ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɗɄɋɉɊȿɋɋɂȼɇɕɏ ɋɍɓȿɋɌȼɂɌȿɅɖɇɕɏ ȼ ɋɆɈɅȿɇɋɄɂɏ ȽɈȼɈɊȺɏ ɂ ȼ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈɆ əɁɕɄȿ
THE DERIVATION OF EXPRESSIVE NOUNS IN SMOLENSK REGION DIALECTS AND IN POLISH
ɋȼȿɌɅȺɇȺ ȽȺɅȺɇɌ
ABSTRACT. Presently we experience favorable condition for comparative study of Smolensk region dialects and Polish language due to publishing of Smolensk region dialects vocabulary with a rich dialect contents. The paper will present a comparison of word formation structures of Smolensk region dialects and modern Polish language. Word formation comparison of expressive nouns, subjective assessment suffixes, word formation models typical for both Slavic languages and language-specific will be covered in necessary details.
ɋɜɟɬɥɚɧɚ Ƚɚɥɚɧɬ, ɋɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɋɦɨɥɟɧɫɤ – Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɢɡ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ Słownika jĊzyka polskiego ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɇ. ɒɢɦɱɚɤɚ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɛɭɞɟɦ ɡɚ-ɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨ-ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜ-ɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ. ȼ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ʌɭɤɶɹɧɨɜɨɣ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ „ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ”1. Ⱦɭɦɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ ɫɥɨɜ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɚ-ɫɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɶ-ɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ, ɤɚɤ 1 – ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɰ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɢ 2 – ɟɞɚ: ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɥɸɞ. Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1200 ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚ-________________ 1 ɇ.Ⱥ. Ʌ ɭ ɤ ɶ ɹ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɗɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɛ-ɥɟɦɵ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ), ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ 1986, c. 5.
ɧɢɣ: 600 ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ 600 ɢɦɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɉɨɞ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ, ɜɫɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ: ɨɰɟɧɤɭ, ɷɦɨ-ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ, ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ „ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛ-ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɨ-ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ: ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ (ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-ɫɬɢɤɨɣ”2. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ ɫ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨ-ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ. ɋɚɦɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɶ-ɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ (ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɰ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ). ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ɐɟɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɧɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɰɨ, ɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɭ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɪɨɞɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɥɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ: 1Ⱥ – ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɰ ɩɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ, 1Ȼ – ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɰ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ, 1ȼ – ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɰ ɩɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɦ, ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ. Ʉ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 1Ⱥ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨ-ɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜ-ɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɭ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɪɹɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɚɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɧɟɩɪɢɱɟɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɵ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ɋɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɪɨɧɢɸ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɢɡɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɬɨɣ: ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ, ɛɨɥɶ-ɲɢɦ ɧɨɫɨɦ, ɤɨɫɨɝɥɚɡɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ 58% ɫɥɨɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɦɟɬɭ ɷɤɫɩɪ. ɋɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɟɝɨ. Ɉɛɪɚɳɚɟɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɪ. 60% ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 40% ɫɥɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɨɬɬɟɧɨɤ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ (ɥɸɞɹɦ), ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ. ȼ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 1Ⱥ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ 23% ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢ-ɤɨɣ: 9% ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɨɛɪ., 7% – ɩɨɪɢɰ., 5% – ɛɪɚɧ., 2% – ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪ.; ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 12% ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɥɢɰ ɩɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɨɫɨ-ɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɬɟɧɨɤ: 8% – ɩɨɦɟɬɚ ɭɦ.-ɥɚɫɤ. ɢ 4% ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɥɚɫɤ.; ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 7% ɫɥɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɦɟɬɭ ɩɟɪɟɧ. ________________ 2 Ɇ.ɇ. Ʉ ɨ ɠ ɢ ɧ ɚ, ɋɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1993, c. 120.
ɉɪɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɨ ɜɵɲɟ-ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 1Ⱥ ɩɪɢɧɚɞ-ɥɟɠɚɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ. ɉɨɦɟɬɵ
Słownika jĊzyka polskiego ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɇ. ɒɢɦɱɚɤɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜ-ɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ. ɇɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɨɦɟɬɵ ɷɤɫɩɪ., ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶ-ɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ⱥ ɩɨɦɟɬɵ: iron., lekcew., pieszcz., podn., pogard., wulg.,
zdr., zgr., Īart. – ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 1Ⱥ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ – 52%: ɭɦ.-ɥɚɫɤ. – 31%, ɥɚɫɤ. – 6%, ɲɭɬɥ. – 15%. ɋɥɨɜ ɫ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ – 36%: ɢɪɨɧ. – 27%, ɧɟɨɞɨɛɪ. – 9%; ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɟ-ɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɧ. – 12%. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɬɵ, ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-ɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɥɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ – „ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ [...] ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨ-ɷɦɨ-ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɟɪɬɨɧɨɜ”3. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨ-ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɥɢɰ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɚɹ ɝɚɦɦɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ. Ɉɛɪɚ-ɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ 1Ⱥ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɦɢ: -ɤ(a), -ɭɯ(a), -ɨɯ(a), ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ (ɆɳɈ), ɨɬ ɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɫɞɵɯɥɹɱɤɚ ←←← ɫɞɵɯɥɹɤ←
+ ɤ(a), ɤɨɫɦɭɯɚ ←←←← ɤɨɫɦɵ + ɭɯ(a), ɤɪɢɜɭɯɚ ←←← ɤɪɢɜɨɣ← + ɭɯ(a), ɥɨɫɧɺɯɚ
← ← ← ← ɥɨɫɧɢɬɶɫɹ+ɨɯ(a). Ʉ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɆɳɈ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ: -ɵɲ, -ɢɥ(a), -ɨɤ, -ɟɡ(a), -∅∅∅∅. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɨɛɞɢɪɵɲ ←←←← ɨɛɞɢɪɚɬɶ + ɵɲ, ɥɨɩɟɡɚ ←←←← ɥɨɩɚɬɶ + ɟɡ(a), ɦɭɪɡɢɥɚ ← ← ← ← ɦɭɪɡɚɬɶ + ɢɥ(a), ɤɭɥɺɦɚ ←←← ɤɭɥɺɦɚɬɶ← + ∅∅∅∅(a). Ʉ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɆɳɈ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ: -ɢɤ, -ɟɤ, -ɨɯ(a), -ɭɲɤ(a), -ɚɲɤ(a), -ɨɲɤ(a), -ɢɧ(-ɵɧ)(a), -ɭɝ, -ɭɪ(ɹ), -ɢɳ(a), -ɚɬɧɢɤ.
ɇɚɩɪɢ-ɦɟɪ: ɥɚɧɞɺɯɚ ←←← ɥɚɧɞɚ← + ɨɯ(a), ɤɚɜɚɥɺɲɤɚ ←←← ɤɚɜɚɥ← ’ + ɨɲɤ(a) (ɥ//ɥ’), ɩɪɢ-ɧɚɞɭɲɤɚ ←←←← ɩɪɢɧɚɞɚ + ɭɲɤ(a), ɥɚɯɭɞɪɢɤ ←←← ɥɚɯɭɞɪɚ← + ɢɤ, ɥɚɩɬɸɝ ←←←← ɥɚ -ɩɨɬɶ + ɭɝ (ɨ//∅∅∅∅), ɧɨɫɭɪɹ ←←← ɧɨɫ← + ɭɪ(a), ɥɚɜɢɳɚ ←←←← ɥɚɜɚ + ɢɳ(a). Ʉ ɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɆɳɈ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ: -ɭɯ(a), -ɢɤ, -ɚɬɢɧ(a). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɤɪɢɜɭɯɚ ←←←← ɤɪɢɜɨɣ + ɭɯ(a), ɫɞɵɯɥɹɬɢɧɚ ←←←← ɫɞɵɯɥɵ + ɚɬɢɧ(a) (ɥ//ɥ’), ɧɨɫɚɬɢɤ ←←←← ɧɨɫɚɬɵɣ + ɢɤ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 1Ⱥ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ 23 ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɦɢ. ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-________________ 3 Ɉ.ɋ. Ⱥ ɯ ɦ ɚ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1966, c. 203–204.
