The importance of habitat islands in the preservation
of relict xerothermic and calcicolous epigeic lichens based
on the example of the “Ostnicowe Parowy Gruczna”
nature reserve (N Poland)
Miros a a Ce no a-Gie on E ta amska* ariusz Kami ski
1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\)DFXOW\RI%LRORJ\DQG(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ&KDLURI*HRERWDQ\ DQG/DQGVFDSH3ODQQLQJ/ZRZVND7RUXĔ3RODQG*e-mail: adamska@umk.pl
Received: 24 March 2017/Accepted: 31 May 2017
bstract. The objective of this paper is to discuss the role of environmental islands isolated in the agricultural landscape in the
pres-ervation of xerothermic and calcicolous epigeic lichens. The site of lichens associated with relict steppe vegetation, rare in northern Poland, has been preserved in the reserve “Ostnicowe Parowy Gruczna”. The list of lichen taxa identified in the study area comprises 16 species that are very rare in lowland, e.g. Gyalolechia fulgens, Heppia adglutinata, Squamarina lentigera, Endocarpon pusillum,
Gyalolechia bracteata, Placidium squamulosum and Toninia sedifolia. In many places, the lichens associated with dry grasslands
become extinct despite the optimum light conditions. These lichen species are sensitive to the impact of agriculture. Preservation of epigeic lichens’ localities is possible in specific habitat conditions when they are isolated from surface runoff of fertile farm water.
Ke or s terricolous lichens, relicts, anthropogenic changes, dry grasslands lichens, habitat island.
1. ntro uction
The most favourable conditions for the growth and spread of xerothermic and calcicolous epigeic (terricolous) lichens prevailed in the early postglacial periods, before the de-velopment of forest communities. At that time, not only the climate, but also large areas of bare soil favoured the development of lichens. During the subsequent dominance of forest communities, epigeic lichens could thrive only over small areas, often on eroded slopes of river valleys. Deforestation of lands carried out by man created habi-tats supporting terrestrial heliophytes under conditions of competition with shadow-preferring forest plant communi-ties. As a result, common species encountered on dunes, on the edges of forests and within thinned forest stands were VSUHDGLQJ )RU WKLV UHDVRQ UDUH VSHFLHV ZLWK D VWURQJO\
fragmented geographic range require more comprehensive studies and observations. Species susceptible to changes in the soil fertility associated with intensification of agricul-WXUHUHTXLUHVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQ &H\QRZD &H\QRZD *LHáGRQHWDO
Epigeic xerothermophilous lichens, often reported IURPXSODQGUHJLRQVRIVRXWKHUQ3RODQG &LHĞOLĔVNL 1RZDN 2OHFK 7REROHZVNL :yM-ciak, 1987), are among less common components of the OLFKHQ ELRWD LQ QRUWKHUQ ORZODQG 3RODQG *ODQF )DáW\QRZLF] )LOLSHN 7REROHZVNL :LH F]RUHN 6FKLHIHOEHLQ 'DWDRQOLFKHQVRFFXUULQJRQ xerothermic grasslands outside Poland are provided e.g. by /|EHOHWDO 2WWH 5lW]HO DQG6FKLHIHOEHLQ (2002). In Poland, scattered localities of xerocontinental OLFKHQVZHUHGHVFULEHGIURPWKHORZHU9LVWXOD &H\QRZD
&H\QRZD*LHáGRQ &H\QRZD *LHáGRQ *OD]LN &H\QRZD*LHáGRQHWDO
Xerothermophilous lichens belong to the group of con-VLGHUDEO\WKUHDWHQHGRUJDQLVPVLQ3RODQG &LHĞOLĔVNLHWDO $FFRUGLQJWR&LHĞOLĔVNL &]\ĪHZVND H[-ploitation of rock materials and afforestation of grasslands are major risk factors.
