-RDQ6RUULEHV
(VFROD8QLYHUVLWÀULD)RUPDWLF%DUFHORQD MVRUULEHV#IRUPDWLFEDUFHORQDFRP-RVHS%R\UD
(VFROD8QLYHUVLWÀULD)RUPDWLF%DUFHORQD (PDLO bMRVHSER\UD#IRUPDWLFEDUFHORQDFRP5HVSRQVLEOH0DQDJHPHQW
RIb&XOWXUDO7RXULVP
$ % 6 7 5$& 7 &XOWXUDOWRXULVPLVDbSURGXFWZLWKDbVWURQJGHYHORSPHQWZLWKLQWKH LQWHUQDWLRQDOWRXULVPPDUNHW7KHFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWLVLQFUHDVLQJ-O\PRUHSUHVHQWLQWKHWRXULVWPDUNHWDQGFRQILJXUHVDbZKROHVHULHVRI SURGXFWVVHUYLFHVDQGHTXLSPHQWWKDWPHHWWKHPRWLYDWLRQVRIPDQ\ WRXULVWVZKHQWUDYHOLQJ7KHFRQVXPSWLRQRIWKHFXOWXUDORIIHULQWKH GHVWLQDWLRQLVDbFRPPRQSUDFWLFHERWKIRUWRXULVWVDQGUHVLGHQWVDVLW IRUPVDbSDWWHUQRIFRQVXPSWLRQDQGEHKDYLRUW\SLFDORIWKHVRFDOOHG DGYDQFHGVRFLHWLHV7KLVDUWLFOHZLOODQDO\]HWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKHWRXU-LVPVHFWRUWRSURPRWHRUGHUDQGPDQDJHWKHVHWRIKLVWRULFDODVVHWVDQG FXOWXUDOPDQLIHVWDWLRQVWKDWEXLOGXSWKHLGHQWLW\RIDbFRXQWU\WHUULWRU\ RUWRZQLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWKDWWKHFXOWXUDORIIHUJHQHUDWHVVRFLDODQG HFRQRPLFEHQHILWVDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHLWLVFRQVXPHGLQDbUHVSRQVLEOH DQGVXVWDLQDEOHPDQQHULQWKHWRXULVWGHVWLQDWLRQV K E Y W O R D S WRXULVPFXOWXUHVHUYLFHFRQVXPSWLRQDQG UHVSRQVLEOHPDQDJHPHQW 6 7 5 ( 6 = & = ( 1 , ( 2GSRZLHG]LDOQH]DU]ÈG]DQLHZbWXU\VW\FHNXOWXURZHM7XU\VW\ND NXOWXURZD MHVW SURGXNWHP LQWHQV\ZQLH UR]ZLMDMÈF\P VLÚ ZbVHJPHQFLHPLÚG]\QDURGRZHJRU\QNXWXU\VW\F]QHJR(OHPHQWNXO-WXURZ\ MHVW FRUD] EDUG]LHM REHFQ\ QD U\QNX WXU\VW\F]Q\P Lb VWZDU]D
FDïÈVHULÚSURGXNWöZXVïXJLbVSU]ÚWXNWöU\Z\FKRG]LQDSU]HFLZPRW\-ZDFMRPZLHOXSRGUöĝXMÈF\FK:\NRU]\VWDQLHRIHUW\NXOWXUDOQHMXbFHOX SRGUöĝ\MHVWSRZV]HFKQÈSUDNW\NÈ]DUöZQRWXU\VWöZMDNLbUH]\GHQWöZ LbNUHXMHZ]RU]HF]DFKRZDñNRQVXPHQFNLFKFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\FKGOD WDN]ZDQ\FKķVSRïHF]HñVWZUR]ZLQLÚW\FKĵ$UW\NXïSU]HGVWDZLDDQDOL- ]ÚXG]LDïXVHNWRUDWXU\VW\NLZbSURPRZDQLXSRU]ÈGNRZDQLXLb]DU]È- G]DQLX]DVREDPLKLVWRU\F]Q\PLRUD]NXOWXURZ\PLIHQRPHQDPLWZR-U]ÈF\PLWRĝVDPRĂÊNUDMXUHJLRQXOXEPLDVWD0DQDFHOXRFHQÚUROL RIHUW\NXOWXUDOQHMZbJHQHURZDQLXNRU]\ĂFLVSRïHF]Q\FKLbHNRQRPLF]-Q\FK SU]\ XZ]JOÚGQLHQLX UR]VÈGQHJR Lb ]UöZQRZDĝRQHJR VSRVREX Z\NRU]\VWDQLDRELHNWöZWXU\VW\F]Q\FK 6 2 :$ . /8 & = 2 : ( WXU\VW\NDNXOWXUDXVïXJLNRQVXPHQFNLH RGSRZLHG]LDOQH]DU]ÈG]DQLH
,QWURGXFWLRQ
