On Some Libyan ethnics in Johannis of Corippus

TADEUSZ

LEWICKI

On

ome

Libyan

ethnics in

_Johannis

of"Corippu

One

of

the most interesting

source

related

to

tho atl cier:

Libyans i*, no

doubt, the famous Jolaar,l,rois seu,

tle bęllis

Liłsgcis

by

Flavirrs Cresconius

Corippuq').

The

Latin

poet praises ;r,

the poem which he wrote

in

ó49

A.D.,

t}ro oxploits

of

Johanne.i

'Iroglita,

a

Byzantine

geuera},

who

in

546

A.D.,

defeated t:_=

Libyan rebel

tribes irr

Aflica

and roestablished order

and

_lJeac.

in

the

ro nrote pro rrince o{' , J trs tinian's Empire 2).

Tho

ric}r ar _ci

original

list

of

natnes

ot Libyarr

peoplos, places and per ott. ai containod

in

the

work of

Oorippll s

has

been studied InaL times

; in

the

first

_iliaco

by

tlie

learnod

editor of

J olzarłnis .*.

Part,sch'),

anc1

by

the Engiislr sclrolar O.

Bat,osa).

In

sp.:ł of these sturlies, our knowledge

of

O o r i p p

u'

Libyan onomastic-r

is

stiil

irradeqltate. 'Ihere are many

Libyan name in

Jahąułtił",

wlrich hąve rrot beerr identrfied as yet,

and

omo other words, t. *

identification

of

rvlric}r

is

wrong.

rn tho

presont paper

I

intel

i

to

examine forrr

Libyan

et}rnics

a

thoy aro qrroted b;, Coripi,-,,:r

I.

]hccttłltiłuta łHa,100cs

The name of. trItłctcłniałla rnatrus

is

found in Jolłarlrl,is

II

1Xf,

only,

but

it

is

quite

possible that, the ]|Iutoutiana, ?narł,,ucs,

łvilló

occur in

another ver e of

thg

amo poenr (II 200), rofers to

ttfi

')

IJd.

J.

P a r t, s c

h

in Mołtt,Otn. Gerw. Hist. Auct. Antiqt i.*o vo].

n[

2 (Berolini

1879).

')

O. B a t e s

,

TVte Eastern Libga,ns,

London

l9IL

p. !,]:ł

')

ln

the Proełreiunt

to his

editiorr

of

Joltanłtis,

n) _{The Eastern Libgans, plassim, e pecially}

_p.

₆₆

_q.

s

e]]. l ci.

il

oN oME LIBYAN ETHNlc ll.i JoHA}iNI oF coRIPPUs 115

łthnic

too.

The

Latin

term 'manu

'

which

follows either

forn

indicates

that

both aro connected

with

a

certain tribe _{;; 'tnanu '}

ts a}so used,

by

Corippu to form

ome

other

Libyan

tribal

rramo

.

'W'o

find,

in

fact,

in

Joll,annis

also an

Urcelicclt,cc tta&lncs

tr

390) 6) and an Aluasitanct, r,ean?ts

(II

149) 7).

Both

pa

sage in

Joh,annis connect Muctuniana (}futuniana

manu _,1

with

somo

other ethnics

of

Tripo}itania.

rn

the

first,

of thom

(II

lL6 17) 0 o r i p p

u.

refors

to

the Muctuniarla manu

8.s

to

tho

poople

tiving

on

tho

desert seacoast

of

the

quoted

uountry:

uMuctuniana manus ealidis descendit ab oris

Quae

Tripolis

deserta colito

!...,...)

lllre

vorses

which

fo]Iow

this

quotation

contain

ome new

details

which

eern

to

determine

moro

procisely t}re locatiorl of

ihat

tribo.

In

fact

witlr

the

lines just

merrtioned tlrero begins

1 short, Iist

of

five Libyan

ot}rnics which seom

to

be qrroted in

l

goographical order, and

which

stretch

along

the coast,

in an

Eastward direction,

starting probably from a

point

situated to

tiie

East

from the town

Tripoli.

The followiog names are: Gadu,bis

,,

_{. 1}

_17),

_Digrliga

_{(v. 1 19), Velanictei}

_(s)

_{(v. 120)}

_and

_{Bru,ccł.ei (v.}

iż3).

Tłłis

sgries

of

ethnics might,

b.,

I

uppose, tlre

kuy to

the

problem

of

identification

of

our lfuctutriana manu .

I

agroe

with

J.

Partsch

{Jołła1,oni,s, Index), .rvho srrggosts

ńat Gadabis mey bo connected with the Garlabituni of

Pl:ocopius

a62l3

A,D.), De

aedif.

VI 4;

they

occupiad

in

the same period

l

,listrict

lying in

the close neighbourhood

of Leptis

I\{agna" the

fn3sent

Lebda')

The name

Digdiga

refers no doubt to the.locality

')

!'or

th

e

Latin

worcl see

the

important dictionary

of

t-'ange, Glossariołne ,łnediae et i,nfimae latiroitatis,

Niort

1884, ,s. CI.

u _}

This

term corre porrds most probab}y

to

the

Urcilżani, of

3 e t i u s 1

Milit,

III 3, and

to

the

ancient

Berberian

et}rnic

r,7ld,lt

or

Wd,ryjlałt (Orra.rgla

in

the

south

of

the

department -'onstantine). Soe on

this locality

Ibn Haldnrł,

Histoire des "łe res, ed. d.e S 1a I _{B l passint,.}

;

_{I. e. the inhabitans}

_of

_{the pre ent Aures}

_in

_{the departmerrt}

'-',-lnstantine (Algier

).

These ,

ńountains wero

cal]ed -AÓpao[o5

Fnocopius

(,pussim),

and

Gabal

Aurds by

the

early

lslamic

Fapher

such

a

Ibn

Haw1,Ial,

Bakri

and

Idri

I.

'

It

is

quito probable tlrat the name of Gada,bis (Gałla}litani)

8*

l, ,&ł-:

-,t ;

O,:.,,-t16 TADEU Z LE\YICKI

Di,cdica, quoted

in

the

rtineraru

of

Antoroirlots

(IV'o

century'L

According to this rocord, Dicdica was situated on the road which

run

along the seacoast from Leptis Magna (Lebda)

to the

border

of

Cirenaica,

five

stations eastwards

from

rscina,

(at

pre ent

Medina

es-Soltan 10).

The

situation

of

the

tribe

Velanideis

is ontirely hypothetical and

it

iś

difficult to identify

this ethnic. I:

should

be

sought,

omewhero

in

the wot salty

lands

(sebfra,.

which occupy the East-Syrtic regions East from the prosent Hudia (Yehudia),

or

perhaps eastward from

the

present Muktar

_").

In

fact, accordiog to Jolt ann,is

II

120, Corippus connects Yelanid ei, s

with a march country

('stagna')

but

providos

no details

to

this

effect. The Velanidei(s)

are

othorwise unknown sinco

they

hare

nover beon rocorded

by

any

othor source 12).

stil} survives

in

Ałdabilla, a

to,wn

in

Cironaica

which

has beel montionod in the mediaeval Arabic sourcg since the ninth contrrrr

(.e.

g. in Ya'knbi1

3+41

and

Bakri, L2).The

town

]ra

probably found by Gadabitani in the timos of Berberian łvanderings

urhich followed th.e

Islamic

conque

t.

Ya'k u b

i

(p. 54ó) quotei

among the Berber tribes of Barca tho G(a)ddł,ra

łl"ł

who

settigj down northrvards from Agdabiyu in Bernik

(:

Bengazi). This

for:-c&n

oasily

bg considered

a misprint

for

*G(a)ctd,ba

_l|".

_{oqual :i} our Gadabis.

9) _{For this documont, ee A.}

_Berthel

_{ot, L'Afrigue sah,ariennł} et so1,1,danclise,

Faris

1927, p. 4L7.

'o) I find this identifrcation

in

E.

Minutilli;

La Tr,ipoli,tanil

2

od.,

Torino L9l2,

p.

2b2; cf. also

p.

2ó4.

")

See description

of

that

part of

Sirtica

in

M i n u t i 1r t.

o. c., pp. 2ó1-2ó7.

12 r Derhaps

this

namo

is

involved

in

the Balana,grae _:ć )L

P a

u

ani

a s _, rłt, Corirńlzi,acis, which was

a

Libyan

ethnic exta:t

in

Cirenaica.

The

early Islamic

historians quoted

a

branclr ,:ć

Larvata called

Batttł, B(a)ld,gn g,.)l.

)i. by Ibn ĘIaldnn,

a:i

Bał,til,

B(a)lar

1*B(a)ldtt,

J}.

by Maktizl;

this

tribe

lived

:r'

the fourteontlr and fifteenth century

in

the province

of

Behn*sn

(Esypt); soo

O.

B a t, e s

,

o.

c. p.

69.

T}rey

might

be

::E

&me

people

as Yelanidei(s).

In

fact,

the

frequoncy

of

b

:t

equivalonts

in Latin

transcription

of

f

oreign

namos rend err

this

identification possible.

A}so

in

modern

Berberian

diale:rr

thg

labials

b

and

a

are

equivalent (cf.

Bates,

o.

c.,

p.

iiio

The tormination -idei(s)

wa

also

very

often used

in

the

Librru

tribal

name

(ibid,,

p.

77).

nĄ,

ttliud*'""

entury 9). ld which o border present

rideis

is lthnic, It ( seb!,a1, nt Hudia ar 11). In lanid ei(s ,

l

to

this .oy have has boon t contury I'W'II .W.a ,nderings

)

quoted

o

settled. ]his form equal to ałlariennł ipoli,tania.

nutilli

oN o}Ia LIBYAN,ETIiNIC IN J0HANNI oF CORIPPUS 117

The above mentionod }ist

of five

ethnics coneludes with the

;ibe

Barcaei.

With

tho latter name we gain mtrch firmer ground.

śccording

to

B a t e

s'

opinion tho term was used

to

designate in

B,oman timos various residues

of nativo

tribes survivirrg

in

the

neighbourhood

of

the town lJarca (to-da,y ol-lVlorg) in Cirenaica 13).

Batos

identifies thgm with the Barcaei

of

Vergilius,

Aełł.

IV

44 and

with

thg Barcitae

of

P t o Ie m

y IY 4,

6,

rn

Byzantine

-_imes _{t}roy wero as a rule reforred to as a distinct Libyan peopletł;.}

The Berberian tribg Bctltfr, B(QrkT,n _{ł{_r. _ryil}

a

branch of Lawata,

which lived

in Egypt

in

the

fifteenth century'u)

wa

probably

also related

to

our Barcaei.

We

seo no\M

that

the sories

of

Libyan

ethnics

quoted in

Joltannis

II

116-123

and followiog our Muctuniana

manu

forms

n kind of chain, which stretches

to

the East, along the coast from

Lebda

to

thg West-Cirenaica. 'Ihus, it,

is

most probable that the

}ltrctuniana manus,

with

vrhich

the cluoted

list

begins, must be

eonsidered as the ,wosternmost, tribe of this chain and must be sought

omowhere towards the West,

of

the

territory

of Leptis

Magna

i" e. the prosont' Lebda.

This

localisation

is

corroborated

by

the second quotation of

ł-'orippus

referringtothoso people (Jołtałarois

II

219*22a). In the

::otation Mrrtuniana

manu

is

montionod betweerr

Ałłstur

and

frlgucts,

i.

e. names

of

two

Libyan

tribes

who

Iived pre umably

b:,m the fourth

to

tlro

middle

of

the sixth

centtrry

in

the

ntinity

of Loptis

Magna (Lobda).

The

first

of

theso

tribes

is

r.doribtedly

identical

with the

Ausloel"iani

of

Ammianu

f rrcellinus XXW 4,5

and

XXVIII

6, 2, a predatory people

rf

the interior

of

Tripo}itanial

&

vrell

a

with

the Ausa.t,riani of

Fri cus Panito ,

^F.Ef.Gr.

rY, p.

98 16).

The

rlaguas

are

")

O.

Batos

_,

o. c.

p.

66.

_")

O.

Bat,e

_,

/. C,

")

Sog Ma

_Ęr7z7

quoted

by

O.

Bates

_,

o. c., p. 70. Cf. also

-T ::: B(a)rkd,łaą which

is a point,

south of Agdabiya. Soe

for

this

:L!-e Bdkri,

Rilab

al,Masdlilt, wa'l-tnamdlilc, od. de

Slalo,

p. 12.