The objective of this paper was to present the results of the lichenological research carried out in the “Ostni-cowe Parowy Gruczna” nature reserve in 2003 as well as to answer the question why this community of lichens has survived only over a small area in this reserve and QRWLQWKHRWKHUSDUWVRIWKHORZHU9LVWXOD5LYHU"'DWDRQ the occurrence of xerothermophilous species in the Polish Lowlands, referred to as a relict site, represent a valuable reference material for further observations of the dynam-ics of changes in the distribution of these taxa in time and space in Poland.
2. The stu area
The described site of epigeic lichens is located within the boundaries of the “Ostnicowe Parowy Gruczna” nature re-serve. The nature reserve with an area of 23.79 ha was
created in 1999 to preserve varied erosional clefts on the VORSHV RI WKH 9LVWXOD 5LYHU YDOOH\ ZLWK XQLTXH [HURWKHU-PLFYHJHWDWLRQ 5R]SRU]ąG]HQLH ,WLVORFDWHGQHDU the village of Gruczno, about 30 km north-east of the city RI%\GJRV]F] $732/&% && )LJ 7KHQDWXUH reserve area resembles an irregular strip with a length of 1.5 km and a width of 100–400 m. The steep slope of the ĝZLHFLH3ODWHDXVFDUSULVHVKHUHFDPDERYHWKHIORRU RIWKH)RUGRQ9DOOH\ZKLFKLVWKHILUVWVHFWLRQLQWKH/RZHU 9LVWXOD YDOOH\7KH GLYHUVH PRUSKRORJ\ RI WKH VORSHV UH-sults in diverse habitats with varied exposure (southern, eastern and north-eastern) and inclination of slopes ranging from 15° to 40°. Slopes consist of sand, loam and clay with D KLJK FRQWHQW RI FDOFLXP FDUERQDWH &H\QRZD*LHáGRQ :DOGRQ $UDEOHILHOGVDQGEXLOGLQJVRIWKH*UXF] no village are located in the immediate vicinity of the na-ture reserve (Adamska et al., 2015).
3. Metho s
The lichenological fieldwork was carried out in the “Ostni-cowe Parowy Gruczna” nature reserve on the 18th Septem-ber 2003. To obtain data on the occurrence of xerothermo-SKLORXVOLFKHQVIRXUUHOHYpVZHUHPDGHXVLQJWKHJHQHUDOO\
accepted Braun-Blanquet method. Taxonomic identifica-tion of the collected lichen thalli was based, inter alia, on WKHIROORZLQJVWXGLHV 1RZDN 7REROHZVNL :LUWK (1995), Purvis et al. 1994 and Smith et al. (2009).
The nomenclature of lichen species follows main-O\ )DáW\QRZLF] .RVVRZVND ,QGH[ )XQJRUXP (2017).
Categories of threat were determined according to the Red List of Threatened Lichens in Poland according to &LHĞOLĔVNLHWDO &5±&ULWLFDOO\(QGDQJHUHG(1 ±(QGDQJHUHG98±9XOQHUDEOH17±1HDU7KUHDWHQHG and the protection status according to Regulation of the 0LQLVWHURIWKH(QYLURQPHQW 5R]SRU]ąG]HQLH 7KH
identified material was deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Geobotany and Landscape Planning, Nico-ODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\LQ7RUXĔ 751 7KHORFDWLRQ of sites was based on the grid of ATPOL squares according WR=DMąF
4. Results
A total of 16 lichen species were identified at the study site in the community of initial xerothermic grassland. Those were mostly epigeic lichens (Table 1).