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bVLQJOHXQLYHUVDOO\DFFHSWHGGHILQLWLRQRIĴFXOWXUDO WRXULVPĵ 'ROQLFDU +XJKHV ,QSDUWLWFDQEHH[SODLQHGEH- FDXVHDV'RQDLUH SURSRVHVFXOWXUDOWRXULVPLVDbFRQIURQWDWLRQEH- WZHHQWRXULVPDQGFXOWXUHDQGOLNHDOOFRQWDFWDUHDVLVDQLPSUHFLVHFRQ-FHSW&XOWXUDOWRXULVPLVDbIRUPRIWRXULVPZKLFKLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHIDFW WKDWYLVLWRUVijH\HVIRFXVRQFXOWXUDOPDQLIHVWDWLRQV)URPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZ RIFXOWXUHWRXULVPFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGRQHPRUHFXOWXUDOPDQLIHVWDWLRQ7KH WRXULVWH[SHULHQFHLVRQHRIWKHSRVVLEOHH[SHULHQFHVWKDWUHODWHLQGLYLGXDOV ZLWKWKHGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUDOPDQLIHVWDWLRQV$QGFXOWXUDOPDQDJHPHQWZRXOG FRQVLVWRIWKHPDQDJHPHQWDFWLYLWLHVRIYLVLWRUVUHKDELOLWDWLRQSUHVHUYDWLRQ UHVHDUFKFDWDORJLQJLQIRUPDWLRQRUGLVVHPLQDWLRQRIFXOWXUDOVSDFHV &XOWXUDO WRXULVP FDQ DOVR EH VR OLQNHG WR Db JURZLQJ W\SH RI WRXULVP ZKHUHDQLQFUHDVLQJQXPEHURIWRXULVWVWUDYHOPDLQO\WROHDUQDERXWDbVLJ-QLILFDQWFXOWXUDOUHVRXUFHRIWKHGHVWLQDWLRQWKH\ZDQWWRYLVLW7KXVFXOWXUDOGHVWLQDWLRQVFDQLQFOXGHVLWHVDVGLYHUVHDVPXVHXPVIHVWLYDOVDUFKLWHFWXUH KHULWDJH DQG WRXULVW DWWUDFWLRQV UHODWHG WR IRRG ODQJXDJH DQG UHOLJLRQ 6W\OLDQRX/DPEHUW 2WKHUWLPHVUHVRXUFHVRUFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVSOD\ IRUWRXULVWVDbFRPSOHPHQWDU\UROHWKDWLVXVHGWDQJHQWLDOO\GXULQJWKHLUVWD\ DWWKHGHVWLQDWLRQ,QWKHVHFDVHVWKHFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWLVQRWWKHPDLQ PRWLYDWLRQRIWKHWRXULVWWRWUDYHOKRZHYHUDOOWKHPDQLIHVWDWLRQVSURGXFWV DQGFXOWXUDODVVHWVRUIDFLOLWLHVRIIHUHGE\DbWRXULVWGHVWLQDWLRQERRVWWKHFRQ-VXPSWLRQRIFXOWXUDORIIHUSURPRWLQJDQGIDYRULQJWKLVZD\WKHGHYHORSPHQW RIWKHORFDOHFRQRP\$WWKHVDPHWLPHDQGWKURXJKWKHFRQVXPSWLRQRIWKH FXOWXUDORIIHUDWWKHVDPHSODFHWKHYLVLWRUDQGRUWRXULVWWRJHWKHUZLWKWKH UHVLGHQWHQULFKHDFKRWKHULQFUHDVLQJWKHLUGHJUHHRILQWHOOHFWXDONQRZOHGJH WKURXJKWKHLULQWHUUHODWLRQDQGVKDUHGH[SHULHQFHDWWKHGHVWLQDWLRQ
&XOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWDQGWRXULVWGHYHORSPHQW
&XOWXUDO FRPSRQHQW LV DW WKH EDVH RI DQ\ VRFLHW\ RU FRPPXQLW\ 6RFLH-WLHVKDYHEHHQFKDUDFWHUL]HGDOZD\VWRLQKDELWDbJLYHQDUHDZKHUHDbVHULHV RIVSHFLILFFXOWXUDOPDQLIHVWDWLRQVEDVHGRQPDWHULDODQGLPPDWHULDOHQ- YLURQPHQWDOUHVRXUFHVKDYHWDNHQSODFHDQGKDYHHYROYHGRYHUWLPH$F-FRUGLQJWR*RVGHQ DQLVRODWHGFXOWXUHGRHVQRWH[LVW$VDOOFXOWXUDO IRUPVDUHHVVHQWLDOO\LQFRQWDFWZLWKRWKHUVFXOWXUDOFRQWDFWLVWKHUHIRUH DbEDVLFKXPDQHOHPHQW *RVGHQ 7RXULVPLVLQFUHDVLQJO\RIIHULQJ DbUDQJHRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHSURGXFWVIURPYLVLWLQJPRQXPHQWVWRGLVFRYHU- LQJXQLTXHZD\VRIOLIHDVVXSSO\IRULQFUHDVLQJFXOWXUDODQGKHULWDJHWRXU-LVPGHPDQG81(6&2GHILQHVFXOWXUHWRXULVPDVĴWRFUHDWHDbGLVFHUQLQJ W\SHRIWRXULVPWKDWWDNHVDFFRXQWRIRWKHUSHRSOHijVFXOWXUHVĵ 81(6&2 ,QGHHGFXOWXUHDQGKHULWDJHWRXULVPKDVEHHQJDLQLQJLPSRUWDQFH UHFHQWO\QRWRQO\IRULWVijHFRQRPLFJDLQVEXWGXHWRPRUHVXVWDLQDEOHDS- SURDFKHV7RXULVWVDVDbIORDWLQJSRSXODWLRQYLVLWLQJWKHGHVWLQDWLRQLQHYLWD-EO\LQWHUDFWZLWKWKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\SDWWHUQVRIEHKDYLRUPL[LQJFXOWXUDO PRGHOVYDOXHVDQGOLIHVW\OHVWKDWJUDGXDOO\WUDQVIRUPWKHFXOWXUDOFRPSR-QHQWRIWKHORFDOVRFLHW\6LPXOWDQHRXVO\WRXULVWVWKHPVHOYHVRIWHQDGRSW SDUWLFXODUORFDOIHDWXUHVDVDbSDUWRIWKHFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWRIWKHVRFLHW\ WKH\YLVLW/RFDOODQJXDJHFXVWRPVDQGWUDGLWLRQVDPRQJRWKHUFXUUHQW FXOWXUDOPDQLIHVWDWLRQVRIWKHFRPPXQLW\GHVWLQDWLRQDUHIXQGDPHQWDODW-WUDFWLRQVRIWKHFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWWKDWFRQWULEXWHWRH[SODLQWKHSDWWHUQV RIFRQGXFWRIWRXULVWGHPDQGUHSHDWHUVDQGWKHVFRSHRIWKHLQWHUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQWRXULVWVDQGUHVLGHQWV )URPWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHZHFDQDIILUPWKDWWKHZKROHRIWKHFXOWXUDORI-IHURIDbFHUWDLQJHRJUDSKLFVSDFHFRQIRUPVWKHHVVHQFHWKDWSHUPHDWHVWKH
GLIIHUHQWVRFLDOHVWDWHVDQGFKDUDFWHUL]HVWKHLGLRV\QFUDV\RIWKHWRXULVWWHU- ULWRU\7KHDSSHDORIDQ\WRXULVWGHVWLQDWLRQLVWKHUHIRUHVXEMHFWWRLWVHQYL-URQPHQWDODQGWHUULWRULDOGLPHQVLRQ,WLVLQWKHWRXULVWGHVWLQDWLRQZKHUH WKHORFDOVRFLDOLGHQWLW\KHULWDJHDQGLWVWUDQVIRUPLQJODQGVFDSHFRQYHUJH WRSURGXFHDbVSHFLILFFXOWXUDORIIHUZLWKDbJLYHQGHJUHHRIDXWKHQWLFLW\ &R-KHQ 7LOOH\ )HLIDQ;LHHWDO 7KHOLYLQJFXOWXUHRIDbVSHFLILFGHVWLQDWLRQVRFLHW\LVWKHUHIRUHWKHUHVXOW RIDb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bSUHWHQG DXWKHQWLFLW\Ĵ%\PHDQVRIWKHGLVSRVDORIWKHROGERDWVUHVWRUHGWRWKHEH-DFKDQLGHDOEHDFKODQGVFDSHKDVEHHQFUHDWHG7KLVSURFHVVZDVJLYHQLQ DQLGHRORJLFDOFRQWH[WLQZKLFKWKHEHDFKEHFRPHVDQLGHQWLW\VLJQRI WKHFLW\WKHSODFHZKHUHWRXULVWVSODQWWKHLUEHDFKSDUDVROVLQWKHVDQGDV FRQTXHURUVWKHLUIODJV &DUERQHOO &XOWXUHLVDOVRDQHVVHQWLDOFRPSRQHQWZLWKLQWKHQDWLRQDOVWDWHSR-OLWLFDOGLVFRXUVHDQGLWVREMHFWLYHWRRSHUDWHHIIHFWLYHO\IRUWKHLQWHJUDWLRQ RIĴQDWLRQDOVRFLHW\ĵDVDbKRPRJHQHRXVWRWDOLW\7RDYRLGDQ\QHJDWLYHHI-IHFW RQ WKLV REMHFWLYH WR DFKLHYH Db ĴQDWLRQDO VRFLHW\ĵ WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH GHVLJQDQGWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWRXULVPSROLFLHVDQGDFWLYLWLHVVKRXOG EHGHILQHGLQRUGHUWRPDLQWDLQWKHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIFXOWXUHDQGLWVVXV-WDLQDELOLW\ ZKLFK LQYROYHV WKH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI FRPPXQLWLHV LQ WKH SUR-WHFWLRQ SUHVHUYDWLRQ DQG HQKDQFHPHQW RI FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH LQ WKH ORQJ WHUP 81(6&2 2WKHUZLVH ZLWKRXW JRRG PDQDJHPHQW SRRUO\ SODQQHGWRXULVPFDQOHDGWRHQYLURQPHQWDOGHJUDGDWLRQWKHGHVWUXFWLRQ RIKHULWDJHUHVRXUFHVVRFLDODOLHQDWLRQDQGWKHQDWXUDOLVDWLRQRIFXOWXUDO VWHUHRW\SHV 81(6&2 7KLVLVLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHZLWKDbJRRGSODQ-QLQJDQGSROLF\PDNLQJRIWRXULVPLVSRVVLEOHWRDYRLGWKHRYHUFURZGHG VLWHVH[SORLWLYHWRXULVPEHKDYLRXUKHJHPRQLFDWWLWXGHVRIVRPHWRXURS-HUDWRUVDQGWKHSRRUDZDUHQHVVE\ORFDOSRSXODWLRQVRIHFRV\VWHPVDQGWKH WRXULVWLFYDOXHRIKHULWDJHUHVRXUFHVDQGDOOWKHVHVLWXDWLRQVFDQKDYHHI-IHFWVFRQWUDU\WRWKHFXOWXUDOWRXULVWGHVWLQDWLRQVXVWDLQDELOLW\ 81(6&2
'HOLPLWLQJ SK\VLFDO DQG V\PEROLF ERXQGDULHV DQG H[HUFLVLQJ VHYHU-DOGHJUHHVRISXEOLFFRQWURODQGGLVFLSOLQHWKURXJKSDWURQL]LQJV\PEROV
YDOXHVDQGOHJLWLPDWHODQJXDJHLVDQHVVHQWLDOFRPSRQHQWDVZHOO <ĎGLFH ,QRWKHUZRUGVLQWKHFXUUHQWWLPHFXOWXUHKDVEHHQFRQYHUWHGLQWR DbSURGXFWRUPHUFKDQGLVHWKDWLVVROGDQGERXJKWMXVWOLNHRWKHUSK\VLFDO JRRGRUVHUYLFH,QWKLVVHQVH<ĎGLFHXQGHUVWDQGVFXOWXUHDVDbSKHQRPH-QRQWUDQVIRUPHGE\WKHFXUUHQWWHFKQRORJLFDOUHYROXWLRQFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\ GHYRXUHUSDWWHUQVRIFRQVXPSWLRQWKDWERRVWWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHJOREDO FDSLWDOLVWHFRQRPLFV\VWHPDURXQGWKHZRUOG
$FFRUGLQJWR<ĎGLFHĴthe role of culture has expanded in an
unprecedent-ed manner in the political and economic sphere, at the same time as conven-tional notions of culture have been considerably cleared, ... culture has simply EHFRPHDbSUHWH[WIRUVRFLRSROLWLFDOSURJUHVVDQGHFRQRPLFJURZWKĵ
&XOWXUDOWRXULVPDVDbYHKLFOHIRUQHZIRUPV
RIbFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\
,QG\QDPLFWHUPVFXOWXUDOWRXULVPLPSOLHVLQHYLWDEO\QHZVSDFHVRIFXO-WXUDO GLYHUVLW\ DQG VRFLDO UHJHQHUDWLRQ FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKH H[FKDQJH RIbFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVEHWZHHQWRXULVWVDQGUHVLGHQWVLQWKHGHVWLQDWLRQ +RZHYHUIURPDbVWDWLFDQGRUXQLGLUHFWLRQDODQDO\VLVFXOWXUDOWRXULVP FDQVLPSO\EHLQWHUSUHWHGDVDbODUJHFRQWDLQHURIDFWLYLWLHV VHHWDEOHb VXFK DV Db YLVLW WR Db PRQXPHQW RU LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ FHQWHU DQ LWLQHUDU\ WR NQRZ WKHbKLVWRULFFHQWHURIDbFLW\WKHDWWHQGDQFHDWDbFRQFHUWRUWKHHQMR\PHQW RIbWKHW\SLFDOJDVWURQRP\RIWKHGHVWLQDWLRQ 7DEOH&RPSRQHQWVRI&XOWXUDO7RXULVP &8/ 785 $/7285,60 1 &RQWDFWDQGRULQWHUHVWLQKHULWDJH PRQXPHQWVPXVHXPVDQGSODFHVRI KLVWRULFDODQGDUWLVWLFLQWHUHVW 2 &RQWDFWZLWKDVVHWVDQGRUOLDELOLWLHVDVLQWDQJLEOHKHULWDJH IHVWLYDOVULWXDOV FUDIWVODQGVFDSHJDVWURQRP\GDLO\OLIH RIWKHWRXULVWGHVWLQDWLRQYLVLWHG 3 &RQVXPSWLRQRIWKHVRFDOOHGFXOWXUHRIPDVVHVRUFXOWXUHRIOHLVXUH WKHDWHU GDQFHFRQFHUWVIHVWLYDOVVKRZV GXULQJWKHVWD\DWWKHGHVWLQDWLRQ 4 +DYHDbFXOWXUDODWWLWXGH&XOWXUDOWRXULVPLVDOVRRUFDQDOVREHDQDWWLWXGH WKDWRFFXUVZKHQWKHWRXULVWORRNVķFXOWXUDOO\ĵRQDQREMHFWVSDFHHOHPHQW ,QWKLVFDVHWKHREMHFWLVQRWLPSRUWDQWLQLWVHOI LWGRHVQRWQHHGWREH FXOWXUDO EXWWKHZD\LWORRNV WKHDELOLW\WRUHDGLQWHUSUHWXQGHUVWDQG GHFLSKHUWKHHOHPHQW 7KLVLVZKDWVRPHDXWKRUVOLNH'RQDLUH KDYH FDOOHGFXOWXUHGWRXULVP 6RXUFH RZQHODERUDWLRQIURPWKH&DWDODQ,QVWLWXWHIRU&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH5HVHDUFK ,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGDWWKLVSRLQWWKDWFXOWXUDOWRXULVPEH\RQGWKHPHUHGH-VFULSWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWSDWWHUQVRIFRQGXFWRUSXUFKDVLQJWRXULVWDWWLWXGHV
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bSDWWHUQRIGLI-IHUHQWFXOWXUDOWRXULVWSURILOHVPRYLQJDZD\IURPWKHFRQFHSWRIFXOWXUDO WRXULVPDVDbSUDFWLFHOLQNHGWRWKHJHQHUDWLRQRIFXOWXUDOH[SHULHQFHV,Q VWDWLVWLFDOWHUPVDQGLQRUGHUWREHDEOHWRDGGFRPSXWHDQGTXDQWLWDWLYHO\ DQDO\]HWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHQXPEHURIYLVLWRUVWRDbVSHFLILFFXOWXUDOIDFLOLW\ WKHVHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQVRIWKHFXOWXUDOWRXULVWDQGWKHLUPRWLYDWLRQVKDYH SURYHGWREHUHODWLYHO\XVHIXO HVSHFLDOO\ZKHQLWFRPHVWRWKHHODERUDWLRQ RI IHDVLELOLW\ VWXGLHV DQG HFRQRPLF SURILWDELOLW\ 0LQLVWU\ RI (GXFDWLRQ &XOWXUHDQG6SRUWV RIVRPHFXOWXUDOIDFLOLWLHV+RZHYHUWKLVW\SHRI DQDO\VLVPRUHGLUHFWO\OLQNHGWRGHWHUPLQLQJWKHFRQVXPSWLRQRIFXOWXUDO SURGXFWVKDVDbOLPLWHGDQGELDVHGFKDUDFWHUZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHSUDFWLFH WKDWFRQVWLWXWHVFXOWXUDOWRXULVPDQGWKDWLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHH[SHUL-HQFHRIHDFKWRXULVWDQGLWVGHJUHHRILQWHUUHODWLRQWRDQ\FXOWXUDORIIHUDW WKHGHVWLQDWLRQ
&XOWXUDOKHULWDJH PDQDJHPHQWDQGSURILWDELOLW\
RIbWKHPRQXPHQWDODUWLVWLFDQGFXOWXUDOOHJDF\
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHKLVWRULFDOOHJDF\LQWKHIRUPRIPRQXPHQWVKLV- WRULFDOXUEDQFHQWHUVRUDUWFROOHFWLRQVDPRQJRWKHUVLVDbSHUPDQHQWFKDO- OHQJHLQWHUPVRILWVHFRQRPLFPDQDJHPHQWDQGLWVXVHERWKLQVRFLDOFXO-WXUDODQGWRXULVWWHUPV7KH VRFDOOHG knowledge and leisure society KDV LQWHJUDWHG WKHVH VHW RIFXOWXUDODVVHWVDQGIDFLOLWLHVIRUWKHEHQHILWRIHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW %RQHWLb$JXVWã %DUUHWWR (XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ DQG LQSDUWLFXODUWRWKHWRXULVPVHFWRUSURPRWLQJDPRQJWRXULVWQHZSDWWHUQV RIEHKDYLRUDQGFRQVXPSWLRQOLQNHGWRFXOWXUDOWUDYHOOLQJ$VDbUHVXOWRI WKHJURZWKRIWKHVHUYLFHVHFRQRP\DQGLWVKLJKSURILWDELOLW\WKHPDUNHW IRU HTXLSPHQW DQG FXOWXUDO DVVHWV KDV PXOWLSOLHG LQ UHFHQW GHFDGHV DV