-

'u) B a t o s

,

o.

c., p. 68.

Thero

aro no

roa

ons

to connect

]ć-: ethnic

with

the

Arałł,ges

of Orosius

(fifth

cent.)

a

n-iested

by

O. B a t, e s

,

l. c. The

latter

name

is

pre umably

1 i;-poooq

of

the_prefix

Ar-

and the stem _3?cq-,

with a Latin

r:::_r -es.

Ar

may be rolatod

to

the modorn Berberian ar$,' on ',

',U,gra,e C,] ric exta-: lf&ilCh C,: ,|

un,

an].

lived

fu" Bghnese

be

th.

of b:t

renderi dialects

,,

_P,

i6 o

Libya:

1t8 TADEU Z LEWICKI

identical with the rhgotaten

of

Corippu

_{",). The na,me}

oem

trl

be an

'internal'

Berberian

plur.

masc.

of

the

original

*Iagua

1

Laua

_").

It

dosignates

the

grea,t,

and

ancient Eastorn-Berber people

who

werCI called L,ibgarłs

in

classica,l

ources, Leltatlt ae

(var. Lelłcathae)

by

Procopius

(D,

aeclof.

VI

4; De bello Vand.

U 2I

sqq.

₁

Hist.

AFc., ó),

and

Lau:d,ta

by

the early

Islamic

author

_").

O. B a t e

s

remarks (o. c.1 p. 67) t}rat theso peoplo were

spread

ovor

a

large

part

of

Tripolitania

in

Byzantine

times.

Novertholess on his mep of Byzarrtine

Libya

(o. c., p. 67, map

Xl

they wero shown

in

the

vicinity

of Leptis Magn& (Lebda), because.

a

the

English

scholar rominds usl there

is

omo explicit, eviclenee of their having occupied the locality about, b43 A,

D.

Thus, we soe

that

in

the pa sago

of Joltarlnis as

we}l

a

in

II

116-123,

tire

torm

łIuctuniana/Mutuniana

which has just

been

analvsed, is

suitable

for

the rreighbourhood

of

Lebda.

Thero are reasons

to

believe that, the

first

of

theso parallel forms snrvived irr early Islamic timos

in

tho place name

of

_.r:7-ti

abl[

g.t. nu. The name was applied

by

some

Arabic

geographers

to a

locality

situated

on the

roaC

rrrnning

from Lebda

to al-A{r"d,boilots ('['ripoli town)

along

tlre l{ediiorranean coast. Tfe

find

this

nanre quoted

in

an

itinerary

giverr

by

the

oldes;

a

o. g.

in

the

tribg namo Ał,cł Atłntr, wlrich corre. porrds

to

tL*

Arabic

UladAnułtl"

(cf.A.

de C.

i\Iotyliński,

Lel)jebetlVefous

Paris

18!}8/9,

p.

133 utb ?).

'fils').

T'he

sten

-a?1,1J-

points

to

e, origirral * _Z,il7,

an

_ancient

Libyan

_{ethnic, rvlrich appea,rs a]so i:}

Tripo}itania trnder the name

of

t}re Iake

and

town Zu,clł(is.)

:-S t r a b o _,

XVIr

(now Bahiret el-Bibarr and

Borg

el-Biban at t:: -frontier

_of

_{Tunis: see}

_i\{inutilli,

_{o. c.)}

_p.

_77ż).

'')

O.

Bates

_{| 0,} c.)

p.

6?.

'*J

Tho suffix

-

s in

rlagucts

ir,

no

doubt,

a

Latin

_olf e. F _ :

this

typo

of

forming rnasc.

plurals

in

the modern Berberian ,_:

A. de

C.

Motyliński,

o. c.,) pp.

10-12.

The

Latin

!/2,c irr t:_ł

Corippus'

form may be

nothing

brrt,

a

tral-Isoription

from

t__

-original lribyan

sound

?c.

This

our

opinion

is

supported i_

r

Corippus'

ronderiog

of

tire

prefix ?0tł?" (ar)

which

begins

.-oT]-,.

Libyan

tribal

namo

(as

in

oa,rly Berberian et}rnics TIIarf,:i .

Warrlasa, WaTsałofa;

cf.

Y a'k n b i

,

346)

by a

!r.car-?

cf.

e.

Guariaila (Jolla,rułois

IV

366,

* _Wal"-rail

-'

0n

of TziY or 'son

:ć

the ostric'), Guarsarua, (.ibitt.,

YIII

266), Gtmriti,as

(ii}iąIY

?58)

oN so}fE I.IBYAN ETHNIC IN J0HANNIS oB' coRlPP(rS 119 Lo,arnic, geograplrer

Ibn

_ŁI

.rrdadbolr

(abou,b 2321846)

in

his

llab al-masalik ?ła 'l-łnarnuli/i:,,

p.

86, transl.

p.

62, anći repoatocl

i:er this

source

by

_Ę ., d a m

a

(tenth centtrry),

in

l{itab

tul-y"lt"dyj,

p.

2ż1, tran I.,

p.

1?0,

and

lriri si

(writes

in

I|b4

A.D.)

i,: _-Kitdb nonllat al-tnr,tśtal (ud.

Do

zy_--d,e

Goeje,

p. L22| transl.l

;.i43).

Tho

spelling

of

that place namo as given b;, the existing

MSS

of

the

abovo

Arabic works,

ł-arie

in

pla,cing diacritical

-arks;

none

of

the varieties

in

spelling havo been vocalised, a

:al as I am concorned.

I

consider the form ul-M. g. t. ltg the best;

i

is

to

be found

in ldrisi,

l. c. Tlre },fSS

of

othor quoted Arabic

:acords

have

the

mutilated term

_ł;l

ctl-Xl. h,. t. ?1gzo1

or even'

l

itlrout dots _,

d|

_").

In the French translation of I. Surdadbeh's

.'r;rk tlre word

is

spelt al-tr,tobtrwail,22), and Dozy and dg Goeje read

;

n1-IIagtarud,23), but

no

great importance

is

to

be aŁtache,il to

:eis vocalisation,

which

soems

to

be

rat}rer accidontal.

It

does

3,.:I irelp in oxplairring the quoted placo-name.

