Ɉ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɇɈɆ ȾȿȻɘɌȿ ȺɇȾɊȿə ɋɈȻɈɅə*
ON ANDREY SOBOL’S LITERARY DEBUT
ȼɅȺȾɂɆɂɊ ɏȺɁȺɇ
ABSTRACT. The article examines the early steps in the literature of a prominent Russian writer, Andrey Sobol (1888–1926). The first published story A. Sobol himself pointed to was “Chelovek s prozvischami” (A Man with Nicknames), which appeared in print in 1913. In fact, A. Sobol’s literary debut took place much earlier – in 1904. As the author of the article believes, Sobol attempted to cut out the first texts from his biography because these were unskillfully written. However, it is important to consider his literary debut in order to understand the evolution which Sobol accomplished from his early works to becoming an interesting and brilliant writer.
Vladymyr Hazan, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem – Israel.
ɉɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɟ-ɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɏɏ ɜ., ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɮ. ɑɟɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɭɲɤɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɟɟ ɤɨɧ-ɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ-ɧɚɫɬɨɹ-ɳɟɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢɦɟɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɵ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɦɭ ɡɚɛɜɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɵɝɥɹ-ɞɢɬ ɡɚɜɟɞɨɦɨ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɢ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ. Ʉ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ immerito oblivioni auctor, ɛɟɡ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ 10-ɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ 20-ɯ ɝɝ., ɱɶɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɝɨɞɵ, ɚ ɜ 1927–1928 ɝɝ. ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɱɚɫɬɨɣ ɩɨ ɬɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ 4-ɬɨɦɧɵɦ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɱɢ-ɧɟɧɢɣ, ɛɵɥ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ, ɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɞɟɛɸɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɣɞɟɬ ɪɟɱɶ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ. ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ (ɧɚɫɬ. ɢɦɹ: ɘɥɢɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ / ɂɡɪɚɢɥɶ Ɇɨɢɫɟɟɜɢɱ) ɋɨɛɨɥɹ (1888–1926) ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ, ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɬ 1914 ɝ.1, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɚɦ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɚɜɬɨ-ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɟ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ Ȼɨɪɢɫɭ Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜɢɱɭ Ʌɚɜɪɨɜɭ: ________________ ∗ ∗∗ ∗ȼɵɪɚɠɚɸ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɉɚɜɥɭ Ʌɚɜɪɢɧɰɭ (ȼɢɥɶɧɸɫ) ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɪɚ-ɛɨɬɟ ɧɚɞ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟɣ. 1 ɋɦ., ɧɚɩɪ.: Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɪɨɡɚɢɤɢ, ɩɨɷɬɵ, ɞɪɚɦɚɬɭɪɝɢ. Ȼɢɨɛɢɛɥɢɨ-ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ: ɜ 3-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɇ.ɇ. ɋɤɚɬɨɜɚ, ɬ. 3, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005, ɫ. 374. ɋɪ.:
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɦɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɚɦɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɜ 1914 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ „Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɛɨɝɚɬ-ɫɬɜɟ”. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1913 ɝɨɞɚ – 1913 ɝɨɞ – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɦɨɟɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɢ2. ȼ ɚɧɤɟɬɟ ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɢ ɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɧ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɦɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1913 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ „Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɟ”3. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɚɯ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɥ ɞɜɟ ɹɜɧɵɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɚɦɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1913 ɝ. (ɢ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟ ɜ 1914 ɝ.), ɚ ɜ ɢɸɧɶ-ɫɤɨɣ ɤɧɢɠɤɟ „Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ” ɡɚ 1913 ɝ. (ɫ. 60–100) ɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɜ 1912 ɝ., ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ Ⱥɪɤɚɞɢɹ Ƚɨɪɧɮɟɥɶɞɚ ɋɨɛɨ-ɥɸ ɨɬ 30 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 1912 ɝ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ Ƚɨɪɧɮɟɥɶɞ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɛɨɥɟɜ-ɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɯ ɤɧɢɠɟɤ ɠɭɪ-ɧɚɥɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɠɚɜɲɢɣ ɫ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɨɪɝɢ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɨɬɛɵɜɚɥ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɢɥ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨ-ɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɚ. ɉɢɫɶɦɨ Ƚɨɪɧɮɟɥɶɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ Ȼɟɪɧ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɨɛɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɣ ɋ. ɋɢɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ (Genossenweg 21 III), ɚɞɪɟɫɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ, ɢ ɡɚ ɋɢɦɚɧɨɜ-ɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɥɚɫɶ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɟɠɤɚ, ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɱɟɧɨ, ɩɟɪɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɩɢɹ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɢɰɢɢ: Ɇɢɥɨɫɬɢɜɵɣ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɶ, Ɋɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɝ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɤɧɢɠɟɤ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚ-ɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ. ɋ ɫɨɜɟɪɲ[ɟɧɧɵɦ] ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ Ⱥ. Ƚɨɪɧɮɟɥɶɞ4. ________________ „ɋ[ɨɛɨɥɶ] ɧɚɱɚɥ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ 1913…” (ȼ. Ʉ ɚ ɡ ɚ ɤ, ɗɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚ-ɬɭɪɵ ɫ 1917 ɝɨɞɚ, London , ɫ. 713). 2 ɈɊ ɊɇȻ (ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ), ɮ. 414, ʋ 12. ȼ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɟ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɹɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɚɜɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ ɤɪɟɫɬ, ɨɧ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ ɡɚɜɟɞɨɦɨ ɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ: „ɇɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɥɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɧɢɦɚɦɢ – ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵ-ɜɚɸɫɶ: Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ” (ɬɚɦ ɠɟ). 3 „ɇɨɜɚɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ”, Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ 1922, ʋ 6, ɫ. 38; ɫɪ. ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɚɧɤɟɬɟ 1922 ɝ.: „ɉɢɫɚɬɶ ɹ ɧɚɱɚɥ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ ɜ 1913 ɝ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɦɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɜ 1914 ɝ. ɜ «Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɟ»”. (Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɚɧɤɟɬɭ, ɊȽȺɅɂ, ɮ. 131, ɨɩ. 1, ɟɞ. ɯɪ. 272, ɥ. 1 ɨɛ.); ɫɪ. ɜ ɚɜɬɨɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ-ɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ, ɫ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɧɹɬɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ-ɧɨɣ ɢɧɫɩɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɰɢɟɣ: „ɇɚɱɚɥ ɩɢ-ɫɚɬɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ ɜ 1913 ɝ., ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɫɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟ ɩɨ-ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ – ɦɢɦɨɯɨɞɨɦ” (Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɵ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼ. Ʌɢɞɢɧɚ, ɜɵɩ. 1, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1924, ɫ. 314; ɬɚɦ ɠɟ, ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼ. Ʌɢɞɢɧɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1928, ɫ. 316); ɬɚɦ ɠɟ, ȿ.Ɏ. ɇ ɢ ɤ ɢ ɬ ɢ ɧ ɚ, Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬ ɫɢɦ-ɜɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ. Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɢɫɥ. ɇ.Ʉ. ɉɢɤɫɚɧɨ-ɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1926, ɫ. 402). 4 ȽȺ ɊɎ (Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ), ɮ. 102, ɨɩ. 265, ɞ. 801, ɥ. 82. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɥɚɧɤɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ „Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ”. ɉɟɪɥɸɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɨɛɜɟɥ ɬɢɬɭɥ ɩɨɱɬɨɜɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ: Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ. ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪ-ɛɭɪɝ, Ȼɚɫɤɨɜɚ ɭɥ. 9. Ɍɟɥɟɮɨɧ 20.83.
ɇɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɥ Ƚɨɪɧɮɟɥɶɞɭ:
Cava di Lavagna (via Genuva) Italia 20-ɝɨ [ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1912] Ɇɧɨɝɨɭɜɚɠɚɟɦɵɣ Ⱥɪɤɚɞɢɣ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɢɱ! ə ɨɱɟɧɶ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɞ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɢ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɤɧɢɠɟɤ – ɷɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɩɨ „ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ”. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɭ-ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ – ɬɨ ɨ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ. ə ɧɚɞɟɸɫɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɣɞɟɬ ɤɧɢɠɤɚ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɦ – ȼɵ ɦɧɟ ɞɚɞɢɬɟ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɢɛɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ „Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ” ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ. Ȼɟɪɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɦɟɥɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɶ ȼɚɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ. Ȼɭɞɭ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɞ, ɟɫɥɢ ȼɵ ɧɚɣɞɟɬɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ (ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɨ-ɜɨɝɨ). ɇɚɞɟɸɫɶ, ȼɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɟɪɞɢɬɟɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɸ ȼɚɫ. Ȼɭɞɭ ɫ ɧɟɬɟɪɩɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɞɚɬɶ ȼɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɧɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ. ɂ – ɩɪɢɦɢɬɟ ɦɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɫɩɚɫɢɛɨ ɡɚ ɫɤɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ. ɋ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ5. ȼ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɩɪɨɥɟɠɚɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɝɨɞɚ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ-ɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɧɤɨ Ƚɨɪɧɮɟɥɶɞɭ ɨɬ 19 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 1912 ɝ.: ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɚɦɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ (ɨɧ ɠɟ Ⱥ. ɇɟɠɞɚɧɨɜ)6, ɚ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ M-lle S. Simanowsky. Ɍɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɬɢɯɢ „ɫ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ” (ɧɟɞɭɪɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢ ɧɟɥɟɩɵɟ) ɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɶ ɂɜɚɧ ɢɡ ɬɸɪɟɦɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ (ɬ.ɟ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɚɦɢ) ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɢ, ɧɚ ɦɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɪɨ7. Ɉ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ Ƚɨɪɧɮɟɥɶɞɭ ɨɬ 28 ɦɚɹ 1913 ɝ. ɢɡ Cavi di Lavagna: Ɇɧɨɝɨɭɜɚɠɚɟɦɵɣ Ⱥɪɤɚɞɢɣ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɢɱ. ɉɪɨɫɬɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɸ ȼɚɫ, ɧɨ, ɩɪɚɜɨ, ɞɟɥɚɸ ɷɬɨ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɧɹ ɩɪɢ-ɱɢɧ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɞɟɸɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ȼɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɟɪɞɢɬɟɫɶ. ȼ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɨɬ ȼɚɫ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ (ɨɬ 30-ɝɨ ɏ 1912), ɱɬɨ ɦɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɤɧɢɠɟɤ „Ɋɭɫ[ɫɤɨɝɨ] Ȼɨɝ[ɚɬɫɬɜɚ]” ɡɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɝɨɞ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ȼɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɮɟɜ-ɪɚɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ. ɉɨɬɨɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɜɵɲɥɢ, ɹ ɞɭɦɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɧɢɠɤɟ. ɇɨ ɜɨɬ ɜɱɟɪɚ ɹ ɭɜɢɞɟɥ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɠɟ ɨ ɦɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɦɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɤɚɡɚ. ________________ 5ɈɊ ɊɇȻ (ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ), ɮ. 211, ʋ 990. 6ɗɬɨɬ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɧɢɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɬɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɇɨɜɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɥ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɩɨ-ɧɹɬɧɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ, ɫɦ.: ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ Ƚɨɪɶ-ɤɢɣ (ɤ 125-ɥɟɬɢɸ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ), Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1994, ɫ. 325 (ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɨɫɬ. Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɍɚɪɚɫɨ-ɜɚ). 7 ɊȽȺɅɂ (Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ), ɮ. 155, ɨɩ. 1, ɟɞ. ɯɪ. 342, ɥ. 98; ɉɢɫɶɦɚ ȼ.Ƚ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɧɤɨ ɤ Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ƚɨɪɧ-ɮɟɥɶɞɭ, ɩɪɟɞɢɫɥ. Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ƚɨɪɧɮɟɥɶɞɚ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1924, c. 72.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɹ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɸ[ɫɶ] ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɶ ȼɚɫ: ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ȼɵ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɦɧɟ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɤɧɢɠɤɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ? Ȼɭɞɭ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɟɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ȼɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɬɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ. Ȼɵɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɨɧ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɸɧɟ? ɂɥɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧ ɞɨ ɨɫɟɧɢ? Ɋɚɡɜɟ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɢɸɧɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɠɟ? ɉɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɸ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɹ ɛɵ ȼɚɫ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɨ-ɤɨɢɥ. ɏɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ȼɵ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟ ɦɨɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɛɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ. Ȼɭɞɭ ɠɞɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɟɬɟɪɩɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɲɭ ȼɚɫ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɦɧɟ. ɋ ɫɨɜɟɪɲ[ɟɧɧɵɦ] ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ Ⱥɞɪɟɫ ɦɨɣ: J. Sobol, Cavi di Lavagna (Rivera digura) Italia8.