ɄɈɇɐȿɉɌ ȼɊȿɆə
ȼ ɊɍɋɋɄɈɆ ɂ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈɆ əɁɕɄɈȼɈɆ ɉɊɈɋɌɊȺɇɋɌȼȿ (ɇȺ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅȿ ɊɍɋɋɄɂɏ ɂ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɂɏ ɎɊȺɁȿɈɅɈȽɂɁɆɈȼ
ɋ ɄɈɆɉɈɇȿɇɌɈɆ ȼɊȿɆə/CZAS ɂ Ⱦȿɇɖ/DZIEē)
THE CONCEPT OF TIME
IN THE RUSSIAN AND POLISH SPHERE OF LANGUAGE (ON THE BASIS OF THE RUSSIAN AND POLISH PHRASES WITH THE
COMPONENTS ȼɊȿɆə/CZAS AND Ⱦȿɇɖ /DZIEē)
ȺɇȾɀȿɃ ɋɂɌȺɊɋɄɂ
ABSTRACT. An increase of interest in the cognitive approach to language studies may be observed in today’s linguistics. The approach appears with a special consideration paid to the anthropocentric and the axiological paradigms.
The author of the article pays special attention to the subjective aspect of the concept of time fixed in the Russian and Polish phrases with the lexical components time and day.
On the basis of the conducted analysis it can be concluded that time is interpreted through human experience and emotions. In everyday life time is measured by means of various units, including the one defined by the word day.
The fact that time is presented anthropomorphically appears conspicuous. Time emerges in language not just as an abstract notion but rather as an active subject, characterized by various semantic and stylistic connotations.
Andrzej Sitarski, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, PoznaĔ – Polska.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɤ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜ-ɧɨɦɭ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵ-ɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɚɤɫɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɢɯ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ. Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ɍ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɨɣ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɬɟɨɪɟ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ, a ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɵɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢ-ɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶ-ɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ1 . ________________ 1 Ɍ. ɂ ɜ ɚ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬ „ɜɪɟɦɹ” ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, www.russia. slavica.org/article140.html
ɇɟɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɢɪ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭ-ɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɦɢɪ, ɚ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɢɪ ɦɨɥɱɢɬ, ɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨ ɧɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ. əɡɵɤ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɤɨɦ-ɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧ ɜɵ-ɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ – ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɪɭ-ɞɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ, ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨ-ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞ-ɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɟɞ-ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ, ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɶ, ɭɜɚɠɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɞɨɛɪɹɬɶ. Ɏɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɩɨɞɬɜɪɟɠɞɚɟɬ ɹɡɵɤ – ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɢɬ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ ɦɵ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟ-ɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɚɤɫɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ. ȿ.Ⱥ. ɇɢɥɶɫɟɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ „ɤɨɧ-ɰɟɩɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɤɨɧ„ɤɨɧ-ɰɟɩɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɨ-ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ”2 . ɇɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɇɢɥɶɫɟɧ ɞɜɭɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤɨɧ-ɰɟɩɬ ɹɡɵɤ. əɡɵɤ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ȿɠɢ Ȼɚɪɬɦɢɧɶɫɤɨɝɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɢɪɚ, ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɟ (ɧɚɢɜɧɨɟ) ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ, ɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɯ, ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ, c ɟɝɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵ-ɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɨɛ-ɳɟɫɬɜɟ3 . ɇɟɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɹɡɵɤɭ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɞɥɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɰɢɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱ-ɧɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɢ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɪɚɤɭɪɫɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɯ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɟ ɫɜɨɣ-ɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɡɵɤ, ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ cɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɫ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟ-ɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɢɰɢɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ________________ 2ȿ.Ⱥ. ɇ ɢ ɥ ɶ ɫ ɟ ɧ, Ʉ ɷɤɫɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ „ɜɪɟɦɹ” ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, „ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɋɚɦȽɍ” 2006, ʋ 10/2, c. 211. 3