ɫɬɢɤɭ: -ɤ(ɚ), -ɟɤ, -ɨɤ, -ɭɲɤ(ɚ), ɨɲɤ(ɚ), -ɨɯ(ɚ): ɦɚɥɶɝɚɜɨɱɤɚ ←←←← ɦɚɥɶɝɚɜɤɚ + ɤ(ɚ) (ɤ//ɱ, ∅∅∅∅//ɨ), ɧɟɞɨɪɨɫɬɨɱɟɤ ←←←← ɧɟɞɨɪɨɫɬɨɤ + ɟɤ (ɤ//ɱ), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɭɲɤɚ ← ← ← ← ɩɪɢɧɚɞɚ + ɭɲɤ(ɚ); ɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚ-ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ: -ɤ(ɚ), -ɢɤ, -ɨɤ, ɨɯ(ɚ), -ɭɯ(ɚ), -ɚɲɤ(ɚ), -ɢɥ(ɚ), -ɟɡ(ɚ), -ɵɲ, -ɚɬɢɧ(ɚ), -ɢɧ(ɚ), -ɭɝ, -ɭɪ(ɹ), -ɢɳ(ɚ), -∅∅∅∅: ɥɵɫɶɤɚ ←←←← ɥɵɫɵɣ + ɥ(ɚ), ɨɬɪɺɩɨɤ ← ← ← ← ɨɬɪɟɩɚɬɶ + ɨɤ, ɥɟɩɺɯɚ ←←← ɥɺɩɚ← +ɨɯ(ɚ), ɤɨɪɨɜɚɲɤɚ ←←←← ɤɨɪɨɜɚ + ɚɲɤ(ɚ). ȼ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 1Ⱥ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ.
Ʉ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɆɳɈ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ: -k(ɚ), -ek, -czek, -ik, -yn(ɚ), -in(ɚ), -sk(o), -ysk(o), -os, -as, -us, -uni(ɚ), -usi(ɚ), -iec, -yt(ɚ), -∅∅∅∅. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ludzik ←←←← ludzie + ik, brudasek ←←←← brudas + ek, młokos ←←←← mleko
+ os (e||o), lalusia ←←←← lala + usi(ɚ), babsko ←←←← baba + sk(o), biedaczek ←←←← bieda
+ czek, matoł ←←←←matołek + ∅∅∅∅.
Ʉ ɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɆɳɈ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ: -ek, -al(ɚ), -ątk(o), -ul(ɚ), -otk(ɚ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: piĊknotka ←←←← piĊkny + otk(ɚ), brzydula ←←←← brzydki + ul(a),
niewiniątko ←←←← niewinny + ątk(o).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 1Ⱥ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ 19 ɫɥɨ-ɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦ ɫɭɮ-ɮɢɤɫɚɦɢ. ɋɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ, ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ4: -ka, -ek, -czek, -otk(ɚ), -ik, -ul(ɚ), -uni(ɚ), -os, -us, -usi(ɚ): nagusek ←←←← nagus + ek, Ğlicznotka ←←←← Ğliczny
+ otk(ɚ), brunecik ←←←← brunet + ik (t||c), mizeraczek ←←←← mizerak + ek (k||cz). ɋɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ, ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ: -iec, -as, -al(ɚ), -yn(ɚ), -sk(o), -ysk(o), -yt(ɚ), -∅∅∅∅: babiec ←←←← baba + ec, blondas ←←←← blond + as, mądrala ←
← ←
← mądry + al(ɚ), łachmyta ←←←← łachman + yt(ɚ).