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɚɦɢ ɛɵɥ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɢɡ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ. ȿɳɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɜ „Ɉɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɦ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ” (1912, ʋ 4, ɫ. 24–32), ɩɨɞ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɧɢɦɨɦ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ɇɟɠɞɚɧɨɜ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ Ɂɜɟɧɶɹ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ – ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬ ɋɟɪɨɜ, ɡɧɚɤɨ-ɦɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɧɬɤɨɣ-ɪɭɦɵɧɤɨɣ Ʌɢɡɨɣ,ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɛɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɮɟ ɧɟɦɰɵ. ȼɫɬɪɟɱɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɨɫɤɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɭɲ, ɬɹɧɭɳɢɯ-ɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɳɢɯɬɹɧɭɳɢɯ-ɫɹ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɱɭɠɨɦ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɢɦ ɦɢɪɟ, – ɬɚɤɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ. ȼ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɦ ɉɨɫɫɟ „ɀɢɡɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ” (1912, ʋ 12, ɫ. 1826– 1837), ɩɨɞ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ Ʌɢɫɬɤɢ ɢɡ ɡɚɛɵɬɨɣ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ, ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɨɛɨ-ɥɟɜɫɤɢɟ ɨɱɟɪɤɢ Ɇɨɢ ɧɨɱɢ, Ʉɚɧɞɚɥɵ, ȼ ɩɭɬɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɸɪɟɦ-ɧɚɹ, ɤɚɬɨɪɠɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɚɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɤɨ--ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɨɧɚɰɢɟɣ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɬɨɪɝɢ ɛɵɜɲɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɥ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ: ɜ ɫɞɜɨɟɧɧɨɦ ʋ 11–12 (ɢɸɥɶ–ɚɜɝɭɫɬ) ɛɭɪɰɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ „Ȼɵɥɨɝɨ” ɡɚ 1909 ɝ. ɛɵɥ ɧɚ-ɩɟɱɚɬɚɧ (ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ) ɟɝɨ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɱɟɪɤ Ⱥɦɭɪɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɞɨ-ɪɨɝɚ (ɫ. 18–26). Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɹɧɜɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ „Ȼɵɥɨɟ – ɝɪɹɞɭɳɟɟ” ɡɚ 1908 ɝ. ɭɜɢɞɟɥ ɫɜɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɬɪɟɯɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɉɟɫɧɢ ɧɟɜɨɥɢ ɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɭ (ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ –ɘɥɢɣ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ), ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɡɚɫɬɟɧɤɚ (ɩɨɞ ɫɬɢ-ɯɚɦɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ: ɇɟɪɱɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɪɭɞɧɢɤ, Ƚɨɪɧɵɣ Ɂɟɪɟɧɬɭɣ)9. ɋɬɢɯɢ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ ɦɚɥɨɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ, ɬɪɚɮɚɪɟɬɧɵ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ „ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ” ɜɢɪɲɟɣ ɢ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɚɦɨɛɵɬɧɨ-ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ-ɫɬɢɥɟɜɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ: Ɂɜɹɤɧɭɥɢ ɰɟɩɢ… ɉɪɨɳɚɣ, ɦɨɹ ɜɨɥɹ! ȼɧɨɜɶ ɩɪɟɞɨ ɦɧɨɸ ɬɹɠɟɥɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ. Ƚɪɨɦɱɟ ɡɜɟɧɢ, ɦɨɹ ɩɟɫɧɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ! ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɧɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɭɞɚɪɵ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ. ________________ 8 ɊȽȺɅɂ (Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ), ɮ. 266, ɨɩ. 3, ɟɞ. ɯɪ. 54, ɥ. 1. 9 ȼ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɟ 1908 ɝ. ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ȼɚɪɝɭɡɢɧ. ɋ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɫɥɚɥ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɚɦ ɩɨ Ɂɟɪɟɧɬɭɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɨɪɝɟ ɫɬɢɯɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɱɤɨɣ: „ɋɤɚɡɤɚ, ɫɤɚɡɤɚ – ɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɟ” (Ⱥ. Ȼ ɨ ɧ ɢ ɲ ɤ ɨ, Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ. Ʉɚɬɨɪɝɚ ɢ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ, „ɂɫɬɨɪɢ-ɤɨ-ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɟɫɬɧɢɤ” 1926, ʋ 26, ɫ. 237).
[…] ɋɩɨɣ ɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɜ ɩɥɟɧ – ɧɟ ɪɚɛɵ, ȼɵɣɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɸ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ! Ƚɪɹɧɶ ɦɨɹ ɩɟɫɧɶ! ɂɡ ɬɟɦɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɥɟɧɚ, Ɇɱɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɥɶɟ, ɧɟ ɜɟɞɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɚ10. ȿɫɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɛɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɟ ɤɚɤ belles-letters, ɬɨ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɝ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɜ 1911 ɝ. ɩɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɭ „ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ”, ɜ ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɧɢɦɨɦ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ɇɟɠɞɚɧɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɋɬɚɪɵɣ ɞɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɢɟɦ Ⱥɜɤ-ɜɨɣ (ɤɧ. 6, ɫ. 77–119; ɞɚɥɟɟ – ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ)11. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɟɱɚɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ ɢ ɫɸ-ɠɟɬɧɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ12. ɉɨ ɫɸɠɟɬɭ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ ɜ ɞɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɥɨɤɭɫɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɴɟɡɠɚɟɬ ɟɜɪɟɣ-ɩɪɨɜɢɡɨɪ ɋɟɪɝɟɣ Ⱥɤɢɦɨɜɢɱ Ƚɨɥɶɞɛɟɪɝ: Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɫɧɹɥ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɭ ɋɟɪɝɟɣ Ⱥɤɢɦɨɜɢɱ Ƚɨɥɶɞɛɟɪɝ, ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɥ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɨɥɶ-ɫɬɜɢɟ: – ȼɨɬ ɢ ɠɢɞ ɤ ɧɚɦ ɡɚɛɪɚɥɫɹ. ɉɨɣɞɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɹ! ɀɢɞɟɧɹɬɚ, ɪɟɜ, ɩɥɚɱ. ɒɭɦɭ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɪɟɲɶɫɹ. ɇɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɨɲɥɨɫɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨ. ɍ Ƚɨɥɶɞɛɟɪɝɚ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɢ ɩɪɢɟɯɚɥ ɨɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɟɧɨɣ – ɯɭɞɟɧɶɤɨɣ, ɦɨɥɱɚɥɢɜɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ, ɞɚ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɟɠɥɢɜɵɦ, ɫɦɢɪɧɵɦ. ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪ ɭɫɩɨɤɨɢɥɫɹ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɥɚɧɹɥɫɹ ɟɦɭ, ɯɨɬɹ ɟɜɪɟɟɜ ɬɟɪɩɟɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɞɜɨɪɧɢɤɭ ɨɛ ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɤɚɯ (ɫ. 79). Ƚɟɪɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ – ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪ ɋɟɪɝɟɣ Ʉɪɟɦɥɟɜ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɟɦɚ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ „ɤɪɚɫ-ɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɯɚ” – ɬɟɪɪɨɪɢɫɬɨɜ, ɝɨɬɨɜɹɳɢɯ ɚɤɰɢɸ: ɹɜɤɢ, ɤɨɧɫɩɢɪɚɰɢɹ, ɧɟɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ – ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɨɬɡɨɜɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɉɵɥɶ (1915). Ɉɬɡɨ-ɜɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɉɵɥɢ, ɚ ɪɚɡɨɥɶɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ „ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ” ɋɨɛɨ-ɥɹ, ɦɨɬɢɜ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɣ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɷɤɡɚɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɧɚɞɥɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɠɢɜɭɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɚɞɚ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɠɟɥɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɧɱɢɬɶ ɫɱɟɬɵ ɫ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ ɋɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ, ɉɟɬɪ, ɠɚɥɭ-ɟɬɫɹ Ʉɪɟɦɥɟɜɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɞɢɬ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɭɦɟɪɟɬɶ: Ɍɵ ɧɟ ɞɭɦɚɣ, ɹ ɧɟ ɬɪɭɫ. ə ɧɟ ɛɨɸɫɶ. ɇɨ ɫɤɚɠɢ ɬɵ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɥɢ ɹ ɩɨɣɬɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɠɭ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɯɨɱɭ ɭɦɟɪɟɬɶ. Ɇɧɟ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɬɶ. ɍɫɬɚɥ ɹ, ɋɟɪɟɠɚ. ȼɫɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɟ ɭɦɟɪɥɨ. Ɍɭɩɚɹ ɛɨɥɶ ɜɨ ɦɧɟ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɬɨɫɤɚ, ɋɟɪɟɠɚ! ɂ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɦɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɠɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫɦɟɪɬɶ – ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ. ɂ, ɞɭɦɚɹ ɬɚɤ, ɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɞɬɢ ɫ ɜɚɦɢ. ȼɟɞɶ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɚ ɹ ɜɟɞɶ ɧɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɠɟɪɬɜɭɸ. ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. Ɇɨɠɟɲɶ ɥɢ ɬɵ, ɢɦɟɟɲɶ ɥɢ ɬɵ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɱɚɯɨɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ, ________________ 10 ɘ. ɋ ɨ ɛ ɨ ɥ ɶ, ɉɟɫɧɢ ɧɟɜɨɥɢ, „Ȼɵɥɨɟ – ɝɪɹɞɭɳɟɟ” 1908, ʋ 1 (5), ɫ. 8. 11 ȼ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ ɡɚ 1912 ɝ. ɛɵɥ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧ ɪɨɦɚɧ ɒɨɥɨɦ-Ⱥɥɟɣɯɟɦɚ Ȼɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɜɟɡɞɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ. 12Ƚɨɞɵ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ, ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɟɧɟ, Ɋ.ɋ. Ȼɚɯɦɭɬɫɤɨɣ, ɨɬ 19 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ 1917 ɝ., ɋɨ-ɛɨɥɶ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɩɨ ɨɲɢɛɤɟ ɝɨɞɨɦ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɋɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ 1912 ɝ., ɩɢɫɚɥ ɨ ɧɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɩɟɪ-ɜɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ Ɂɜɟɧɶɹ, ɨɧ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɡɚɛɜɟɧɢɸ (ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ).
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɫɹɰ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɭɦɟɪɟɬɶ: ɢɞɢ, ɬɟɛɟ ɧɟɱɟɝɨ ɬɟɪɹɬɶ, ɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɭɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɭɦɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ? ȼɟɞɶ ɧɟɬ? ɗɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɝ, ɧɟ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ, ɚ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɚɤ ɢ ɹ... ɇɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɬɟɪɹɸ, ɋɟɪɟɠɚ! ȼɨɬ ɭɠɟ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟɞɟɥɹ, ɤɚɤ ɹ ɧɟ ɫɩɥɸ. ɇɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɡɚɫɧɭɬɶ. Ʌɟɠɭ ɢ ɞɭɦɚɸ, ɥɟɠɭ ɢ ɞɭɦɚɸ. ɂ ɫɢɥ ɧɟɬ... ȼɫɸɞɭ ɛɨɥɢɬ... (ɫ. 92). ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɭ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɟɪɨɢ, ɞɨ ɧɟɨɬɥɢ-ɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɫ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ, ɦɭɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɞɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɵɥɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɦɨɧɨɥɨɝɢ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬ. ɇɨ ɢ ɋɬɚɪɵɣ ɞɨɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɞɟɛɸɬɧɨɣ ɜɟɳɶɸ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ. ɉɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɦ ɞɟɛɸɬɨɦ ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɜɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ – Ȼɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɟ (ɂɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ) ɢ Ɇɚɱɟɯɚ Ɋɭɞɢ (ɫ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ), ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɢɥɶɧɸɫɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ „Ɂɨɪɶɤɚ” ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ʋ 10 ɡɚ 1905 ɝ. ɢ ʋ 2 ɡɚ 190613. ɂ ɬɨɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ „ɠɚɥɨɫɬɥɢɜɵɯ” ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɭ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɬɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɭɸ ɪɭɤɭ ɛɭɞɭ-ɳɟɝɨ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, – ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶ-ɧɭɸ ɧɟɢɫɤɭɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɵɬɧɨɫɬɶ „ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ” ɞɟɛɸɬɚɧɬɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɵ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ – ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɩɭɬɶ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ. ɉɨ ɫɸɠɟɬɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, 13-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɨɤ ȼɚɫɸɬɤɚ, ɨɬɞɚɧ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɩɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɭ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɛɨɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɟɪɩɢɬ ɨɧ ɨɬ ɯɨɡɹɢɧɚ-ɫɚɩɨɠɧɢɤɚ, ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɧɟɜɵɧɨɫɢɦɵɦ ɤɨɲ-ɦɚɪɨɦ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɨɧ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɦ, ɉɟɬɶɤɨɣ, ɜ „ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ” ɢɡɭɜɟɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɯɨɡɹɢɧɨɦ: („Ɋɚɡ ɟɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɢɧ ɬɨɥɤɧɭɥ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɟɥɨɜɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɉɟɬɹ ɫɥɟɬɟɥ ɫ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɜɵɜɢɯɧɭɥ ɧɨɝɭ. ȿɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɥɢ ɜ ɱɭɥɚɧ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɩɨ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɞɧɹɦ ɥɟɠɚɥ ɜ ɭɝɥɭ ɧɚ ɤɭɱɟ ɬɪɹɩɶɹ. ɉɢɳɭ ɟɦɭ ɛɪɨɫɚɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɚɤɟ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɚɤɨɪɦɢɬɶ, ɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɣ ɉɟɬɹ ɩɨ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɥ”14). ɉɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ȼɚɫɸɬɤɢɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɜ ɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɣɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɝɞɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɚɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ – ɪɵɛɚɱɢɬɶ, ɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɥɟɫ ɩɨ ɹɝɨ-ɞɵ ɢ ɝɪɢɛɵ, ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤɢ ɛɟɝɭɬ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɚ ɫɚɩɨɠɧɢɤɚ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɛɟɝɥɟɰɨɜ ɩɨ-ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɪɟɤɚ, ȼɚɫɸɬɤɚ, ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɬɫɬɜɨ, ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫ-ɤɭɩɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢ ɬɨɧɟɬ. ɉɨɞɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɟɧɬɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ – „ɫ ɧɟɦɟɰ-ɤɨɝɨ” – ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ, ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɞɭɦɚɬɶ15, ɚ ɧɚ ________________ 13 ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɢ (ɬ. 8, ɂɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ 1996, ɫɬɥɛ. 80) ɪɚɫ-ɫɤɚɡ ɋɟɤɪɟɬ, ɹɤɨɛɵ ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ „Ɂɨɪɶɤɟ”, ɪɚɡɵɫɤɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ; ɧɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-ɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɦ. 14 ɘ. ɋ ɨ ɛ ɨ ɥ ɶ, Ȼɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɟ (ɂɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ), „Ɂɨɪɶɤɚ” 1905, ʋ 10, ɫ. 14–15. 15ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɡɜɭɱɚɬ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɥɨɯɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ, ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: „– ə ɯɨɱɭ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɩɟɧɢɹ…”, „ə ɧɚɞɟɹɥɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɚɤ ɝɨɪɹɱɨ ɠɟɥɚɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɛɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɶɸ…”, „Ɋɭɞɢ ɜɵɲɟɥ ɢɡ
ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɪɨɣ, „ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ, ɛɨɣɤɢɣ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤ” Ɋɭɞɢ (Ɋɭɞɨɥɶɮ), ɫɵɧ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚ, ɩɨ-ɦɟɳɟɧ ɧɟ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɭɸ, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ16. ɋɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ Ɋɭɞɢ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ: ɭ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤɚ ɧɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ Ȼɨɠɟɧɶ-ɤɚ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɥ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ – „ɤ ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɬ ɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɣ, ɧɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ”17. Ɉɬɟɰ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɨɦ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɭ, ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ. ɋɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɦɚɱɟɯɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɣ Ɋɭɞɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢ-ɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜ ɲɬɵɤɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɚɩɟɪɟɤɨɪ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɛɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɡɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɦɚɱɟɯɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ, ɫɬɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɮɟɸ: Ɉɧɚ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɟɫɟɥɨ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɥɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɥɭɛɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ-ɥɚɫɶ ɜɫɟɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɢɞɟɥɚ: ɪɚɞɨɜɚɪɚɞɨɜɚ-ɥɚɫɶ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɹɪɤɢɦ ɥɭɱɚɦ, ɪɚɞɨɜɚɪɚɞɨɜɚ-ɥɚɫɶ, ɝɥɹɞɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɨɱɤɭ ɤɪɨɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɛɹɬ, ɢɝɪɚɜɲɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɨɜ. – Ʉɚɤ ɹ ɪɚɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɭ ɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟ, – ɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɨɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɦɹɝɤɢɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɭɸ ɬɪɚɜɤɭ, ɫɥɵɲɚɬɶ ɩɟɧɢɟ ɩɬɢɰ, ɞɵɲɚɬɶ ɫɜɟɠɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. ɇɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɹ ɪɚɞɭɸɫɶ ɦɨɟɦɭ ɦɚɥɶɱɭɝɚɧɭ18. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɢ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ, ɧɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɩɟɬɧɭɸ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɧɟɦ, Ɋɭɞɢ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ: ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɭɩɪɹɦɨ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɢ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɢ-ɞɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ. ɉɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɣ ɫɬɟ-ɪɟɨɬɢɩ ɡɥɨɣ ɦɚɱɟɯɢ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɪɧɭɬ: ɧɟ ɨɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɫɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɵɦ ɫɵɧɨɦ, ɚ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɧɟɡɚ-ɫɥɭɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɫɬɶ. ȼɢɞɹ ɷɬɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɚɪɚɧɢɹɯ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ, ɨɬɟɰ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɩɚɧɫɢɨɧ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ Ɋɭɞɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɱɚɹɧɢɟ. ɉɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɧ ɭɛɟɝɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɚ, ɞɟɪɠɚ ɩɭɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɞɛɢɳɟ, ɤ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ ɩɨɤɨɣ-ɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ. ɂ ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɧɚ ɤɥɚɞɛɢɳɟ, ɢɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɬɨɩɨɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɬɪɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɭɲɟɳɢɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨ-ɪɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɦɧɚɹ ɫɰɟɧɚ, ɫɥɟɡɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɟɧɱɚɟɬ ɦɟɥɨɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɮɨɫ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ: ȼɨɪɨɬɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ. Ɉɧ [Ɋɭɞɢ] ɩɨɞɨɲɟɥ ɤ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ. ȼɫɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɚɦ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠ-ɧɟɦɭ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɪɚɦɨɪɧɨɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɟ ɜɢɫɟɥ ɜɟɧɨɤ. Ɋɭɞɢ ɭɡɧɚɥ ɟɝɨ, ɨɧ ɜɱɟɪɚ ɜɢɞɟɥ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɫɬɨɥɢɤɟ ɦɚɱɟɯɢ. ɋɨɥɧɰɟ ɡɚɲɥɨ – ɫɬɚɥɨ ɬɟɦɧɟɬɶ. Ɋɭɞɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ – ɨɧ ɫɬɨɹɥ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɧɹɯ ɢ ɝɨɪɶɤɨ ɩɥɚɤɚɥ. ȼɨɬ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɞɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɚɹ ɥɭɧɚ; ɫɬɚɥɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ, ɚ Ɋɭɞɢ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɫɬɨɹɥ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɧɹɯ ɢ ɩɥɚɤɚɥ, ɤɚɤ ɜɞɪɭɝ ɱɶɹ-ɬɨ ɪɭɤɚ ɧɟɠɧɨ ɥɟɝɥɚ ɟɦɭ ɧɚ ɩɥɟɱɨ. ________________ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɚ, ɛɪɨɫɢɥɫɹ ɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɚɞ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɢ ɩɨɲɟɥ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ. Ɉɧ ɜɫɟ ɲɟɥ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɛ-ɥɢɡɢɥɫɹ ɞɨ ɤɥɚɞɛɢɳɚ” ɢ ɩɨɞ. 16Ɇɥɚɞɲɢɣ ɛɪɚɬ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ, ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ, ɝɨɞɵ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ, ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɥ: Ʉɨɝɞɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ɩɪɢɧɟɫ ɞɨɦɨɣ ɷɬɨɬ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ [„Ɂɨɪɶɤɭ”], ɹ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ-ɬɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɪɨɫɢɥɫɹ ɩɨɧɸ-ɯɚɬɶ ɫɜɟɠɭɸ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɭɸ ɤɪɚɫɤɭ (ɑɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ, ɂɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ). 17 ɘ. ɋ [ɨ ɛ ɨ] ɥ ɶ, Ɇɚɱɟɯɚ Ɋɭɞɢ, ɩɟɪ. ɫ ɧɟɦɟɰ., „Ɂɨɪɶɤɚ” 1906, ʋ 2, ɫ. 38. 18 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 43.
Ɉɧ ɢɫɩɭɝɚɧɧɨ ɨɛɟɪɧɭɥɫɹ – ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ ɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɦɚɱɟɯɚ. – ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ-ɬɨ ɹ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɬɟɛɹ, Ɋɭɞɢ, – ɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɨɧɚ ɥɚɫɤɨɜɨ ɢ, ɡɚɦɟɬɢɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɥɚɱɟɬ, ɜɡɹɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɪɭɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɚ: – Ɋɭɞɢ! ɉɨɡɜɨɥɶ ɯɨɬɶ ɭ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ ɬɜɨɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɫ ɬɨɛɨɣ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɟɧɹ ɬɜɨɣ ɨɬɟɰ ɫɸɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɡ, ɹ ɪɚɞɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɚɣɞɭ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹ ɫɦɨɝɭ ɥɸɛɢɬɶ. ɋɤɚɠɢ ɯɨɬɶ ɪɚɡ: ɨɬɱɟɝɨ ɬɵ ɬɚɤ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨ ɫɨ ɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɲɶɫɹ? Ɉɬɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɜɨɹ ɦɚɦɚ ɦɟɪɬɜɚ? – ɜɟɪɶ ɦɧɟ, – ɹ ɟɟ ɬɨɠɟ ɥɸɛɢɥɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜɵɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɱɟɯɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɭɫɨɩɲɟɣ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ ɟɟ ɝɨɞɚɦɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢ-ɦɚɥɚ Ɋɭɞɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ „ɫɜɨɟɝɨ”, „ɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ”, ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɟɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɟɟ ɞɭɲɟ ɟɳɟ ɞɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɫ ɧɢɦ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɟɤɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɢ ɧɚ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ – ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɣ ɦɚ-ɬɟɪɶɸ Ɋɭɞɢ, ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɢɜ ɦɟɥɨɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɭɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɫɬ-ɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɤɥɚɞɛɢɳɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɫɰɟɧɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɧɬɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɨɜɤɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ 9-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɩɵɥɤɨɝɨ ɸɧɨɲɢ ɢ ɜɨ-ɨɛɳɟ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɭ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɢɦɵɦ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɤɚɦɢ: – Ɇɚɦɚ! – ɜɫɤɪɢɤɧɭɥ Ɋɭɞɢ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɤɢɩɟɜɲɟɟ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɝɪɭɞɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɧɢ, ɜɫɹ ɦɭɤɚ ɜɵɥɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɟ. – Ɇɚɦɚ! Ɇɨɠɟɲɶ ɥɢ ɬɵ ɦɟɧɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɣ? – Ɋɭɞɢ! Ɇɨɣ ɦɢɥɵɣ, ɝɥɭɩɟɧɶɤɢɣ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤ! Ɍɵ ɟɳɟ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɲɶ? – ɫ ɥɸɛɨɜɶɸ ɨɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɧɹɥɚ ɢ ɧɟɠɧɨ ɩɨɰɟɥɨɜɚɥɚ. – ɂɞɟɦ ɞɨɦɨɣ! ɏɨɥɨɞɧɨ, – ɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɨɧɚ, ɜɡɹɜ ɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɪɭɤɭ19. ɗɬɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ meaning-making system – ɫɦɵɫɥɨɫɨɡɢɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɵɬɵ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ, ɝɨɞɵ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɰɟɧ-ɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɇɟɬ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɠɟɜɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɩɭɫɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɚɬɵ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥ 1913 ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ 1914 ɝɨɞ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ, ɢ ɧɟɛɟɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ, ɟɝɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɟɛɢ-ɦɚɹ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɫɩɨɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɢ-ɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦ ɪɚɧɟɟ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɣ ɞɟɹ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɫɹ ɸɧɵɣ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ – ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɚɝɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɜ Ʌɢɬɜɟ ɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ (ɡɚ ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɜ ɫɤɨɪɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɬɢɬɫɹ ɚɪɟɫɬɨɦ, ɜɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɢɛɭɧɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɬɨɪɝɨɣ ɜ ɞɚɥɟɤɨɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ) – ɢ „ɫɥɟɡɥɢɜɨɣ” ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɟɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɧ-ɰɢɢ, ɫ ɟɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɦɟɥɨɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɸɠɟɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɧɵɦ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɮɨɫɨɦ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɭɸ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɨɳɚɞɧɭɸ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɹɥɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɚɜɨɦɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɪɪɨɪɭ, ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟ-ɥɟɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɯɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ, ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, ɫ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ-ɬɟɪɪɨɪɢɫɬɚ ɋɟɪɝɟɹ ɋɬɟɩ-________________ 19 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 51–52.