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢ-ɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɦɢɪɚ ɱɟ-ɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ „ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɱɟɥɨ-ɜɟɤɚ” ɢ „ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ” ɢ ɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɱɟɥɨ-ɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɪɟɚ-ɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɮɚɤɬɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ / ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɡɚ ɜɫɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ. ɘ.Ƚ. ȼɨɥɤɨɜ ɢ ȼ.ɋ. ɉɨɥɢɤɚɪɩɨɜ ɜ ɗɧ-ɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɢɲɭɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ – ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɡɧɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ, ɞɭɦɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟ-ɝɨ, ɨɬɞɵɯɚɸɳɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟ-ɝɨ, ɠɟɥɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟ-ɝɨ, ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭ-ɸɳɟɝɨ, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɢ ɢɳɭɳɟɝɨ4 . ɘ. ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ: ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɪɚ-ɳɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɛ-ɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ5 . ȿɫɥɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɫ ɟɝɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ-ɧɵɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɤɫɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ6 . Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɦɚɤ-ɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜ-ɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɧ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɟɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɟ-ɦɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚɦ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɨɬɨɛ-ɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ-ɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɷɬɧɨɫɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɪɟɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢ ɷɝɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ. ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟ-ɦɹ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɚɬ, ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪ-ɜɚɥɨɜ, ɪɟɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɯ „ɪɚɧɶɲɟ – ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ – ɩɨɡɠɟ”, ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɨ-ɦɟɧɬɨɦ. ɗɝɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɹɡɵ-ɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɷɬɧɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɹɡɵɹɡɵ-ɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɛɭɞɭ-ɳɟɝɨ. ɉɨ Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɭ, ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ, ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ (ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ) ɮɨɪɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ-________________ 4ɘ.Ƚ. ȼ ɨ ɥ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ȼ.ɋ. ɉ ɨ ɥ ɢ ɤ ɚ ɪ ɩ ɨ ɜ, ɗɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2000, c. 452. 5ɘ. ɋ ɬ ɟ ɩ ɚ ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ: ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2004, c. 228. 6Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 229.
ɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹɦ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦ ɨɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɜ-ɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ (ɧɚɢɜɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ) ɢɥɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ (ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ)7 . ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɚɤ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɇ.Ⱦ. Ⱥɪɭɬɸɧɨɜɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ. ɇ.Ⱦ. Ⱥɪɭɬɸɧɨɜɚ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ: ɟɫɥɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɬɨ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɥɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɫ ɥɢ-ɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ, ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɢɯ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ. ɗɬɨ ɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜ-ɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ: ɭɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɩɟɪɟɠɢɬɨɫɬɶɸ) ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɩɟɪɟ-ɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ) ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ8 . ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɧɚɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɜɫɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɨɛ-ɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɇɚɲɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɜɪɟ-ɦɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɬɟɫɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ „ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ” ɢ „ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ-ɧɢ” ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɹɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɢɰ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ. ȼ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɟɞɢ-ɧɢɰɵ ɦɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɦ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɇɚɫɥɨɜɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ „...ɮɪɚ-ɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ, ɚ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɢɪ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɨɰɟɧɢ-ɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ9 . Ⱦɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɨ--ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ Ʉɢɪɵ Ƚɸɥɭɦɹɧɰ10. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ: ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɞɟɧɶ, ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. czas ɢ dzieĔ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɹɡɵɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨ-ɪɨɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨ-________________ 7ɋ.Ⱥ. Ʉ ɭ ɡ ɧ ɟ ɰ ɨ ɜ, Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪ-ɛɭɪɝ 1998, ɫ. 157. 8ɇ.Ⱦ. Ⱥ ɪ ɭ ɬ ɸ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɹɡɵɤ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1999, ɫ. 688. 9ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɇ ɚ ɫ ɥ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɭ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2004, ɫ. 84. 10Ʉ. Ƚ ɸ ɥ ɭ ɦ ɹ ɧ ɰ, ɉɨɥɶɫɤɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ, Ɇɢɧɫɤ 2004.