I

suppo o

it

rvould

:ć

bebter

to

cornpleto

botlr

missing vowels (after

the first

and

;'_ird con onant) witlr

a }

0ł, and

I

tentativoly vocalizo thg word

,ę;t

I at-M(tl)gt(oł)nT.

'!Ve ci}l1

drop

the initial al-,

wtrich

is an

ś*-abic definite a,rticle

a

weil

a

tllo firlal

_{elernerrt *}

{

*.,

_--

0

r:^clr

may

indicate

an

Arabic

ni,sba,-ending,

and

wB

obtain

M łt lft(,łł)ru

As

wo

knou,,

tlrg Arabic

c}ra,racter _{C_}

g

can

also

:=:der an

origilral

sotrncl

_ljl

łvlric}r does not exist,

irr

the Arabic

r:-ling.

I

am

everrtually inclirreci , _t,o

_read

_thg

_{analysod form}

h

;ł lgi{tt,.ir"ł. 'f}ro restot:ecl

spalling seoln to

correspond porfectly

:; tjie Mucttrrriana of

Cori

pp11 _, the final elemont -(i,)artabetnsl no

i;rbt,

a Latirr adjoctival srif

fix appliecl

to

the hypothetica,l Libyan

*r.nic

Mor,cta,t,lł,. T'ho

only

differenco botweon

tiro

lluctłłre and

_U 1.1p\tQc)te of tlre earl)r

Islamic

ourco Jigs irr the secorrd con onant

T ; _{_cir}

is

_{spelt, /t(c)}

by

_Oorippus

_and

g(i)

by

_the

_Arabs.

_This

,fu;elgonco

_can

_{be oxplainecl}

_{in a}

_dorrble

_way:

a) it, may rofloct

TĘł_

l,

omo dialectical p}renomerron

of

the

Libyan

language'4) or

'o)

Cf.

I.

$.rrdadbeh,

0. c.,

p.

86,

MS.A.

=')

r.

Surdadboh,

l.c.i

},{S.B, and

Kudema,

d), c,,p.

'=.} O, C., t,ransl., p.

{óż. ")

O. C,, trarrsl.,

p.

143.

)

For

tlr1

equivalencg

of

these

volars

in

acient Libyan

llĘnamoeeo.Bates|o,C,1p.78(e.g.int,hetormsIl[agrr

Jł"ir

and

Tirłgis:Tinci,)

and 11.

Merciof

l

La

langerc libyenłae,

120 TADDUSZ LEWICKI

b)

it

can be considered a misspelling by Corippus, who, like manv

othor

Greek

and

Latin

authors, read the original

Libyan

sound

g

a

a

c(k)'u).

,

According

to

the

reports

of

I.

Ęurdadbeh and,

Kudama-the

station

al-M(u)gt(u)niial-M(u)gt(u)ni

wa

situated

44

miles eastwards from the town Tripoli which is our una sailable point 26 _{_}

As

this

distance

is

no doubt expre

sed

in Arabic

miles

which.

wo

havo

to

reckon circa

L,97b

km

pro

& milo 27),

it

would

be

equal

to

about 86,9 km (roughly 53,9 English rniles).

The

distancę

mea ured on a modern map, along the pro ent road. Tripoli-Lobdą

would indicate tho position of a ruined locality, sittrated near the

villago

and small

port

now called

Sidi Abd

al-Aati'*), but, tlie

actual spot on which

our locality

wa

situated,

is

still

uncertain-Its

na,mo does not corre pond"

to

tho presont, toponymy

of

that

country. The }ocation

of

al-M(u)gt(u)ni/al-M(u)gt(u)ni westwards

from Lebda which

I

have established above, agrees

with

the rank afford,ed

to the

Muctuniana manus

in

the

quoted

list

of

Libyan

tribos

in

Johannds

II

116-1

23;

in

this

list

the

Nluctuniana

preceded Gadabis and thorefore

is

to

be applied

to the tribe

that

lived

towards the west of the

territory of Leptis

Magna (Lebda}

which

wa

occupied

by

Gadabis/Gadabitani.

Thus, thoro

is

Do

objection from the geographer's point of viow in believing that the

Libyan

peoplo * _{l1lałgtun, who wero called Muctuniana}

manu

_by

Corippu

_,

settled.

in

this

country

in

the

sixth

century, and that,

a trace of them

srrrvived

in

the early

rshmic

epoch

in

the place n&mo al-M(u)gt(u)ni/al-M(u)gt(u)ni which was found on

the

ame spot,

of

the Tripolitan seacoast about, t}rroe hundred years later:3

-Jourual Asiatique

I92\

p.

242.

'IIre

amg ecluivalenco

of

sotrni.s

exists also

in the

modern

Berbor

dialects

ee o.

B a t e s .

o. c.,

p.

7b,

'u) Cf. e. g. tho above mentioned Urcelian&:Wd,r,glalł of tŁ":

early Islamic

goographers.

'

'u) A s quoted

in

.I(. al-łloasil,lik, p. 86 and, I{. al-bard , p.

2!Ł

") Na1lino

(il

ualore ??netrico del grado di meridiclłoo sacond*

i

geografr, arabi. Raccoltcł, di,

scritti

editi e inediti, vol.

Y,

Ronl e 1944?

p.

4b7) reckons the

Arabic

mile

at about

L973,2 m", b:t

the

actual longth

wa

about, 1975 m.

") For

this

locality

eo

Minutilli,

0. c.,

p.

183.

ON SOME LIBYAN nTHNIC IN JOHANNIS OF CORIPPU 121 T}re ot}rnic Ulucttrniarra/Mugtun is otherwiso rrnknown, but the

mnraliel

form

Mutuniana

vuca???ts (cfr. JoVt arl,łrds

II

2L9)

can

be

maclred

to

ome other similar

Libyan tribal

names, which woro

,qn*-,ted

in

_{Greek and}

Latin

ancient, _otlrco

.

This variant

_points

@:,st probably

to

an

lrypothetical

Libyan

* Jhttttlo

or

perhaps

tryen *MutttrłTu). The latter rostoration opens

now

horizons, for

I

slrongly

suspoct,

that

the Mutrrn are

the

, a,me peoplo whoso

@iiL:le was read (according to the rulos of Greek and

Latin

spelling

frń

Libyan

words

to

which a Grook or

Latin

ending

wa

attached)

Iu-*silti b),

Pliny,

IVat.