ɧɹɤɚ-Ʉɪɚɜɱɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɰɟɜ ɉɟɬɪɚ Ɇɟɧɶɲɢɧɚ-əɤɭɛɨɜɢɱɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɢɫɚɜ-ɲɟɣ ɫɬɢɯɢ ȼɟɪɵ Ɏɢɝɧɟɪ, ɞɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɢɫɬɚ ȼɢɤɬɨɪɚ Ɋɨɩɲɢɧɚ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ „ɜ ɦɢ-ɪɭ” ɤɚɤ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɋɚɜɢɧɤɨɜ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɛɨɦɛɢɫɬɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ʉɚɥɹɟɜɚ, ɭɛɢɣɰɵ ɜɟɥ. ɤɧ. ɋɟɪɝɟɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɢɱɚ… Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ „ɜɩɪɹɝɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɬɟɥɟɝɭ” ɜɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ ɜɟɳɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɟ – ɬɟɪ-ɪɨɪ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭ-ɝɨɣ, ɚɩɨɥɨɝɟɬɨɜ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɝɭɦɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɢɞɚɧɢɹ, ɛɟɡ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧ ɢ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ. ɍɩɨɦɢɧɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɥɚɞɲɢɣ ɛɪɚɬ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ, ɜɩɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɥ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɠɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɶ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɠɢɜɨɦɭ, ɤɪɨɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɦɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɭɞɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɵ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɧɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ, – ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭ-ɝɚɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɢɯɢɢ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ɛɵɥ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ ɦɟɧɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɨɞɚ, – ɩɢɫɚɥ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ, – ɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɪɨɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɨɧ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɥ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɨɛɢɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ, ɨɛɨɣɞɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɳɭɳɚɥ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɱɭɬɤɨɣ ɞɭɲɨɣ. ɉɨɦɧɸ ɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɡɢɦɧɸɸ ɩɨɪɭ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɫɹ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ ɞɨɦɨɣ ɛɟɡ ɬɟɩɥɵɯ ɩɟɪɱɚɬɨɤ ɢ ɫ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɬɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥ ɦɚ-ɬɟɪɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɱɚɬɤɢ ɨɧ ɨɬɞɚɥ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤɭ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɛɨɪɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɲɟɦɭ. ɗɬɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɧɬɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ „ɞɨɛɪɨɬɵ”, ɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡ-ɪɚɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ [sic] ɦɵɫɥɢ ɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɟ, ɨ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɦɧɨɝɨ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɡɚ ɜɫɸ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɧɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɲɢɣ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɚɪɚɩɢɧɵ ɧɢɤɨɦɭ, ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɭɩɨɪɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɰɟɥɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɢɬɶ ɫɜɢɪɟɩɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɠɚɧɞɚɪɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɬɦɢɫɬɪɚ. Ȼɭɞɭɱɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ Ʉɟɪɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɷɬɨɬ ɛɟɡɨɛɢɞɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨ-ɜɟɤ, ɜ ɸɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɫɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɞ ɫɭɞɶɛɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɹɞɢ Ɍɨɦɚ, ɡɜɚɥ ɜ ɨɤɨɩɵ ɫɨɥɞɚɬ, ɜɨ ɢɦɹ Ɋɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɧɟɥɟɩɭɸ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɞɨ ɩɨɛɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ, ɡɚ ɱɬɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨ-ɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɢɡ Ɉɞɟɫɫɤɨɣ ɑɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɟɥ, ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɛɟɝɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɨɢɪɚ20. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ, ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɟɝɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɤɚɬɨɪɝɢ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɫɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɛɥɢɡɢɥɫɹ ɫ ɷɫɟɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨ-ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɵɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɚ-________________ 20 ɑɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ (ɂɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ). ɐɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɟɦ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ ɫ ɞɟɬɫɬɜɚ ɞɜɭɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɬɵ ɢ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɥɢ-ɜɨɝɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚ-ɤɨ, ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɦɚɥɨɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ „ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɮɚ”: ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɦɢɫ-ɫɚɪɚ ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ, ɢ Ɉɞɟɫɫɤɨɣ ɑɄ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ, ɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɟɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɱɟɤɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɸɪɶɦɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɝɨɞɚ (ɦɚɪɬ–ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1921 ɝ.), ɢɡ-ɩɨɞ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɟɥɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɛɟɠɚɥ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪɟɧ.