Table 1. Toninio-Psoretum decipientis Stodiek 1937 fulgensietum bracteatae
ocation ate Gruczno 18.09.2003 Sa on *
o. o rel e 1 2 3 4 Constanc11 rel es
Ch Ass
Gyalolechia fulgens . . + . I1
D Ass
Gyalolechia bracteata 1 + + + 9+ – 3
Ch Toninion caeruleonigricantis +DGDþ
Psoretalia decipientis Mattic H[)ROOPDQQ
Toninia sedifolia 2 1 1 + ,9ïʚð
Cladonia subrangiformis 1 . + + ,ï
Encalypta vulgaris 1 + . + III+ – 2
Squamarina lentigera . . . + ,ï
Placidium squamulosum . . . + ,9+ – 1
Cladonia pocillum + . . . ,,ïʚð
Heppia adglutinata . (+) . . .
Psora decipiens . . . . ,9ð
Ch Psoretea decipientis 0DWWLFNH[)ROOPDQQ
emend. Drehwald 1993:
Tortiella inclinata . . . . ,9+ – 2
Barbula fallax . I+
Barbula convoluta . + . . .
compan ing species
Blenothallia crispa 3 2 2 . .
Bryum caespiticium . 2 + 1
ocation ate Gruczno 18.09.2003 Sa on *
o. o rel e 1 2 3 4 Constanc11 rel es
Koeleria glaca + . + . . Festuca trachyphylla . 2 . . . Tortula ruralis . + + . . Stipa joannis . . . + . Silene otitis . . . + . Thymus pulegioides . . . . II+ –2 Potentilla neumanniana . . . . II+ – 2 Barbula revolute . . . . II2 Sedum acre . . . . II1 Peltigera rufescens . . . . II+ Festuca ovina . . . . I1 – 2 Sesleria coerulea . . . . I+ – 2 Koeleria pyramidata . . . . I2 Campanula rotundifolia . . . . I+ – 1 Brachypodium pinnatum . . . . I1 Hypnum lacunosum . . . . I1 Ditrichum flexicaule . . . . I1 Abietinella abietina . . . . I1 Enchylium tenax . . . . I+ Diploschistes muscorum . . . . I+ Bacidia bagliettoana . . . . I+ Circinaria calcarea . . . . I+ ̅7\SLFDOYDULDQWDFFWR'UHKZDOG DUHDRIUHOpYHV –FPð
They are part of an interesting community developed RQWKHVORSHRIWKH9LVWXOD5LYHUYDOOH\LQWKH³2VWQLFRZH Parowy Gruczna” reserve. This community forms an eas-ily noticeable, colourful, crustaceous mosaic of mosses and lichens on the ground. In terms of the species compo-sition, it resembles phytocoenoses Toninio-Psoretum de-cipientis fulgensietum bracteatae growing on gypsum and limestone. In the “Ostnicowe Parowy Gruczna” reserve, it has developed only in the form of the subassociation with Gyalolechia bracteata (Hoffm.) A. Massal. and cov-ers a small, sandy area of the eroding slope (Photo 1). The habitat is dry and warm, strongly sunlit. G. bracteata is the most conspicuous component of the community and is often accompanied by Toninia sedifolia (Scop.)
Tim-dal, whereas Gyalolechia fulgens 6Z 6¡FKWLQJ)U|GpQ $UXS and Squamarina lentigera (Weber) Poelt, are rare-ly encountered.
Among the identified 16 lichen species, 7 taxa are on WKH5HG/LVWRI7KUHDWHQHG/LFKHQVLQ3RODQG &LHĞOLĔVNL et al., 2006), including one – Gyalolechia fulgens – in the CR category, Heppia adglutinata and Squamarina len-tigera – in the EN category, Endocarpon pusillum and Gyalolechia bracteata, – LQWKH98FDWHJRU\, Placidium squamulosum and Toninia sedifolia in the NT category. )RXUVSHFLHVDUHOHJDOO\SURWHFWHGSXUVXDQWWRWKH5HJXOD-WLRQRIWKH0LQLVWHURIWKH(QYLURQPHQW 5R]SRU]ąG]HQLH WKUHH RI WKHVH VSHFLHV DUH VWULFWO\ SURWHFWHG Gyalolechia bracteata. G. fulgens and Squamarina
len-tigera. However, the complete list of components of the community comprises also other species that are rare in Poland, including not only lichens, but also mosses and vascular plants (Table 1). A smaller contribution of vas-cular plants in the communities described from Saxony results from the initial nature of the habitat.
