SURVEY OF LITERATURE 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 5 2
283
H . I. B e l l , Philanthropia in the Papyri of the Roman period( H o m m a g e à J o s e p h Bidez "et à F r a n z C u m o n t coll. L a t o m u s vol. I I , p. 31 — 37, Bruxelles 1949).
T h e s t u d y of t h e p a p y r i of R o m a n epoch in w h i c h t h e t e r m φιλαν-θρωπία occurs, shows t h a t t h e r e are i n s t a n c e s m a n i f e s t i n g sincere e f f o r t s of t h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t t o c o m b a t abuses of t h e admini-s t r a t i o n or t o f a v o u r t h e economic r e c o v e r y of t h e c o u n t r y . E l b e r t L u c a s d e K o c k , Die Kosmeet in Egipte Diss.
Ley-de 1948 p. 178. n o t seen.
J . S с h e r e r, Les institutions politiques de Ptolémais à Г époque
romaine ( B I F A O 41 (1942) p. 66 — 71).
n o t seen.
J . S с h e r e r, Idiologue et archiereus ( B I F A O 4 1 (1942) p. 60 — 66). n o t seen.
A D M I N I S T R A T I V E L A W
H e n r i H e n n e , PSI 901 et la police de la pêche dans VEgypte
gréco-romaine dans ses rapports avec la religion ( R a c c o l t a di scritti
i n o n o r e d i Girolamo Vitelli I , p. 184 — 191).
T h e f i s h e r m e n w h o either in p u r s u a n c e of a c o n t r a c t concluded w i t h t h e s t a t e ( J o h n s o n ) or in consequence of t h e i r joining t h e fisher c o r p o r a t i o n or u p o n e n t e r i n g on their official duties were obliged t o t a k e a n o a t h u p o n n o t c a t c h i n g f i s h t h o u g h t t o be sacred, t a k e in this p a p y r u s a second one, w i t h o u t d o u b t on t h e occasion of a n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e or judicial e n q u i r y . T h e a u t h o r explains t h e m e a n i n g of t h i s o a t h f r o m t h e religious p o i n t of view.
R o g e r R e m o n d o n , UÉgypte et la suprême résistance du
christianisme ( V — V I I siAcle A. D.). ( E x t r a i t d u Bull, de l ' I n s t i
-t u -t f r a n ç a i s d'Archéologie orien-tale vol. 51 1952).
T h e a u t h o r is i n t e r e s t e d in t h e question for how long a n d in w h a t m a n n e r p a g a n i s m s u r v i v e d n o t in f o r m of s u p e r s t i t i o n s , or r e m -n a -n t s of w i t c h c r a f t i-n t o w -n s a -n d villages i-n Christia-n E g y p t , b u t
284 JOURNAL OF PAPYROLOGY
as a well-organized social m o v e m e n t . I n his conclusions t h e a u t h o r says t h a t a b o u t t h e y e a r 400 A. D. t h e forces of p a g a n i s m t h o u g h g r a d u a l l y d i s i n t e g r a t i n g are n o t disorganized b u t a r e still of mili-t a n mili-t spirimili-t a n d a mili-t e n d e n c y mili-t o resismili-t. A mili-t mili-t h e e n d of mili-t h i s smili-truggle, a b o u t 450 A. D . t h e p a g a n s were in m i n o r i t y and t h e i r n u m b e r s c o n s t a n t l y fell — so t h a t t h e hopes of their philosophers f o r p a g a n revival in 484 are a p u r e folly. T h e y t o o k r e f u g e in p a r t i c u l a r shel-t e r i n g places: shel-t h e School of A l e x a n d r i a , shel-t h e s a n c shel-t u a r i e s of Isis, c e r t a i n places in t h e U p p e r E g y p t . U n d e r J u s t i n i a n , p a g a n i s m al-m o s t dies o u t . Y e t soal-me vestiges survived, so s t u b b o r n l y t h a t w h e n a m e n d i n g a c o n s t i t u t i o n of Arcadius a n d H o n o r i u s concer-ning t h e a p p o i n t m e n t of t h e chiefs of S t a t e - w o r k e r c o r p o r a t i o n in A l e x a n d r i a (Cod. T h e o d . X I V , 27, 1) J u s t i n i a n a m e n d e d it w i t h a provision t h a t these chiefs should be Christians (C. J . 1, 4, 5). P a g a n i s m was still s t r o n g a n d one m a y a s s u m e t h a t n o t too f e w E g y p t i a n s h a d become M o h a m m e d a n s w i t h o u t h a v i n g ever been f i r s t c o n v e r t e d t o C h r i s t i a n i t y .
J . F . G i l l i a m , Paganus in BGU 896 ( R e p r . f r o m A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of Philology vol. L X X I I I , 1 p. 76 — 78).
I n t h i s short article t h e a u t h o r asserts a g a i n s t F i n k (cf. A m e r . J o u r n . of Phil. X L I I I (1942) p. 61 — 71) t h a t Candidus was m a d e c e n t u r i o n in an auxiliary cohort s t a t i o n e d in E g y p t directly f r o m civilian s t a t u s . Such a p p o i n t m e n t s were a p p a r e n t l y q u i t e rare. One m a y c o m p a r e however t h e legionary c e n t u r i o n s w h o were a p p o i n t e d d i r e c t l y to t h e c e n t u r i o n a t e , o f t e n ex e quite
Romano.
M a r i a J a c z y n o w s k a , Rozwój rzemiosła w świetle
papi-rusów z Oxyrynchos (The d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e h a n d i c r a f t in t h e
light of t h e p a p y r i in O x y r y n c h o s „ M e a n d e r " vol. V I 1951). I n t h e n o m o s O x y r y n c h o s t h e h a n d i c r a f t developed in a close dependence on t h e whole economic, social a n d political s i t u a t i o n in t h e G r e c o - R o m a n E g y p t . B u t developed were s u c h b r a n c h e s of p r o d u c t i o n w h i c h h a d t h e facility of g e t t i n g t h e r o w m a t e r i a l s on t h e spot as for i n s t a n c e t h e textile i n d u s t r y . T h e p r o d u c t i o n of t h e n o m o s O x y r y n c h o s was set u p r a t h e r t o m e e t t h e d e m a n d s of t h e local c o n s u m p t i o n t h e n for t h e e x p o r t . T h e whole c r a f t was s u b j e c t t o t h e S t a t e - c o n t r o l b u t in t h e R o m a n period t h e r e can be observed a distinct decline of monopolistic o r g a n i z a t i o n in t h e