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ 1Ⱥ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ: − ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢ-ɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨ-ɞɟɥɶ: ɋɈ (ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ) + ɢɧ(ɵɧ)(ɚ)/CO + in(yn)(a) ɛɟɡ ɦɨɪɮɨɧɨ-ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ; − ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚ-ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɋɈ + ɤ(ɚ)/CO + k(a) ɛɟɡ ɦɨɪɮɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟ-ɧɟɧɢɣ – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɋɈ + ɟɤ (ɤ||ɱ)/CO + ek (k||cz) – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ. ȼ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 1Ȼ (ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɰ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɥɨɧ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ): 51% ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɦɟɬɭ ɷɤɫɩɪ., 13% – ɛɪɚɧ., 11% – ɩɨɪɢɰ., 10% – ɧɟɨɞɨɛɪ., 9% ɫɥɨɜ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɧ., 3% – ɭɦ., 2% – ɥɚɫɤ., ɢ 1% – ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 5% ɫɥɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɟɧɹɬɫɹ, ɛɟɡɞɟɥɶɧɢɱɚɸɬ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɬɚɸɬ, ɥɶɫɬɹɬ, ɥɝɭɬ, ɩɶɹɧɫɬɜɭɸɬ; ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɸɞɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɹɳɢɟ, ɭɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɫɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɥɸɛɹɳɢɟ ɩɨɟɫɬɶ. ________________ 4
ȼ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨ-ɳɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ: -ɤ(ɚ), -ɨɤ, -ɟɤ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɪɟɝɨɬɭɲɤɚ ←←← ɪɟɝɨɬɭɯɚ← + ɤ(ɚ) (ɯ//ɲ), ɩɥɚɤɫɭɧɨɤ ←←←← ɩɥɚɤɫɭɧ + ɨɤ, ɪɵɛɨɥɨɜɧɢɱɟɤ ←←←← ɪɵɛɨɥɨɜɧɢɤ + ɟɤ (ɤ//ɱ). ȼ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ 1Ȼ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ 24 ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ: -ɤ(ɚ), -ɨɤ, -ɲɤ(ɚ), -ɟɲɤ(ɚ), -ɚɲɤ(ɚ), -ɭɲɤ(ɚ), -ɵɲ, -ɯ(ɚ), -ɚɯ(ɚ), -ɵɯ, -ɵɯ(ɚ), -ɭɯ, -ɭɯ(ɚ), -ɧɢɤ, -ɧɢɰ(ɚ), -ɥ(ɚ), -ɭɥ(ɚ), -ɟɪ, -ɟɥɶ, -ɚɣ, -ɭɣ, -ɫ(ɚ), -ɬɨɪ, -∅∅∅∅. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɧɵɬɶɤɚ ←←← ɧɵɬɶ← + ɤ(ɚ), ɤɚɪɬɚ-ɜɟɲɤɚ ←←←← ɤɚɪɬɚɜɢɬɶ + ɟɲɤ(ɚ), ɦɨɬɭɯɚ ←←←← ɦɨɬɚɬɶ + ɭɯ(ɚ), ɧɚɤɨɥɶɧɢɤ ←←←← ɧɚ -ɤɨɥɨɬɶ + ɧɢɤ, ɧɭɤɚɥɚ ←←←← ɧɭɤɚɬɶ + ɥ(ɚ), ɩɪɢɫɬɟɛɚɣ ←←←← ɩɪɢɫɬɟɛɚɬɶɫɹ + ɚɣ, ɤɪɢɤɫɚ ←←←← ɤɪɢɱɚɬɶ + ɫ(ɚ) (ɱ//ɤ), ɦɭɬɨɫɜɟɬ ←←←← ɦɭɬɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɶ + ∅∅∅∅, ɤɪɭɬɟɥɶ ← ← ← ← ɤɪɭɬɢɬɶ + ɟɥɶ. Ʉ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ: -ɤ(ɚ), -ɧɢɤ, -ɧɢɰ(ɚ), -ɭɝ(ɚ), -ɢɧ(ɚ), -ɟɥɶ, -ɨɜɢɱ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɩɚɧɢɯɢɞɧɢɤ ←←←← ɩɚɧɢɯɢɞɚ + ɧɢɤ, ɚɧ-ɞɪɚɱɧɢɰɚ ←←← ɚɧɞɪɚɤ← + ɧɢɰ(ɚ) (ɤ//ɱ, ɥɟɧɬɹɸɝɚ ←←← ɥɟɧɬɹɣ← + ɭɝ(ɚ), ɥɨɛɨɬɪɹ-ɫɢɧɚ ←←←← ɥɨɛɨɬɪɹɫ + ɢɧ(ɚ), ɤɭɪɜɟɥɶ ←←← ɤɭɪɜɚ← + ɟɥɶ, ɪɸɦɡɨɜɢɱ ←←←← ɪɸɦɡɚ + ɨɜɢɱ. Ʉ ɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ: -ɤ(ɚ), -ɢɤ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɥɸɝɚɜɤɚ ←←← ɥɸɝɚɜɵɣ← + ɤ(ɚ), ɧɚɞɭɬɢɤ ←←← ɧɚɞɭɬɵɣ← + ɢɤ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɦɨ-ɫɬɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɢ ɫɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɤ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɦɨ-ɫɬɢ ɪɟɱɢ. ȼ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 1Ȼ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɆɳɈ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɭɛ-ɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ. ɋɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ-ɤ(ɚ). ɋ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ-ɧɢɤ, -ɧɢɰ(ɚ), -ɟɥɶ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ -ɤ(ɚ), -ɨɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ-ɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɢ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ. ȼ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɚ 1Ȼ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ 42% ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɲɭɬɥ., 28% ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɨɛɪ., ɩɨ 9% ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪ. ɢ ɢɪɨɧ., 12% – ɭɦ. Ɍɨɥɶ-ɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɭ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɭɜɟɥ. ɒɭɬɥɢ-ɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ. Tɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɥɢɰ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ – 54% ɢ 46%. ȼ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɭɮ-ɮɢɤɫɵ -ik, -icz, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ: łazik ←←←← łaziü
