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Pillar of Fire – from Auschwitz to Casablanca

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Pillar of fire – from Auschwitz to Casa-

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E-mail address: d.nitza@ariel.ac.il ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7273-903X

Ruth Dorot

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E-mail address: ruthd@ariel.ac.il ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1884-1743

Abstract

Aim. 7KLVVWXG\H[DPLQHVWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOVZKRJRRQWKHMRXU

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Results and conclusion.7KHÀQGLQJVRIWKHVWXG\LQGLFDWHDOLQNEHWZHHQIDPLO\

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Practical applications. 7KHFXUUHQWVWXG\KLJKOLJKWVWKHFKDOOHQJHRI+RORFDXVWHGX

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Key words:+RORFDXVW1RUWK$IULFDPRQXPHQW3RODQGHGXFDWLRQUHPHPEUDQFH

doi:10.15503/jecs2021.1.390.412

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Introduction

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