A question arises why the described community of li-FKHQVVXUYLYHGDWWKHORZHU9LVWXOD5LYHURQO\RYHUDVPDOO area in the “Ostnicowe Parowy Gruczna” nature reserve?
5. iscussion
The lichens found in Gruczno: Gyalolechia bracteata, G. fulgens, Squamarina lentigera and Toninia sedifolia are en-countered on extremely xerothermic habitats together with Stipa joannis ýHOScorzonera purpurea L. and other relict species of the vascular flora. The first two of the above-PHQWLRQHGOLFKHQVSHFLHVRFFXUDWWKHORZHU9LVWXOD5LYHU only in the “Ostnicowe Parowy Gruczna” reserve – AT-32/ && &H\QRZD*LHáGRQ &H\QRZD*LHáGRQ *OD]LN
On the one hand the nearest localities of Gyalolechia bracteata DUHORFDWHGLQVRXWKHUQ6ZHGHQ 0REHUJ +RO-PnVHQ 6DQWHVVRQ EXWRQWKHRWKHULQVRXWKHUQ 3RODQG RQWKH1LGD5LYHULQWKH.UDNyZ:LHOXĔ8SODQG and further on in the mountains – the Tatras and the Pien-iny (Tobolewski, 1980). The second species – Gyalolechia fulgens occurs also in southern Sweden (Santesson, 1993) and, after a large gap in the range, in the southern uplands of Poland and in the west of Poland, i.e. on the lower Oder :yMFLDN )DáW\QRZLF]
$FFRUGLQJWR&H\QRZD*LHáGRQHWDO Squama-rina lentigera occurs in two nature reserves located in close proximity: “Ostnicowe Parowy Gruczna” – on the left bank DQG³=ERF]D3áXWRZVNLH´±RQWKHULJKWEDQNRIWKH9LVWXOD River, at remote sites located (similarly to the above-men-tioned species from the genus Gyalolechia) more than 250 km from their nearest localities in southern Sweden and in VRXWKHUQ3RODQG)XUWKHUPRUHSquamarina lentigera (like G. fulgens) occurs also at the lower Oder (Tobolewski, )DáW\QRZLF] :LHF]RUHN 6FKLHIHOEHLQ ZKLFKVLPLODUO\WRWKHORZHU9LVWXODLVFKDUDFWHULVHGE\ relatively high concentration of steppe vegetation.
3KRW9LHZRIWKHVRXWKHUQSDUWRIWKHQDWXUHUHVHUYH³2VWQLFRZH3DURZ\*UXF]QD´ZLWKHURGHGVORSHDQGUHOLFWORFDOLW\RIOLFKHQV SKRWRE\'.DPLĔVNL
Toninia sedifolia occurs at the largest number of sites )DáW\QRZLF] EXWWKRVHORFDWHGDWWKHORZHU9LVWXOD River gradually disappear.
