i c i p a i-t e , to an i n -s i g n i f i c a n t d e g r e e , e s p e c i a l l y i n s u p r a l o c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t r u c t u r e s ) , S . L ivada s t a t e s » "We te n d t o a s s o c i a t e p e a s a n ts q u i t e a l i t t l e w ith fu n d am en tal norms o f s o c i a l d e s i r e s and a s -p i r a t i o n s . F or exam ple, se lf-m an ag em en t r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n v i l -la g e s and a g r i c u l t u r e a s compared w ith t r a d i t i o n s o f v i l l a g e s a re m ost u n d e rd e v e lo p e d . C o n s e q u e n tly , o l d , a r c h a ic r e l a t i o n e a r e p r e s e r v e d " ^ . I n P o la n d , th e s i t u a t i o n o f p e a s a n ts on th e macro s c a l e i s p a r t l y d e te rm in e d by e x is te n c e o f th e p e a s a n t s ' p a r t y ( U n ite d P ea san ts* P a r t y ) , t h e r e a r e how ever m ajo r p ro -blems w itft l o c a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n . The v i l l a g e and a g r i c u l t u r e p a - r a l l e l l y do n o t ra n k to o h ig h i n th e sy stem o f v a lu e s i n b o th s o c i e t i e s a lth o u g h th e y a r e b o th l a r g e l y o f p e a s a n t o r i g i n .
Vfhat p r e r e q u i s i t e s - a p a r t from h i s t o r i c a l ones - s h o u ld ba a n a ly z e d to d i s c l o s e d e te r m in a n ts o f th e s i t u a t i o n i n p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e i n b o th c o u n t r i e s ? Of c o u r s e , m a t e r i a l c a p a c i t i e s o f th e n a t i o n a l economy a r e e x tre m e ly im p o r ta n t. However, t h e r e a r e o t h e r p r e r e q u i s i t e s , w hich o n ly i n p a r t r e s u l t from o b je c -t i v e c a p a c i -t i e s o f th e s t a t e - th e s e a re p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e ag-r i c u l t u ag-r a l p o l i c y and th e p la c e a s s ig n e d to p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e i n i t . I t seems t h a t i n a g r i c u l t u r a l p o l i c i e s o f th e a n a ly z e d 9 • L i v a d a , o p . c i t . , p . 12.
c o u n tr i e s th ro u g h o u t th e e n t i r e p o stw a r p e r i o d , t h e r e c o u ld be o b se rv e d a phenomenon o f " v a g u e n e ss“ o f o b j e c t i v e s p o sed b e fo r e p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e accom panied by s h o r t p e r io d s d u rin g w hich a tte m p ts a t c o l l e c t i v i z a t i o n w ere made, w hich i n t e n s i f i e d th e s e n se o f t h r e a t and u n c e r t a i n i t y o f p e a s a n t fa rm s . One o f Yugo-s la v i a n Yugo-s o c i o l o g i Yugo-s t Yugo-s e x p re s s e s i t i n t h e f o llo w in g way; " . . . c r i -s i -s o f o b j e c t i v e -s i n th e v i l l a g e a l s o e n su e s from th e f a c t t h a t a f t e r abandoning th e f o r c i b l e c o l l e c t i v i z a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e [ . . . ] t h e r e i s m is s in g a w e ll c o n c e iv e d p o l i c y w ith r e g a r d to th e v i l l a g e t h a t would d e te rm in e p r i n c i p l e s o f i n c o r p o r a t in g v i l l a g e s i n t o th e s o c i a l d i v i s i o n o f la b o u r i n th e lo n g te rm p e r -s p e c t i v e , t h a t w ould pave th e way f o r -s o c i a l i z a t i o n o f p roduc-t i o n . [ . . . ] i n th e s i t u a t i o n when an e x p l i c i t p o l ic y o f d e v e l-opment o f th e v i l l a g e i s a b s e n t [ . . . ] t h e la n d i s l y in g w a s te , w h ile a g r i c u l t u r ą l p o p u la tio n h a s no g u a ra n te e t h a t i t s incomes w i l l be e q u a l t o incom es from n o n a g r l c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y i n th e tow n"10.
In f a c t , a f t e r r e s i g n in g from c o l l e c t i v i z a t i o n a g r i c u l t u r e h as b e e n , tim e and a g a in , a f f o r d e d more f a v o u r a b le c o n d itio n s f o r dev elo p m en t, how ever, in p r a c t i c e th e y have n e v e r m itch e d th e r e a l n e e d s. The l a s t few y e a rs (a n d a s e r i o u s fo o d c r i s i .3)
c r e a t e c e r t a i n p o s s i b i l i t i e s and a f f o r d b ig g e r g u a r a n te e s f o r developm ent o f p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e . Among o t h e r s t h e r e i s g u a r-a n te e d e q u r-a l i t y o f r-a l l r-a g r i c u l t u r r-a l s e c t o r s i n th e a g r i c u l t u r a l p o lic y ! i t h a s been r e s o lv e d to ln tro d u o e a S t i p u l a t i o n to th e C o n s t it u ti o n ab o u t perm anence o f p e a s a n t o w n e rsh ip ; f i n a l l y a l -l o c a t i o n o f b ig g e r r e s o u r c e s f o r a g r i c u l t u r e - a l l seem to be a d e s i r a b l e d i r e c t i o n o f a c t i v i t y .
Could t h e r e be th u s i n d i c a t e d any g e n e r a l d i f f e r e n c e betw een p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e i n b o th c o u n t r i e s ? The s i t u a t i o n o f p e a s a n t a g r i c u l t u r e i n Y u g o sla v ia seems to be more com plex. V. P u l j i z s im p ly does n o t s e e any p o s s i b i l i t y o f d e v e lo p in g p e a s a n t a g r i -c u l t u r e th ro u g h th e s o - c a l l e d farm ers* way ( i n t h e s e n s e o f fa m ily f a rm s ) due to th e f a c t t h a t dem ographic p r o c e s s e s i n th e v i l l a g e a lo n g w ith p a r t t i m e farm in g c r e a t e o b j e c t i v e l y u n fav o u
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r a b i e c irc u m s ta n c e s - th e number o f f a n n e r s re a d y t o expand t h e i r farm s i s v e ry s m a ll w h ile m ost o f them have no s u c c e s -s o r -s . B r i e f l y -s p e a k in g , t h e r e a r e v e ry few v i t a l p e a s a n t farmed On th e o t h e r hand, be s e e s th e f u tu r o o f a g r i c u l t u r e i n th e s o - c a l l e d c o l l e c t i v i z a t i o n o f work and i t s s o c i a l i z a t i o n , and in
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developm ent o f th e s o c i a l s e c t o r .
R e c e n tly , in b o th c o u n tr i e s due to economic d i s l o c a t i o n s much hope i s p la c e d w ith grow th o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p ro d u c tio n a c h ie v e d a ls o i n p e a s a n t fa rm in g .
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PRZEWIANY ROLNICTWA CHŁOPSKIEGO W JUGOSŁAWII I W POLSCE
W a r t y k u l e p o d ję to z a g a d n ie n ie porów nania wybranych c e ch spo-łe c z n o -e k o n o m ic z n e j s y t u a c j i w si i r o ln i c tw a c h ło p s k ie g o w J u -g o s ła w ii i w P o ls c e .
System u s tro jo w y w analizo w an y ch k r a j a c h o p i e r a s i ę na za-sa d ac h s o c ja liz m u (w J u g o s ła w ii " s o c ja liz m u za-sam orządow ego"). Bardzo podobna J e s t ( z a ś odmienna n i ż w in n y ch państw ach s o c j a l i s t y -c z n y -c h ) s t r u k t u r a forra w ła s n o ś -c i ziem i - -c a 80% gruntów p o z o s ta je w rę k a c h in d y w idualnych g o sp o d a rstw c h ło p s k ic h } g o sp o d a rstw a t e s ą stosunkow o m ałe pod względem o b s z a r uj ś r e d n i a w ie lk o ś ć w J u -g o s ła w ii - 3 ,8 h a , w P o lsc e - 5 ,4 h a . W obu k r a ja c h i s t n i e j ą c a s t r u k t u r a a g ra r n a ma sw oje mocne p o d ło że h is to r y c z n e - w wieku XIX i p o c z ą tk a c h XX w. k a p ita liz m wykazywał tam cechy niedorozw o-j u , co ze s z c z e g ó ln ą s i ł ą powodowało u tr w a le n ie s i ę s t r u k t u r y drobnotow arow ej w g o sp o d a rc e n a ro d o w ej, a w arstw y c h ło p s k i e j - w s t r u k t u r z e s p o łe c z e ń s tw a .