DbVWUDWHJ\RIORFDOVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWIRUERWKKLVWRULFDO XUEDQFHQWHUVDVZHOODVIRUUXUDOFRDVWDOLQODQGDQGPRXQWDLQDUHDV +RZHYHUWKHODVWHFRQRPLFFULVLVKDVVORZHGGRZQWKHJURZWKRIVRPH RIWKHPDMRUSURMHFWVOLQNHGWRWKLVW\SHRIDVVHWVFXOWXUDORIIHU$bSDUDGLJ-PDWLFH[DPSOHLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHGHHSHFRQRPLFFULVLVWKDWKLW6SDLQLQ WKHUHFHQWSDVWZDVWKHSDUDO\VLVRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH&LW\RI&XOWXUH RI*DOLFLD7KLVDb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ÁOH] ,QWKLVVHQVHVRPHEDVLFLQVWUXPHQWVVXFKDVDQDO\VLVSODQQLQJPRQL- WRULQJDQGHYDOXDWLRQLQWKHFRQWH[WRIDbV\VWHPDWLFDQGLQWHJUDWHGPDQ-DJHPHQWDQGH[SORLWDWLRQRIFXOWXUDODQGQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVDQGDVVHWVPXVW EHSXWLQSODFHWRDFKLHYHVXFFHVVIXOO\WKHWKUHHIXQGDPHQWDOGLPHQVLRQV RIVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQW ,WLVWKHUHIRUHLQGLVSHQVDEOHWREDODQFHWKHEHQHILWVDQGSURILWVLQVRFLR- HFRQRPLFWHUPVPDWFKLQJFXOWXUDORIIHUZLWKWRXULVPDFWLYLW\LQDbVXVWDLQ-DEOHPDQQHURYHUWLPH
&RQFOXVLRQ
5DSLG VRFLDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV GHULYHG IURP WKH DGYHQW RI Db JODULQJ DQG IXOOIOHGJHGWHFKQRORJLFDOUHYROXWLRQDOWHUWKHIXWXUHLQWHJULW\RIFXOWXUHV FRPSURPLVLQJWKHLULGHQWLW\,WLVWKHUHIRUHQHFHVVDU\WRLQYHVWLQFXOWXUDO GLYHUVLW\DQGGLDORJXHEHWZHHQFXOWXUHV 81(6&2 WRHQVXUHLWV FRQWLQXLW\RYHUWLPH ,WLVLQWKHWHUULWRU\ZKHUHFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVVXFKDVVRFLDOLGHQWLW\ KHULWDJHDQGWUDQVIRUPHGQDWXUDOODQGVFDSHFRQYHUJH %R\UD FKDU-DFWHUL]LQJWKHIXQGDPHQWDORIIHURIWKHWRXULVWGHVWLQDWLRQ7KHWHUULWRU\
LVWKHUHVXOWRIWKHXVHPDGHE\LWVHFRQRPLFVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDODJHQWV 7KHVHDJHQWVRUJDQL]HDQGSODQWKHWRXULVWVSDFHGHWHUPLQLQJWKHLUVRFLDO DQGFXOWXUDOFKDUDFWHUDQGHQVXULQJWKHYLDELOLW\DQGWKHHFRQRPLFSURILWD- ELOLW\RILWVUHVRXUFHVLQWHUPVRISURGXFWLRQDQGFRQVXPSWLRQIURPDbJORE-DOFDSLWDOLVWHFRQRPLFV\VWHPRXWORRN
7KH LQWULQVLF YDOXH RI FXOWXUDO WRXULVP OLHV LQ WKH FXOWXUDO LQWHUUHOD-WLRQEHWZHHQWRXULVWVDQGWKHUHVLGHQWVWKDWLQKDELWWKHWHUULWRU\ZKHUHWKH WRXULVWGHVWLQDWLRQLVORFDWHG7KHVFRSHRIWKLVLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWRXULVWV DQGWKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\FDQEHDSSURDFKHGWKURXJKWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKH GHJUHHRIFXOWXUDODXWKHQWLFLW\RIWKHWRXULVWH[SHULHQFH7KLVPXWXDOLQWHU-UHODWLRQJHQHUDWHVQHZIRUPVRIDXWKHQWLFLW\DQGFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\GHULYHG