Hist.

Y.4,

]fwsuni

by Pt,

oIemy

IV.

3

bmrreen }rutun(iana) of

Corippu

, and Musrrrr(i) etc. of the abovo ,,smoted _classical

author

_{c&n be oxplained with sufficient reliability}

n

Łei.ng duo to different rendorings of the original Libyan i-sound,

n-lch is represonted by the ancient, authors by s, and inJohanrtis,

f

:ew hundred years lator,

by

t _").

Tirg Mustrni of Ptolemy mtrst be sought,

for

omowhere

in

the

m gnbourhood

of

Suk al-Arba,

towards

thg

present borderling

hmseen Tunisia and the departement, of Constarrtino _{"). As,} hovewor,

ah*i frrrtriniana manus

of Corippus

appga,rs

to

łrave occupied.

lfu

scanty spaco

on tlre

middle coast,

of

Tripolitania, wB must,

m.Ine

the

fact

of a migration

of

tlrese poople towards the East,

fficir

perhaps

took

place

beŁween

the fourth and the

sixth

ln nries i.

e.

in

the

period

of

the groat

Libyan

wanderings 33).

ffie

rnysterious

Berberian

tribo

l=;-" fif,h, lt. _{fua rnentioned by}

W r's n b

i,

and placed

by

this

goographor eastwards

of

TawErga

luilE lrresorrt Tauorga)

in

the territory

of

,Sttrt (Sirtica); cf. I{,itab

fu

i

_ original t

_T,

]VI.ł.t.ltd,, read }I(u)gt(u)na/}f(u)gt(u)n_fr.

i] _,

The

_chango

_of

Mhłttna into _Mtt,gteołt

points

perhaps to

rnumn.ć rlrrrely

Libyan

dialectical difference .

]1,

_For

_{this problem}

_ee

_G.

Merciof

_{l La}

lartgue l,ibgerrue,

p

:43.

The

sotrnds

t, t, and

aro

ofterr

identical

in

modern

b**=ian

dialects:

"'cf.'O.'Batos,

o. c.t

p.

T5.

'.,, O.

Bates

1 o. c.J

p.

58

and

64;

Bert}relot,

L'Afriq?te r,uau i.ltłt,e et sotłdana,ise,

p.

341.

'',i

For

these migraiioos, rn

hic]r

changed, conlrderably bhe

frm:.:,gy of

the Eastern zono

of

_{Borberia; . oe O.}

B_ates,

o. c.?

ilrc,fiffł. Óspecially p. 237 (migrations

of

the Austuriani at, the end

p

*u:,_.rirlh

l22

-We come

now

to

tho

fo}lowiog conclusions rcgardirrg tlrł

Muctuniana/Mutuniana

mantl of

Corippu

:

1". The namo of the tribo appoa,rs in

Corippus

in two parallei

forms a) Ilh.,tctołra- _lMugtuc?o- which survived, in t}re place-name

calld

at-M(u)yjt(oł)nT,la1-7[(ot)gt(lt.)ni, (,{*Młłgttłn)

in

early rslamic records.

and

b)

MlłtutcfMottoł,n,

the latter

pointing

to

the

ame Libyan

ethnic

which

has been misspelt

łlussini,

Mtłsułti.

or

XIusałnei by omo classical authors.

2. The

Libyan

tribe Mugtun/Mutuil,

which

most probably come from

the

present, North-'West Tunisia, settled down irr tlre

Byzantino

times on the

seacoast

of

Tripolitania, betrreen the pro,-qent town

Tripoli

and Lebda.

Their

name still survived

in

the

ninth

contury

Arabic

geographical nomonclature

a

the

above-quoted placo-namo a1-1![(rr)gt(u)niial-M(u)gt,(u)ni, which we- situated

on

the

soashore

circa

ó3,9

English

miles

to

the East

of

the

Tripoli

town.

I[.

Ifurac

This Libyan tribe

is

recorded

only

in

Joh,u,nxis

(II

115"

UI

4l2,

IV

64|

VilI

490 and 648), and dogs

not occur

in

anr other

anciont

ource. The rflrctce-sf rfłłra,c were, accortlirrg to the

quotod, vor e

₁

a

part

of the

considerable agglomeration o{ I\{arrnariclae, a Libyen group, rv}riclr occtrpied principail;l l\flarmarica but,

a parb

of

whom sproad out v,estward,s as

far

a

the Greail

Syrte and southwa,rds as far as the pre ent oasis of Sirva 3a). Helict

wo

realizo

rvlry

the

rfurac,

perhaps

a

south-western brarrch

d

Marmaridae, aro called poptlltłs Sirticzł.s 'the

Syrtic

people"u).

I

cannot agreo rrrith

tire

opinion

of

B ate s

,

o. c.,

p.

6;. Louabhae, Lawa,ta, after ó43 A.D.). Perhaps tho attacks of Mazi, and Austuria,ni o}1 Cirenaica about 491

A.D.

(cf. O.

Bates

_J o.

p. 238)

were

contlected

with the

pt"g suro

of

tlro

moro west

Libyan

peoples against, Tripolitania.

eł; łIhó _exteńsion

_of

_{the }Irłrmaridao as far}

a

_to

_{the Syr}

Major

is

given

by S"ylax

(ci,r"cu

320

}3.C.) and.

by Plil

For

the location arrd t}re storlr

of

farm.aridae ses B a t o s _} o.

pp. b4, 56, b6, and 66.

'u)

J. Partsch

ed. Jołt,ałtlt"is,

index

s.

l). ancl Pł,oetltił

p.

Xrrl.

According to Joloałtrlis

VI

143 t}re princo of lfurac cal

oN o},l E LIBYAN ETHI\IC lN JOIIANNI oF C0RIPPU I23

r

i,,li;filizes t,he lfurac in the interior of Tripolitania and suggests

rhe: thoy

were

identical ('with a,

fair

degreo

of

sllrenes ') wit}r

ruć Berborian

tribe,

called

Bałnł

rfren,

very

łrell

known

to

the

m*iiaeval rslamic atrl,}rors.

rn

fact,

CIur

Ifurac are,

accordiog to

r^

et

has

_been

said

_abovo,

closely

_{connected with.}

tlre

_Syrt,ic

:ryq.ons, which occupy tho eastern coa b of the present Tripolitania.

uiq. the otlrer hand the _{Tripolitan branch of B.}

rfren

_{lived, durirrg}

En'ć early Islamic period

in the

_homonymou Gabrł,l (mountains).

ll*iwards frorn the Óabal l{afnsa. and sotrthward,s from the town

[:po]i,

wlrero thero exists still a small clistrict ca,lled aftor them 3s).