W o k r e s i e po I I w o jn ie ś w ia to w e j, w wyniku in tensyw nych p ro -cesów i n d u s t r i a l i z a c j i , zachodzą w obu k r a ja c h duże p ro c e s y d e - a g r a r y z a c j i ; w J u g o s ła w ii w c ią g u t r z y d z i e s t u l a t u d z ia ł lu d n o -ś c i r o l n i c z e j w-śród o g ó łu z m n ie js z y ł s i ę z 73% do 28,5% , z a -ś w P o ls c e z ok. 50% do 21,5% w ro k u 1981. T ow arzyszył temu p ro c e s m ig r a c ji lu d n o ś c i w i e j s k i e j do m ia s t - w l a t a c h 1948-1981 o ok. 25% w z ró sł o d s e te k lu d n o ś c i m i e j s k i e j w a n alizo w an y ch k r a j a c h .
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1) s t a r z e n i e s i e l u dn o ś c i r o l n i c z e j , albowiem odchodzą z r o l -n ic tw a p rz e d e w szystkim l u d z i e m ło d z i;
2 ) fe m ln lz a c jg r o ln ic tw a c h ło p s k ie g o w y ra ż a ją c ą s i ę w przew a-dze k o b i e t nad mężczyznami w g o sp o d a rc e c h ło p s k ie j (z w ła s z c z a w
s ta r s z y c h g ru p ac h wiekowych, w m łodszych z a ś j e s t odw rcïtnie, co t e ż j e s t poważnym problemem ekonomiczny:» i sp o łeczh y m );
3) n i s k i stosunkow o poziom k w a l i f i kac ji, osób p o z o s ta ją c y c h na g o s p o d a rs tw ie , w yn ik ający zarówno z zaawansowanego wieku c z ę ś c i ro ln ik ó w , ja k 1 z tzw . "negatyw nej s e l e k c j i " , t j . z f a k t u , że m ło d zież l e p i e j w y k sz ta łc o n a c z ę ś c i e j n i ż p o z o s ta ła odchodzi z r o ln ic tw a .
Z procesam i wyżej wskazanymi w spółw ystępow ałyt
a ) zja w isk o " n ie d o o k re ś lo n y c h " celów sta w ia n y c h p rz e d r o l n i -ctwem chłopskim p rz e z p o l it y k ę r o ln ą (w ażny a s p e k t id e o lo g ic z -ny)»
b ) brak obiektyw nych p r z e s ła n e k r e a l i z a c j i e fe k ty w n e j produk-c j i r o l n e j ( d e f i produk-c y t środków p ro d u k produk-c ji i t p . ) ;
c ) tra k to w a n ie r o ln ic tw a de f a c to Jako "g o rsz e g o " s e k to r a g o sp o d a rk i ( t a k w s f e r z e ekon o m iczn ej, Jak i s p o ł e c z n e j ; ; w ięc p ra c a w r o l n i c t w i e i w ieś zajm owały o d le g łe m ie js c e w s y s te m ie w a r to ś c i s p o łe c z n y c h .
W r e z u l t a c i e ty ch procesów r o ln ic tw o c h ło p s k ie w a n a liz o w a -nych k r a ja c h z n a la z ło s i ę w im p a sie , co o d z w i e r c ie d l ił o s i ę bez-p o ś re d n io w z n a c z n ie n i ż s z e j , w s to su n k u do ewych p o te n c ja ln y c h m o żliw o śc i, p ro d u k c ji r o l n e j .
W o s ta tn im o k r e s ie c z a su w obu k r a ja c h na s k u te k kłopotów g o sp o darczych duże n a d z ie je w iąże s i ę ze wzrostem p r o d u k c ji r o l -n e j , odm ie-n-nie Jed-nak - Jak s i ę wydaje - p o s tr z e g a a i ę perspektyw y rozwojowe r o ln ic tw a c h ło p s k ie g o .