IURPWKHUHFRJQLWLRQRIRQHijVRZQWKURXJKFRQWDFWZLWKWKHKRVWFRPPX-QLW\RQH7KHUHIRUHFXOWXUDOWRXULVPLVEDVHGRQSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHVWKDW FRQWLQXRXVO\HYROYHLQQHZIRUPVRIFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\LQVSDFHDQGWLPH BIBLIOGRAPHY %$55(7720b7XULVPR\FXOWXUD5HODFLRQHVFRQWUDGLFFLRQHV\H[ SHFWDWLYDV$VRFLDFLöQ&DQDULDGH$QWURSRORJãDPASOSRevista de Turis-mo y PatriTuris-monio Cultural, 1ŏ %21(7,b$*867 /b7XULVPR&XOWXUDO 8QDUHIOH[LöQGHVGHODFLHQ-FLDHFRQöPLFD(Q Análisis Sectoriales: Estudio Compartido sobre “Turismo \&XOWXUDĵ3RUWDO,EHURDPHULFDQRGH*HVWLöQ&XOWXUDO
%2<5$ -b 7RXULVP GHVWLQDWLRQ PDQDJHPHQW DQ RYHUYLHZ RI WKH DGYDQFHVRI&DWDORQLDTourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Refe-reed Journal of Tourism
&$5%21(// (b 7KH )LVKHUPHQijV %HDFK &XOWXUDO +HULWDJH DQG &RQWHVWHG,GHQWLW\LQDb7RXULVWLFSODFH International Journal of Humani-ties and Social Science &HQWHUIRU3URPRWLQJ,GHDV1HZ<RUN &$7$/$1 ,167,787( )25 &8/785$/ +(5,7$*( 5(6($5&+
$QÀOLVLGHOHVGHILQLFLRQVGHWXULVPHFXOWXUDOLbGHOHVIRUPHVGHUH- FRPSWHGHOVWXULVWHVFXOWXUDOV'HSDUWDPHQWGH&XOWXUDLb0LWMDQVGH&R-PXQLFDFLö*HQHUDOLWDWGH&DWDOXQ\D &2+(1( $XWKHQWLFLW\DQGFRPPRGLWL]DWLRQLQWRXULVP Annals of Tourism Research '2/1,&$56$bUHYLHZRIGDWDGULYHQPDUNHWVHJPHQWDWLRQLQWRX-ULVPJournal of Travel & Tourism Marketing
'21$,5(-$(OWXULVPHFXOWXUDO(QWUHOijH[SHULÒQFLDLbHOULWXDO(GL-FLRQV9LWHOĿOD%HOOFDLUHGij(PSRUGÀ
(/&21),'(1&,$/*DOLFLDHQWLHUUDODVHJXQGDIDVHGHOD&LXGDG GHOD&XOWXUDWUDVJDVWDUVHPLOORQHV5HWULHYHGIURP
KWWS ZZZHOFRQILGHQFLDOFRPHVSDQDJDOLFLDHQWLHUUDODVHJXQ-GDIDVHGHODFLXGDGGHODFXOWXUDWUDVJDVWDUVHPLOORQHV (8523($1 &200,66,21 *UHHQ 3DSHU 8QORFNLQJ WKH
SRWHQ-WLDORIFXOWXUDODQGFUHDWLYHLQGXVWULHV(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ%UXVVHOV &20 ILQDO
)(,)$1;,(32680$5(+ ,%5$+,0$*D]LQJWKHKRRG +LS+RSDVWRXULVPDWWUDFWLRQ Tourism Management *26'(1&$UFKDHRORJ\DQGFRORQLDOLVP &XOWXUDOFRQWDFWIURP
BC to the present&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
+8*+(6+/b&XOWXUHDQGWRXULVP $bIUDPHZRUNIRUIXUWKHUDQDO\-VLV0DQDJLQJ/HLVXUH 0$5,6&$/252=&2-/3ROãWLFDVFXOWXUDOHV XQDUHYLVLöQGHVGHODJH-VWLöQFXOWXUDO8QLYHUVLGDGGH*XDGDODMDUD0Ó[LFR 0,1,675<2)('8&$7,21&8/785($1'632576$QXDULR GH(VWDGãVWLFDV&XOWXUDOHV6HFUHWDUãD*HQHUDO7ÓFQLFD6XEGLUHFFLöQ *HQHUDOGH(VWDGãVWLFD\(VWXGLRV 2)),&,$/ *$=(77( 2) 7+( *(1(5$/,7$7 2) &$7$/21,$ 'HFUHW GHGijRFWXEUHGHO3DWULPRQL)HVWLXGH&DWDOX-Q\D'HSDUWDPHQWGH&XOWXUD*HQHUDOLWDWGH&DWDOXQ\D