.L. ., the changirrg

of

the fina,l

c

in

the word rfurac

into

arr re is

nlł.:

jiv

admissible

in

tlre Lib;zan and Berberian languago.

'Ilhrrs, _{the rfurac}

_of

Corippus

_{ai,e to bo distinguishod from}

fiIt B.

rfron of

tlre

Arabic

mecJiaeval authors. \Me

would

rat}ror

that

tlrg form used b,y

Corippu

points to

an

origirral

*l",',l _{i,ak or ovon} *rflł?"a.q, _{tlro firral sorrnd clh being perhaps misread}

m Latin for the originaI

g").

rf

rno apply the rules of tho Berberian

b"5,,uge to the Libyan terrn we must, conclude that, *Ifełrakf lfen,ag1

b

l. rJ doubt a, so-cal jed _Berbr:riarr 'internal' plur. lnasc.,

and

is

ńł,,a1*.1 f

rom

th"e llypohhetical slngtilar f

orm

*ż'ar"elkf

Farałg

or

!jFł. l; Fłll"e!/'Js). 'Iho restored ftlrtri

is

curious

as

it is

probably

rutr: ,:a1 _wit}r

the

n&mo

of

t}re localitrr called

_Ls:llll

tł,l-Ft|r,Iirł

nmu* _{":_}

wa.

cl uoted

by

some ea,rly

islarnic googra,pheł,s

irl

t}ieir

re " : , l ,tions

of

the road rvhic}r stretch gs al ong th a sea- ,xl roro lrom

&Ę :,JTrn

Aś.iabiya

in

Cirenaica wesŁrn ards

to

t}re tclrvn

of

Surt,

Bi-Fa,jay "&,Ied.ina es-Soita.n) 39).

Tlris

loca.lit;. lras beerr menŁioned

l

-.._i _words

_of

_Ya'kub

i

_{(o, c., I).} 341,1,

Bakri

(,0. c., _IJ. 12l and

Sru

:

.

i

i _o. c.) p.

l35,

transl. 16l ). Tho latter repeats rrrost probabl;r

l::

_X'or

_this

_Berberian

_{tribe soe}

J" Łr

rr

_Ęt a 1d n rr

,

Ht,sło,ire

*ffi i,rbłres, trad. de SlailBr

_::

|la,ss,iłlł,.

We

tr:ied

to

s}row (st,tllt,ł,t,

p. l20) that

t}re Greek and

MrrĘ

--

arrcient arrtlrclrs verJr

often

rrrisread tłre

voicod

consona,nt

tr:.:

ą voiceiess

clk.

_.

Cf.

e. *g.

in

t}re dialect,

of

Gabal l{afusa t}rg

illa

c. _{_plur.}

i,,.

izttl,rłg

ana

ikał[{tt,s, forrnod

from the

sing,

;łałegj 'buck'

fń

gli/łls'cat'(A.

do O.

Motyliński,

Le Djebel Ne1'ousa, p. 10).

:;

_I

_find

_tlris

_{identification}

_{in Minutilli,}

o.

c,,

p. 25Ż,

d l:

another pa,s age

of

}ris

work

a,lso rofers

it

to

tlre atrcient

fu*.

r.

SUPra).

I

124 TADEUSZ LEWIC KI

the

data

given

by

Y a'k U b i 40). According

to

t}rg va,Iue

of

ńe y'-sound in Arabic spelling of

Libyan

words (see _{above IJ.}

Lzq,lre

may

read,

tho

name al-Fd,t"il,g.

If

we drop

t}re

Arabic

definiw articIo al-, wo obtain a form restored to *Earr.tg which

is

equal

i

the rostored"singular form

of

t,ho O

orippu

plural ma c. Ifurae

i.

o. * Farug 4L).

According to somo pa.sages in the quoted rslamic geographeri al-Farng/al-Farng

wa

an important point tltl t}re"Tripolita,n shone

where

the

roads running

from

Agdabiyo

to the

urt

(Medirr es-Soltan) and. from Agdabiyu

to

tlie oasis

Zalha (today Sella iE

the

interior

of

Tripolitania) were forked.

In

facb, Ya'knbi,

l,

c-locates

it

at, one dav's journey (Arabic rruarfuala) wostwards fron

Agdablya

and

four days

eastwards from Surt a2).

As we

knor

that the length

of

one nrctrfuala

is

eqrral to 18 -* 36

Arabic

miles ł5

(which

is

about 35,ó5 _-69,3 km), we should soek a}-Farng|al-Fa.ng betu/een

the

present }Iarsa l{amaresc and Marsa el-Bre g% ne,tr the sea-coast. On the otirer hand, according

to

B a k r i

,

12, ihi

place

wa

situated

at

the

end

of

the great

dosort-roa,d which

united the oasis of Zalha (Selia; wit}r the coast stretchirg

south-west of A$dabiya. This

indication

ee,m to indicate more preciselv the spot in which al-Farugial-Fartlg was located: the point where the carayan-road from Sella meets the

wa,y

rurulirrg to Agdabivr

and

to Medina es-Soltan

lies

in

the

vicinity

of the

present

e,l-Gtafia,

and wo

shall

therefore localtze, withorrt

any

doubt, our

al-Farng/al-tr'Erfrg between

the

latter

loca,lity

and

the seashorą

i.

e.

in

the glbow r;f the Syrtis Maior. Some

map

of Tripolitanlr show in this part of the Cirenearr-Tripolitan borderland the moufifr

of

the

great wadi called

W.

Fareg,

tho

lower bed

of

rv}rich iil

oo) _{In their edition}

_of

Idrlsi

Dozy

_{and de Goeje}

_adoptei

(p. 135, trans]. 161) the wrongly dotted reading

_ir;Hl

al-Faruq-n')

_The

_{marks of lengtir}

_in

_this

_{restorod form refer to t}c}

Arabic

scri,ptio plena,

in

tho

transcription

of

the analysed

telu

and do not rend,er

any

divergence

in its

pronunciation.

n') _{B a k r i}

_,

_{l, c., gives the latter distanco}

_five

_{naar|lalos 1or}

,

n') Cf.