According to Drehwalt (1993), Toninio-Psoretum de-cipientis is an association characterised by a discontinuous continental range, extending from southern Scandinavia (Öland) to the Mediterranean area. It appears that habi-tats similar to those in Gruczno occur also in many places DORQJWKHVORSHVRIWKH9LVWXOD5LYHUYDOOH\EXWWKHVXUYLYDO of lichens from the earlier climatic periods was determined by i.a. configuration of the slopes, because the lichens in question clearly respond to soil transformation. They are DEVHQWLQSODFHVRQWKH9LVWXOD5LYHUYDOOH\VORSHVZKHUH intensive surface runoff of fertilizers from plateau arable
fields occurs. As a consequence, they survived mostly in the “Ostnicowe Parowy Gruczna” reserve. The slope with phytocoenoses of Toninio-Psoretum decipientis fulgensi-etum bracteatae has a shape of a headland isolated by an erosional cleft. In addition, two conspicuous “humps” oc-cur in its upper part, which inhibit the runoff from the plateau, owing to which the water enriched with nutrients flows sideways and clearly bypasses the clusters of relict OLFKHQV )LJ
Nevertheless, the site in Gruczno has been affected to some extent by eutrophication. Unlike Toninio-Psoretum from gypsum and limestone in Saxony, phytocoenoses in Gruczno are characterised by higher contribution of nitro-philous species. Thalli of Blenothallia crispa, often with
)LJXUH'LDJUDPRIJHRPRUSKRORJ\DQGGLUHFWLRQRIWKHVXUIDFHUXQRIIRIIHUWLOH farm water on the slope with the relict locality of epigeic lichens
attached Endocarpon pusillum, play a particularly impor-tant role there. Enchylium coccophorum and in more hu-mid places E. limosum are encountered less frequently. It appears that the runoff of fertilizers is the main cause of rare occurrence of lichens in xerothermic grasslands of WKHORZHU9LVWXODEHFDXVHRWKHUOLFKHQVRIWKLQJUDVVODQGV also occurs mostly in places isolated from the direct run-off from arable lands. Lichens were not found in highly V\QDQWKURSLFSODFHVIRUH[DPSOHRQWKHKLOOIRUWLQ.DáGXV ³*yUDĞZ:DZU]\ĔFD´QDWXUHUHVHUYH QHDU&KHáPQRLQ well-developed patches of the steppe association Poten-tillo-Stipetum capillatae &H\QRZD*LHáGRQHWDO A similar situation occurs in thermophilous, anthro-SRJHQLFDOO\ PDOIRUPHG JUDVVODQGV LQ )ROXV] $GDPVND $GDPVNL 1LHQDUWRZLF]HWDO
6. Conclusions
Lichens associated with the relict steppe vegetation are the most interesting group among lichens encountered in WKHORZHU9LVWXODYDOOH\,WLVSUHVXPHGWKDWVRPHRIWKHVH VSHFLHV KDYH VXUYLYHG RQ WKH VORSH RI WKH 9LVWXOD 5LYHU valley, as did the relict species of vascular plants, since the first woodless postglacial periods. This was possible due to specific habitat conditions and erosion processes, which expose fresh layers of soil and the activity of man who transformed primeval forest areas into grazing lands. However, the sensitivity of lichens to the effects of human economy is greater compared to vascular plants.
Lichens associated with xerothermic grasslands be-come extinct despite the optimum light conditions and they are only able to survive at sites isolated from the surface runoff of fertile farm water.
ckno le gements
The authors are grateful to anonymous Reviewers for their valuable remarks and suggestions.
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5R]SRU]ąG]HQLH0LQLVWUDĝURGRZLVND]GQLD SDĨG]LHUQLND UZVSUDZLHRFKURQ\JDWXQNRZHMJU]\EyZ']8 poz. 1408 [Regulation of the Minister of Environment dated November 9, 2014 on the legally protected fungi, Dz.U. (Journal of Laws) item 1408].
5R]SRU]ąG]HQLH 1U :RMHZRG\ .XMDZVNR3RPRU-skiego z dnia 12 maja 1999 r. w sprawie uznania za UH]HUZDW SU]\URG\ SRG QD]Zą ³2VWQLFRZH SDURZ\ *UXF]QD´>5HJXODWLRQRI9RLYRGHRI.X\DYLDQ3RPHU-DQLDQ 9RLYRGHVKLS RQ WKH UHFRJQLWLRQ DV D QDWXUH UH-serve under the name “Ostnicowe parowy Gruczna”]. ']8U]:RMHZyG]WZD.XMDZVNR3RPRUVNLHJR] r. Nr 36, item 267.
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