5(<* Industrias culturales, creatividad y desarrollo$JHQFLD(VSDóROD GH &RRSHUDFLöQ ,QWHUQDFLRQDO SDUD HO 'HVDUUROOR 1ŏ 0LQLVWHULR GH $VXQWRV([WHULRUHV\GH&RRSHUDFLöQ0DGULG
67</,$128/$0%(57 7 *D]LQJ IURP KRPH &XOWXUDO WRXULVP DQGDUWPXVHXPVAnnals of Tourism Research
7,//(< & ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,GHQWLW\ 3ODFH /DQGVFDSH DQG +HULWDJH Journal of Material Culture
81(6&2 7RXULVP &XOWXUH DQG 6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWS XQHVGRFXQHVFRRUJLPDJHVHSGI 81(6&2 ,QYHVWLQJLQ&XOWXUDO'LYHUVLW\DQG,QWHUFXOWXUDO'LDORJXH :RUOG5HSRUW3DULV5HWULHYHGIURP KWWS XQHVGRFXQHVFRRUJLPDJHVHSGI 9(/$6&2*21=d/(=0 *HVWLöQWXUãVWLFDGHOSDWULPRQLRFXOWXUDO HQIRTXHVSDUDXQGHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOHGHOWXULVPRFXOWXUDO Cuadernos de Turismo 8QLYHUVLGDGGH0XUFLD <°',&(*(OUHFXUVRGHODFXOWXUD8VRVGHODFXOWXUDHQODHUDJOREDO (GLWRULDO*HGLVD%DUFHORQD -RVHS%R\UDbļ3K'LQ*HRJUDSK\0HQWLRQRI(XURSHDQ'RFWRUDQG 0DVWHULQ&DUWRJUDSKLF3URGXFWLRQDQG*HRJUDSKLF,QIRUPDWLRQ6\-VWHPVE\WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI%DUFHORQD'HSXW\'LUHFWRUDQG+HDGRI 5HVHDUFKDWWKH(VFROD8QLYHUVLWÀULD)RUPDWLF%DUFHORQDDWWDFKHGWR WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI*LURQD/HFWXUHUDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI%DUFHORQDDQG
5DPRQ/OXOO8QLYHUVLW\'RFWRUDFFUHGLWHGE\WKH1DWLRQDO$JHQF\IRU 4XDOLW\ (YDOXDWLRQ DQG $FFUHGLWDWLRQ RI 6SDLQ 6FLHQWLILF LQWHUHVWV *HRJUDSK\)LQDQFLDO(FRQRPLFVDQG3XEOLF(FRQRPLFV&XUUHQWUH-VHDUFKSURMHFW $QDO\VLVDQG6XVWDLQDEOH3ODQQLQJRI7RXULVP -RDQ6RUULEHVbļ3K'LQ(FRQRPLFVLQWKHGLVFLSOLQHRI$SSOLHG(FR- QRPLFVE\WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI*LURQD0HPEHURIWKH,16(785UHVH-DUFKJURXS0HPEHURIWKH*5(3$7UHVHDUFKJURXSDWWKH)RUPDWLF %DUFHORQD8QLYHUVLW\6FKRRO0HPEHURIWKHFRPSHWLWLYHFRQVROLGDWHG UHVHDUFKJURXS6*5Ĵ75,3ĵDW8QLYHUVLW\RI*LURQD+HDGRI4XDOLW\ DQG+HDGRIWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI(FRQRPLFDQG/HJDO6FLHQFHVDWWKH )RUPDWLF%DUFHORQD8QLYHUVLW\6FKRRO$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRUDW$SSOLHG (FRQRPLFV 'HSDUWPHQW RI WKH )DFXOW\ RI (FRQRPLF DQG %XVLQHVV 6FLHQFHVDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI*LURQD$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRUDWWKH6FKRRO RI6RFLDODQG%XVLQHVV6FLHQFHV 3RPSHX)DEUD8QLYHUVLW\ b6FLHQWL-ILFLQWHUHVWV (FRQRPLFFULVLV&RUSRUDWH6RFLDO5HVSRQVLELOLW\+XPDQ 5HVRXUFH0DQDJHPHQW6XVWDLQDEOH7RXULVPDQG(OHDUQLQJ
![FILOZOFIA GOSPODARKI SERGIUSZA BUŁGAKOWA [149-151]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)