Amari-Sch

ia p p

arell

i,

L'rtal,iu descł,itta nel

Liim

del re Ptłoggero, Roma 1883,

p.

XIn. Abn 'I-Fida'

(XIVth ceI].Lł

gives

the

length

of

one day's

jorrrney

a

being

equal

w

8 farsafu i, e, 24 Lrabic milos (47,4 km); cf. Geograyllcie rtr,':Ibotelfil*

ed.

_{Reinarrcl ,}

Paris

1840,

p.

72.

l

l

i

l L

;

t

l l

t

t

I

l

il

t I t

fi

--ON O}fE LIBYAI.T ETHNICS Ir\ JOHANNI OF CORIPPUS I25

rfulndant

in

,wan}p and wells aa).

This

character

of

tho estuary

m \T.

Fareg soem

to

concord

with

thg location

of

our al-Farnś/

pFarfrg;

ai-FarUg

was

actually situated, accordiog

to

the

des-anction

of Bakri,

i,

tlre middlo

of

tlre salt-wet, }.arrd, as lrel} a

m.

tlre

noig}rbourhood

of wolls.

[Infortrrnately

a

Inore accurato

,rrcalization

of

t he place

in

question is at, present impossible.

r

am

g:rined to boiieve t}rat both namos, i. u, al-Farng/al-Filrilg

a

well

łs

t}re singular form

of

Corippu

'

rfurac, i. e. *Farulc,

Farek

etc.

ór3

still in

existerrco irr the prosent, name

W.

tr'areg. Tn fact, the

b;ter name

is

identical witlr the hypot}rotioal

Libyan

torm *.Fareg,

r.iclr

is

probably

a

parallel form

to

*,Farrogaó).

Ilonoe,

most

probably, the

lfurac lived

in

the Byzantine

ili,T"nes and, porlraps also,

in tlio

early rslamic epoc}r, on the lower

S.

Fareg,

and noar

to

tlre Groat

Syrto,

beiag t}re wostornmost

imanch

of

the Marmaridae.

'Ihey

could be traced from tlre ninth

Eo

tlre

elevonth

cenŁury

by

tho

rramo

of

a1-1ł'arng/al-FarUg

riiich wa

an

important station

at

the

bord"er botwoen the

f;renaica and

Sirtica, with

a

llasr

(castle) already ruined.

in

the

imes of

Bakri

(the

Xrth

century nu).

III.

Gadaiae

The

nalno,

which is

quoted

only

in

Joloarenis \.rI 285, is

;Pnen

in

the

Latin

accu

.

plur.

form

Gadaias:

Siccas

uporaro Gadaias"

C o r i p p

u

gives no cluo to tho idontification

of

that ethnic.

m:rj, is a mistako, and pre umes that Garlabi,tani, (v. supra,

p.

115;

in

ńe

right

form a7).

This

oxplanation sounds unsatisfactory, and

m

ioes

the

intorprotation

of

Gadaiae as

Gat

(an oasis

in

the ń;nth -'Western Tripolitarria), inbroduced

by

the

French

scholar

T r : x i e r'*). f }re latter identification

is

absolutely impossiblo. rn

'*)

The

interosting description

of W.

Fareg

is

givon

in

n') Seo above,

p.

I24.

no) _{I{iffib ąl,-rnasdlik,}

_{p. t2.}

126 TAI]HU Z LBWICKI

fact, wo must, remember t-lrat, t}re namo

Ghat is

a modern

on13

and

doos not,

occur

in

any

oa,rly

Islamic

sotlrco bofore th*

fifteenth contury

or

so.

The

Gadaiaei

aro

otherwiso unknoTn,,.

Al}

wo

c&n

ay

about them

is

that,

they

belonged,

no

doubt. t.-,

tho group of

Libyan

peoples who appe&r

in

t}re scene of .] oharrtl]jn

Troglita

exploits,

i.

o.

in

th.e modorrr Tunisia and,Tripo]ita,nia.

If we insist on a Tripolitarrian origin of that namo (a,ccordine

to thg

upposition

of }fazzuchelli

and Ta'uxier),

we

nr85 envi,qa,ge Garlo (pronounce Żarlo,cf.

Beguirrot,

It

_{berbe1,o YlttrlŃło}

tti !{eftłsł,

passim), tho ancient, politicat centre

of

Gabal J{af[._qa*

which

wa

spolt

JJĘ

or |rrĘ

Gadtt, in some early Islamic

recol,cio-It is

impossible

to

say wethor Gado/Gac{n

wa

extant in

Corippiis-times. But,

we know

t}rat,

this locality

oxisted

already

irr

ti:ł

ninth

contury,

i. o.

omo

throg

}rundred

year

later.

It

,\ -a

quoted

ver},

ofton

in

tho

sacred books

of

t}ro

_barijito

se{nr Ibacliya,

a

e.

g.

in

t,he famous

Kitab al-siyar

of

Śummeb:

(XYIth contury*u)

and

by

many

Arabic

media,oval

geographers-a

e. g. irr

Bakri

_,

o.c., p.9, who irr }ris t,eport, ort Gadn emphasise the importanco

of this

town.

At

first, sight, the

nalne

Gudrłił'as

and

Gil,rl,il eem

to

be of

clifferent

origin; but

there

a,ro soml* indications t}tat the former may lrave turned

into the

Jatter. T l-,*

name

a

qtioted

by

C o r i p _IJ

Ll

points

in

fact

to

Gu,r.l,ł,łi- whicŁ wotrld, be but, a

Latin

reading

for

an ancient hypothetica,l

Librar

torm Gait,xylŻcł,rtay, the lgttor

g

renderiog sometimes

in

Greek (

Latin

sources tho strange d-sorrnd uo).