ɪɵɣ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɚɦ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨ-ɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ, ɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɦɢɪɚ. Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɟ-ɫɬɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɘ. ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɵɦ, ɤ: 1. ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɨɧ-ɰɚ; 2. ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɰ; 3. ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢɞɭɳɟɦɭ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ; 4. ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢɞɭɳɟɦɭ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɚ; 5. ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɧɹ-ɬɢɟɦ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ11 . ɉɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɤɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧ cɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɬɧɨɫɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤ-ɬɭɪɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤ-ɰɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɟɟ ɧɚɢɜɧɨ-ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ, ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɞɟ-ɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ – ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɢ ɧɢɱɬɨ, ɨɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ. əɡɵɤɨɜɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚ-ɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧ-ɬɢɤɟ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ. Ɉɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨɣ (ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨ-ɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ: szkoda
czasu i atłasu, rychło w czas, zabijaü czas, czasy pogardy, jak za dawnych dobrych
czasów, dzisiejsze czasy, za moich (naszych) czasów, czas siĊ komuĞ dłuĪy ɢ ɢɯ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɬɧɵ: ɩɭɫɬɚɹ ɬɪɚɬɚ [ɩɨɬɟɪɹ] ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɜɨɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɵ: ɜ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɪɚɡ! ɫɚɦɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ!, ɩɨɡɞɧɨɜɚɬɨ ɧɚɞɭɦɚɥ, ɤɨɪɨɬɚɬɶ (ɫɤɨ-ɪɨɬɚɬɶ), ɭɛɢɜɚɬɶ (ɭɛɢɬɶ) ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ „ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ”, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɨɛɪɨɟ ɫɬɚ-ɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɟ (ɧɚɲɟ) ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜ ɦɨɟ (ɧɚɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ), ɜɪɟɦɹ (ɞɥɹ ɤɨɝɨ-ɥ.) ɬɹɧɟɬɫɹ [ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ], ɧɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ, ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɨɫɶ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. ________________ 11ɘ. ɋ ɬ ɟ ɩ ɚ ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ: ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ..., ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 244.
zamierzchłe czasy, ładny, dobry kawał czasu, na wieczne czasy, w krótkim czasie,
jest najwyĪszy czas, dawne, dobre czasy, za wszystkie czasy, ɪɭɫ. ɧɟɡɚɩɚɦɹɬɧɵɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɚ ɜɟɱɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɜ ɫɤɨɪɨɦ ɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɢ, ɫɚɦɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ..., ɞɨɛɪɨɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚ ɜɫɟ [ɭɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɟ] ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵ-ɤɚɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ. ȼ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟ-ɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɬɧɨɲɟɡɪɟ-ɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ – ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɨɟ, ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɨɟ ɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɟɬɚɪɢɚɥɢ-ɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɨɧ ɦɵɫɥɢɬ ɨ ɧɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɝɨɧɹɬɶ, ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɱɶ ɢɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɵɝɨ-ɞɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ (ɩɭɧɤɬɭ-ɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ), ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ: ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. dla zyskania na czasie, wygraü
na czasie, zmieĞciü siĊ w czasie, na czas, czas nagli, czas ucieka, czas to pieniądz, ɪɭɫ. ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɬɶ (ɨɬɬɹɧɭɬɶ) ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɭɥɨɠɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɩɟɬɶ ɜ ɩɨ-ɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ (ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ) ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɨɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɠɞɟɬ (ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɨɛɪɟɡ), ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɠɢɬ, ɜɪɟɦɹ – ɞɟɧɶɝɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤ-ɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɰɟɧɢɬɫɹ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɭɝɚɯ) ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨ, ɟɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡ-ɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɟɞɢɠɢɡ-ɧɢɰ: ɱɚɫ, ɞɟɧɶ, ɧɟɞɟɥɹ, ɦɟɫɹɰ, ɝɨɞ, ɜɟɤ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɤɚ-ɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɟɧɶ – ɷɬɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟ-ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɞɟɧɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɹɰɢɹɯ, ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɞɟɧɶ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɞɟɧɶ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɹɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɢ-ɥɢɳɟ, ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. Īyü