ɦɵɯ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ, ɮɢɝɭɪ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ „ɜɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ”, ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɭ ɉɵɥɶ (1915), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɟɦɚ ɬɟɪɪɨ-ɪɚ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɬɟɪɪɨ-ɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɬɟɪɪɨ-ɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɭɦ. Ɋɨɦɚɧ ɉɵɥɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɥ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɢɪɢɢ ɞɜɟ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ ɬɟɦɵ – ɬɟɪɪɨɪɚ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɫɟɦɢɬɢɡɦɚ: ɨɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɥ ɧɚ ɸɞɨɮɨɛɫɤɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɪɚɠɟɧɚ „ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɹ” ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ: ɝɟɪɨɢ „ɧɨɜɨɣ” Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɱɟɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɵɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ-„ɠɢɞɨɟɞɨɜ” ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ „ɫɬɚɪɨɣ”. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ-ɞɟɛɸɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɚɧɬɢɫɟɦɢɬɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟ-ɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɞɨɥɝɨ ɞɨ ɉɵɥɢ – ɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ ɇɚ ɩɨɪɨɝɟ, ɭɜɢɞɟɜɲɟɦ ɫɜɟɬ ɜ ɟɠɟɧɟɞɟɥɶ-ɧɢɤɟ „ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ” (1905, ʋ 35, 9 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ, ɫɬɥɛ. 34–39) ɢ ɩɨɞ-ɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ – ɘɥɢɣ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ. Ɍɪɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɟɜɪɟɹ, ɩɪɢɟɯɚɜɲɢɟ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬɟɱɤɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɫɞɚɱɢ ɷɤɫɬɟɪɧɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɨɜ – ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɪɨɫ-ɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɤɨɧɰɚ XIX – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XX ɜ.21 – ɠɢɜɭɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɟɣ, ɸɬɹɫɶ ɢ ɜɥɚɱɚ ɧɢɳɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɪɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɢɦɢ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɤɟ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – Ⱥɣɡɢɤ Ʉɨɫɩɨɩɨɥɢɬ (ɋɨɛɨɥɶ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɜ ɧɚɫɦɟɲɤɭ ɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɝɟɪɨɸ ɫɬɨɥɶ „ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɭɸ” ɮɚɦɢɥɢɸ) – ɫɜɹɬɨ ɜɟɪɢɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɟ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ „ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɞɟɬ ɢ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɝɟ, ɧɨɜɚɹ, ɫɜɟɬɥɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ” (ɫɬɥɛ. 36). ɗɬɚ ɫɥɟɩɚɹ ɢ ɧɚɢɜɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɚ ɨɬɞɚɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɡɟɣ, ɗɮɪɚɢɦɚ ɢ Ⱦɚɜɢɞɚ, ɜɧɨɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɚɞ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ȼɫɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚɱɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɝɪɨɦ: ɋɬɨɧɵ, ɤɪɢɤɢ ɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɪɚɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɜɫɸɞɭ. ɋɥɵɲɚɥɫɹ ɬɪɟɫɤ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ ɢ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ… Ɇɟɥɶɤɚɥɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɤɭɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɣ, ɩɥɚɬɤɢ… Ɋɚɡɛɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɨɱɤɢ ɜɢɧɚ, ɢ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɬɭɚɪɚɯ, ɧɚ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɫ ɨɫɤɨɥɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ, ɫ ɥɨɫɤɭɬɶɹɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɣ. ɂɡ ɨɤɨɧ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɥɟɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɫɤɚɦɟɣɤɢ, ɫɬɭɥɶɹ, ɤɪɭɩɧɚɹ ɦɟɛɟɥɶ… ɂɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɞɨɧɨɫɢɥɫɹ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɨɬɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɣ ɬɪɟɫɤ ɜɵɫɬɪɟɥɨɜ. ȼ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɤɚɤ ɫɧɟɠɢɧɤɢ, ɤɪɭɠɢ-ɥɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɶɹ ɢ ɩɭɯ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɭɥɢɰɵ ɛɟɥɨɸ, ɝɭɫɬɨɸ ɩɟɥɟɧɨɣ: ɜɚɥɢɥ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ, ɟɞɤɢɣ ɞɵɦ – ɢ ɧɚɞ ɜɫɟɦ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɠɚɫɨɦ ɫɬɨɹɥ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɝɪɨɦɤɢɣ ɤɥɢɱ: – Ȼɟɣ ɠɢɞɨɜ! (ɫɬɥɛ. 38). ɉɨɝɪɨɦɳɢɤɚɦɢ ɭɛɢɬ Ⱦɚɜɢɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɨɩɶɹɧɟɜɲɟɣ ɨɬ ɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɬɨɥɩɟ, ɨɬɫɬɪɟɥɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɚ. Ɍɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɫɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ Ⱥɣɡɢɤɚ ɫ ɡɚɨɛɥɚɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɟɝɨ ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɝɪɟɲɧɭɸ ɡɟɦɥɸ, ɨɞɧɚ-ɤɨ ɨɬɪɟɡɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɢɲɨɞɧɚ-ɤɨɦ ɩɨɡɞɧɨ: ɨɧ ɜɵɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɪɭɤ ɦɟɪɬɜɨɝɨ Ⱦɚɜɢɞɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪ, ɧɚɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɨɡɜɟɪɟɜɲɭɸ ɬɨɥɩɭ, ɧɨ, ________________ 21 Oɛ ɷɬɨɦ cɦ., ɧɚɩɪ., ɜ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ Ɉ. Ⱦɵɦɨɜɚ (ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɞɢɲɟ – „Wos ich gedenk” 1943–1944): Ɉ. Ⱦ ɵ ɦ ɨ ɜ, ȼɫɩɨɦɧɢɥɨɫɶ, ɡɚɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ… ɂɡ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ ɜ 2-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ. T. 1: Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ɹ ɩɨɦɧɸ, ɩɟɪ. ɫ ɢɞɢɲɚ Ɇ. Ʌɟɦɫɬɟɪɚ; oɛɳ. ɪɟɞ., ɜɫɬɭɩ. ɫɬ. ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬ. ȼ. ɏɚɡɚɧɚ, Jerusalem 2011.
[…] ɪɚɫɫɟɤɚɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɜɡɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɬɹɠɟɥɚɹ ɞɭɛɢɧɚ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɸɠɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɧɹ, ɢ ɫ ɫɢɥɨɸ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ Ⱥɣɡɢɤɚ… Ɋɚɡɞɚɥɫɹ ɝɥɭɯɨɣ ɭɞɚɪ… ɉɪɨɡɜɟɧɟɥ ɟɥɟ ɫɥɵɲɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɧ… ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɬɪɟɫɧɭɥɨ, ɢ ɛɟɫɲɭɦɧɨ ɭɩɚɥɨ ɬɟɥɨ… Ʉɨɫɦɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɛɵɥ ɦɟɪɬɜ… (ɫɬɥɛ. 39). ɇɟɬ ɧɚɞɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɧɟɨɩɵɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɛɸ-ɬɚɧɬɚ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɵ ɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧ ɪɢɫɭɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ, ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɚ-ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ – ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɚɦ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɨɛɪɚ-ɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ, ɪɨɛɤɢɦ ɢ ɧɟɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɚɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɹɪɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɋɨɛɨɥɶ ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨ ɧɟ ɨɬ-ɬɟɧɹɥ ɛɵ ɋɨɛɨɥɹ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ, ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɧɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ-ɜɚɥ ɛɵ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɦ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɚɜ-ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɜɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɭɦɟɫɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ 20 ɥɟɬ) ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ „ɪɨɦɚɧ ɫ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ”. ɇɨ ɫɚɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɨ-ɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɣ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ – ɟɟ ɬɟɦɩ, ɷɬɚɩɵ ɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ – ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