I

llppo o there

is

}}o diff}

culty

in

bridging the Gadai - _lG^rluy

with

Gacln, except

for

tŁe

suffixos,

wirich

aTa differerrt,

in

both analysed terms: -tI,.?ł

in

th*

recon

tructed

O o ,, i p p u,s

'

form,

and

-t.łf -o

in

t}ro Islamic recond

na,me of the metropolis of the liastern Gaba1 Naf nsa. '|he divergen[il

is

perhaps due to a dialectical formatiorr

of

tho Libyarr la,nguagn but, it is also possible that we have

to

faco a mistake in

Coripp-lt

rvho misspolt Gadaias

for

* _Gacloias,

nn) _{This work, which is based on ma.ny ancient, Ibacliya recol:ń}

and which contains many cletails of great interest on Gaba,l Nafr:*r

wa

edited

in

Bulalr,

1301

H. For

Gado7Gadn eo a]so

A.

de C

Motyliński,

[,e Djebel lYefaarccu,

Paris

18.c)8/9t},

p.

89.

ON oDtE LIBY^N ETHt\lC IN JOHANNI OF' CORIPPUS 12T

IV.

Gu,lli,ccł

This

l}a}Tle? rv}rich has

nol

been identified as

_}ot,

eom

to

:tsignato

a Libyarr locality

or

count

ry.

It, l^/as mentioned twico

::-1v:

in

,}olłułłrl,is TI 77 and

VI

486, whero

it

seems

to

refer to

t

iesert, la,nd: }}o accurate data, horvover, lravo been furrrished.

As a, matter of facb,

I

feel certain Galli,ca should be souglrt

for

in

::.

present, Tripeiiitania.

I

am ternpted to connect it

with

orne other

:*oples

or

name

of

places sollllding * Gal-

or

Gull-

_{and located}

"

f

that

part

of Berboria

by

early Greek

or

Latirr

atrthors. There

e.

g.

a, rnysteriorts Garamantic

town Gallu

or

Galsłł, w}rich

?

li

n

y

(IVat. FFist.

V

ó) registerecl

in

his

famous

list

of

peoples

l:d

towns

conquored

by

Ir.

Cornelius

Balbus

(19

B.C.u')

and

rnnic}r

is

perhaps

nothing

elsg lrut the form

parallol

to

Oo-::cous' Galti,ccłóz). 1]he ame elerntltlt

Gal-

eems

to

be involved in

,}ulyba

_of

_Ptolemy,

_{a towlr}

_p}a,ccd

_by

_this

_geographer

_{in the}

'- terior

of

Tripolitania. The

clue

to

the

location

of

our Gal-

is

ITen by

Victor

de

Yita

(about t[tj6 A.D.) who rnentioned t}re

_,::ality called Gcłles

a, a point

belonging

to

Ammonia,

i.

e, to

t*

presont oa,sis

of

Slłva

{,I{isi. p(ł"s.

Alł.

?}r.t 1, 1). Tho namo

,#a_es _{doos not, corro*pond}

to

_{t}ro present topollymy}

of

Siwa

_or

ru :ts close

vicirrity,

brrt we firrd

its

trace

in

t}re modern Gał,o,

TL*

nost

important oasis

of

th,e group

of

Arrgila. "W"e know that

rfi

early

as

in

the

times

of

Herodot,us

(fifth

century B.C.)

I _łila (in tho

classical

ource

Augi,la) was connected

by

a

road

,r.:b

_the

_{oasis of}

Ammon, ancl belonged"

to

a

chain

of

oa e

]Ę*nniog frorn t}re present-riarl Siwa a,nd stretc}riog towards the

T,-ts: _").

_Victor

_de

Yita

_{lccalizing Gales}

in

_{Ammorria has} per}raps

Ji

;iew

the ancierrt

literary

tracliŁion

of

Itrerodotu .

'Ihus,

I

am tempted to admit the identity

of

the Greek and

} *r

*

Gal- with the

present (}u,lo.

The

latter

was

called

by T r'ł

nbl

(}ala,ta'a;. _{If we drop} t}re orldirl g -em in t}ris na,me (which

")

Bert}relot,

o. _{c,, IJp. 27Ł---278.}

'')

Gaila

and Gallica sógm

to

bo

mistaken

for

* Gal(a) _and

nri,r/- _{ica). T}re mistake is due}

to

_a

_{confusion of those ethnics with} !ft,e well-known name

of

Galli/Gallia

in

-E)uropo.

")

Herodot,us,

IY

18t

and

1821

A.

Berthelot,

o. c., pp' 154-158.

128 TADEUSZ LEWICKI

wo incidentally consider as boing a _{lator development of} the

Libva:

suffix -gb(a) -!/?r)e

of

Ptolemy's Gatgb(cl,)) we obtain * _Gał-,

*ń.,

eems to be closely related to the term Gał- of bhe

ancient

ourcłed

Both

tho forms point

to

an original *

Gał

_{(or por}raps} * Żat, w:*

a

sound łrrhich

has been

transcrrbed

_i

by

tho

Arabs, while

tl:

ancient Greek and Romaris heard tb

gl a

in

the ca

e

_of Gadaia.r

which

has

beon considered above).

Even

if

the Borborian ter= Óalaw _l}alo

is

not, idenŁical

with the Gallica

of

Corippus,

it

nrar

have pro orved as

weil

as thg lattor, & trace of

the

amo Libym.

anciont

tribal

name *

Ćat

which

_rofored

to

_{tho people living} --the deserts

of

Tripolitania

or

to

the 'Wost

of Egyptian

oa es i:.

According to

Ya'bnbi' l.

c,) Galaw

is

a

dosort towrr situateo --the middle

of

palms,

i,

the neighbourhood of

Augila

and

-Wadda-These details would indicate only the pro ent Galo. r am inclingi

to

connect

also

wit}r

the

ethnic

Gallica

tłro

namo

of

Augii t,

|*aza-Gil(a)

'son

of

Gilla)'] as

we]l

a

the n&me

of

a

mounta_: in the Libyan desert called Gebel Calnt (cf.

IdrTsi,

trad.

Jaubel:

I

131).

r.

_F

_l

l dr;

n,

o:

c,,t

passim, quotes

_Galnt

_among

_tŁ:

ancostor

of

thg Berberian

people.

-ou)

I

_wish

_to

_expre

_my

_gratitude

_to

_my

_{learned frierris}

A.

Kunst,

Ph.

D., leóturer

ai

_{t}ie School of Oriental and African}

Studiesand

A.

Wlekliński,_M.^A., to

whom

I

am

greaur indebted

for

the help received during' my work

in

this

ańc}e. "

] ,llI E ! I iiiillllllI ,]lil,1, .,,:lfl|l|| '