z dnia na dzieĔ, do dnia (przed dniem), dzieĔ chyli siĊ ku wieczorowi, dzieĔ po dniu, dzieĔ w dzieĔ, aby dzieĔ do wieczora, z dnia na dzieĔ, ɪɭɫ. ɠɢɬɶ ɫɟɝɨ-ɞɧɹɲɧɢɦ ɞɧɟɦ, ɞɨ ɪɚɫɫɜɟɬɚ (ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɚɫɫɜɟɬɨɦ, ɞɨ ɡɚɪɢ), ɞɟɧɶ ɫɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ, ɞɟɧɶ ɡɚ ɞɧɟɦ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ), ɢɡɨ ɞɧɹ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ (ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ), ɥɢɲɶ ɛɵ ɞɟɧɶ ɞɨ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ, ɞɟɧɶ ɨɬɨ ɞɧɹ (ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɞɧɟɦ). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɨɞɧɚ-ɤɨ, ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɡɟɥɨɡɢɡɦɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɩɨɥ-ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪ.: aby dzieĔ do wieczora, ɪɭɫ. ɥɢɲɶ ɛɵ ɞɟɧɶ ɞɨ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ: ‘ɥɢɲɶ ɛɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɬɶɫɹ’, dzieĔ w dzieĔ, ɪɭɫ. ɢɡɨ ɞɧɹ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ ‘ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ’, szukaü wczorajszego dnia, ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɜɱɟɪɚɲ-ɧɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɱɟɝɨ, ɫɥɨɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɰɟɥɢ’
(ɢɪɨɧɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢ), Īyü dniem dzisiejszym, ɪɭɫ. ɠɢɬɶ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɦ ɞɧɟɦ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ‘ɧɟ ɞɭ-ɦɚɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɬɪɚ’. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɚɩɨɝɟɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟ-ɧɢɹ ɜ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ: byü niepewnym ani dnia, ani godziny, ɪɭɫ. ɧɟ ɜɟɞɚɬɶ (ɧɟ ɡɧɚɬɶ) ɧɢ ɞɧɹ ɧɢ ɱɚɫɭ [ɫɦɟɪɬɢ].
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɶ-ɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɪɭɫɩɨɥɶ-ɫɤɢɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɞɟɧɶ: w biały [jasny] dzieĔ, dzieĔ
jutrzejszy, jasny jak dzieĔ, pewnego [piĊknego] dnia, cały boĪy dzieĔ, ktoĞ ma swój
dobry dzieĔ, ɪɭɫ. ɫɪɟɞɶ ɛɟɥɚ (ɛɟɥɨɝɨ) ɞɧɹ, ɡɚɜɬɪɚɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ (ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ), ɜ ɨɞɢɧ
ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɰɟɥɵɣ (ɜɟɫɶ) ɛɨɠɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ. ɗɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵ-ɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ jasny jak dzieĔ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ [ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ] ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɧɟ-ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɢɦɵɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɚ ktoĞ ma swój dobry dzieĔ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ: ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜɟɡɟɬ, ɜɫɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ (ɥɚ-ɞɢɬɫɹ), ɤɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɭɞɚɪɟ, ɜ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɜ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɦ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ.
ȼ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ ɫ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɨɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɟɧɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ma zły (czarny) dzieĔ, sądny dzieĔ, dzieĔ sądu, feralny dzieĔ. ɂɯ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ – ɷɬɨ: ɩɥɨɯɨɣ (ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ) ɢ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɧɵɟ: [ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ] ɧɟ ɜɟɡɟɬ, ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ [ɧɟ ɥɚɞɢɬɫɹ], ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜ ɩɥɨɯɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɫɭɞɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɞɟɧɶ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɚ, ɪɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɧɶ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢ-ɜɨ, ɨɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɚ ɜ ɨɛɵɱ-ɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢ-ɧɚɞɟɥɟɠɢɬ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɞɟɧɶ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɨ (ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɩɚɬɶ ɥɨɠɢɥɨɫɶ). Ɉɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɪɢ-ɨɛɪɟɬɚɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨ-ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ.