+ ik, balowicz ←←←← balowaü + icz, ɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ -ek, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɤ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ: mruczek ←←←← mruk + ek (k||cz).
ȼ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ
pacy-kowaü + arz, łaskawca ←←←← łaskawiü + c(ɚ), pleciuch ←←←← pleĞü + uch (Ğ||c), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ -yn(ɚ), -ysk(o), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ: malarzyna ←←←← malarz + yn(ɚ), pijaczysko ←←←← pijak + ysk(o) (k||cz).
ȼ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 1Ȼ ɧɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɆɳɈ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-ɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ 1Ȼ ɫɦɨ-ɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɫɥɨɜɨ-ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ: − ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞ-ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ȽɈ (ɝɥɚ-ɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ) + ɭɯ/ȽɈ + uch ɛɟɡ ɦɨɪɮɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚ-ɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɢ ȽɈ + ɢɧ(ɚ)/ȽɈ + in(a) ɛɟɡ ɦɨɪɮɨ-ɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ; − ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚ-ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ: ɋɈ + ɟɤ (ɤ||ɱ)/CO + ek (k||cz) – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭ-ɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ. ȼ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 1ȼ (ɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɰ ɩɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɦ, ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ-ɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ) ɜ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ 78% ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɦɟɬɭ ɥɚɫɤ., 22% – ɩɨɦɟɬɭ ɭɦ., ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ – ɩɨɦɟɬɭ ɝɪɭɛ.: ɦɚɬɭɯɚ ←←←← ɦɚɬɶ + ɭɯ(ɚ). ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢ-ɤɨɣ. ȼ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɤ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɫɵ: -ɤ(ɚ), -ɟɱɤ(ɚ), -ɟɧɶɤ(ɚ), -ɭɧ(ɹ), -ɭɥ(ɹ), -ɭɲɤ(ɚ). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜ-ɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜ-ɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɤ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ -ɟɤ, -ɢɤ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɩɪɢɞɚɧɨɱɤɚ ←←←← ɩɪɢɞɚɧɤɚ + ɤ(ɚ) (∅∅∅∅//ɨ, ɤ//ɱ), ɦɚɬɭɥɟɱɤɚ ←←← ɦɚɬɭɥɹ← + ɟɱɤɚ, ɦɚɬɭɧɹ ←←←← ɦɚɬɶ + ɭɧ(ɹ), ɩɪɢɦɵɲɟɤ ←←←← ɩɪɢ -ɦɵɲ + ɟɤ. ȼ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: 49% ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɥɚɫɤ., 24% – ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɭɦ., 11% – ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɲɭɬɥ. ɢ 16% – ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɦɟɬɭ ɢɪɨɧ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, 84% ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ. ȼ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-ɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɆɳɈ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɭ-ɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɤ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧ-ɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ-k(a),-eĔk(a), -uni(a), -ul(a),-uĞ, -usi(a), -uchn(a), -ysk(o). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: pareczka ←←←← parka + k(a) (∅∅∅∅||e, k||cz), babuleĔka
← ← ←
ɫɭ-ɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ-ek, -ulek, -uĞ, -cio: bliĨniaczek ←←←← bliĨniak + ek (k||cz),
ojczulek ←←←← ojcze + ulek, mĊĪuĞ ←←←← mąĪ + uĞ (ą//Ċ), papcio ←←←← papa + cio. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɤ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ-sko, -isko. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: babsko ←←←← baba + sko,
pannisko ←←←← panna + isko.
ɇɚɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɥɢ ɩɪɨ-ɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɶ/matka. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨ-ɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɥɚɫɤɨ-ɜɵɯ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɨɞɧɨ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɨ ɝɪɭɛɨɟ: ɦɚɬɶ – ɦɚɬɭɥɹ, ɦɚ -ɬɭɥɟɱɤɚ, ɦɚɬɭɥɟɧɶɤɚ, ɦɚɬɭɧɹ, ɦɚɬɢɰɚ, ɦɚɬɭɯɚ. Ʌɚɫɤɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɦɚ-ɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɫɟɦɶɸ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ: matka – matuĞ, matusia, mamusia, mateĔka, mamunia, matuchna, matczysko.
ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɦɨɥɟɧ-ɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɭ 1ȼ (ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɰ ɩɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɦ, ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ), ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɧɚɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ: − ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɨ-ɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ; − ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ, ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɋɈ + ɟɤ (ɤ||ɱ)/CO + ek (k||cz) – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ; ɋɈ + ɟɧɶɤɚ/CO + eĔka, ɋɈ + ɭɧɹ/CO + unia, ɋɈ + ɭɥɹ/CO + ula, ɛɟɡ ɦɨɪɮɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ – ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ; − ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɋɈ + ɤ(ɚ)/CO + k(a) ɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ∅∅∅∅//ɨ, ɤ//ɱ, ɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɨ-ɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ∅∅∅∅//e, k//cz. Ʉ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ 2 – ɟɞɚ: ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɥɸɞ – ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ 50 ɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɢ 55 ɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɫɨ-ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 8% ɢ 9% ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ: 2Ⱥ – ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ (33% – ɥɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɵ, 36% – ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ) , 2Ȼ – ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɥɸɞ (67% – ɫɦɨ-ɥɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɵ, 64% – ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ). ɋɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɦɵ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫ-ɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨ-ɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɚɦɢ ɭɦ., ɭɦ.-ɥɚɫɤ., ɥɚɫɤ. ɋɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɟ-ɬɚɦɢ ɢɪɨɧ. ɢ ɲɭɬɥ. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɧɟ-ɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɟɝɨ. ɋɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɪ. ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɹɜɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ. ȼ ɫɦɨɥɟɧ-ɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɨɛɪ. ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɣ ɩɨɪɢɰ. Ɂɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ ɢ ɩɨɞ-ɜɢɠɧɵ, ɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ „ɠɢɜɚɹ ɪɟɱɶ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɷɤɫ-ɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɟɣ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ”5. ɇɚɲɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɢ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɥɸɞɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɢ, ɦɨɠ-ɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɛɟɪɟɠɦɨɠ-ɧɨɟ ɢ ɧɟɠɦɨɠ-ɧɨɟ ɨɬɦɨɠ-ɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤ ɟɞɟ. ɋ ɢɪɨɧɢɟɣ ɢ ɲɭɬ-ɤɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɜɤɭɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɞɟ, ɤ ɨɛɠɨɪɫɬɜɭ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤ ɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ 2Ⱥ. ȼ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɦɢ -ɤ(a), -eɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɢ-ɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ (ɆɳɈ), ɢ -ɭɲɤ(a), ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɚɞɴɟɤɬɢɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ6. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɧɚɬɢɧɤɚ ←←←← ɧɚɬɢɧɚ + ɤ(a), ɨɩɺɧɨɱɤɚ ←←← ɨɩɺɧɤɚ← + ɤ(a) (∅∅∅∅//ɨ, ɤ//ɱ), ɥɸɛɨɜɢɧɤɚ ←←←← ɥɸɛɨɜɢɧɚ + ɤ(a), ɩɚɪɧɢɱɟɤ ←←←← ɩɚɪɧɢɤ + ɟɤ (ɤ//ɱ), ɥɚɜɪɭɲɤɚ ←←←← ɥɚɜɪɨɜɵɣ + ɭɲɤ(a). ɉɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ -ɤ(ɚ), -eɤ ɦɨ-ɠɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɥɢ ɆɳɈ. ɋɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ. ȼ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɭɮ-ɮɢɤɫɨɜ -k(a), -k(o), -ek, -ik ɨɬ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ7. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: malinka
← ← ←
← malina + k(a), cebulka ←←←← cebula + k(a), polĊdwiczka ←←←← polĊdwica + k(a) (c//cz), masełko ←←←← masło-k(o) (∅∅∅∅//e), ogóreczek ←←←← ogórek + ek (k//cz), chrzanik ←
← ←
← chrzan + ik. ɉɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ -k(a), -k(o), -ek ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠ-ɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɥɢ ɆɳɈ. ɋɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ 2Ⱥ (ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɢ-ɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ) ɜ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ: ________________ 5 ȿ.Ⱥ. ɇ ɟ ɮ ɟ ɞ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɗɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2001, c. 8. 6 ɋɦ. ȿ.Ⱥ. Ɂ ɟ ɦ ɫ ɤ ɚ ɹ, ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ. ɋɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1973. 7
ɋɦ. ȼ. K r e j a, Słowotwórstwo rzeczowników ekspresywnych w jĊzyku polskim. For-macje na „-ik”, „-k”, „-isko”, „-ina”, GdaĔsk 1969.
− ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚ-ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɋɈ + ɤ(ɚ)/CO + k(a) ɛɟɡ ɦɨɪɮɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟ-ɧɟɧɢɣ – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɢ ɋɈ + ɟɤ (ɤ//ɱ)/CO + ek (k//cz) – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ. Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ 2Ȼ. ȼ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ -ɤ(a), -ɭɲɤ(a), -ɨɤ, -ɟɤ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɫɝɢɛɤɚ ←←← ɫɝɢɛɚ← + ɤ(a), ɩɚɫɨɱɤɚ ←←←← ɩɚɫɤɚ + ɤ(a) (∅∅∅∅//ɨ, ɤ//ɱ), ɥɚɞɭɲɤɚ ←←← ɥɚɞɶɹ← + ɭɲɤ(a), ɩɨɫɨɲɨɤ ←←← ɩɨɫɨɯ← + ɨɤ (ɯ//ɲ), ɩɪɟɫɧɹɱɨɤ ← ← ← ← ɩɪɟɫɧɹɥ + ɨɤ (ɤ//ɱ) ɦɹɤɭɲɟɤ ←←← ɦɹɤɭɲ← + ɟɤ, ɪɟɡɧɢɱɟɤ ←←← ɪɟɡɧɢɤ← + ɟɤ (ɤ//ɱ). ȼ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɆɳɈ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ: -k(a), -k(o), -ek, -uszek, -ik. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: lurka
← ← ←
← lura + k(a), babeczka ←←←← babka + k(a) (∅∅∅∅//e), k//cz, ciasteczko ←←←←ciastko +
k(o) (∅∅∅∅//e), k//cz, likierek ←←←← likier + ek, pierniczek ←←←← piernik + ek (k//cz),
pączuszek ←←←← pączek + uszek, bigosik ←←←← bigos + ik, omlecik ←←←← omlet + ik (t//c). ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩ-ɩɭ 2Ȼ (ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɥɸɞ), ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɧɚɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ: − ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɨ-ɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ: ɋɈ + ɤ(ɚ)/CO + k(a) – ɞɥɹ ɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟ-ɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɢ ɋɈ + ɟɤ/CO + ek – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ; − ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹ-ɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɋɈ + ɟɤ (ɤ//ɱ)/CO + ek (k//cz) ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ; − ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɋɈ + ɤ(ɚ)/CO + k(a) ɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ∅∅∅∅//ɨ, ɤ//ɱ, ɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ – ɱɟ-ɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ∅∅∅∅//e, k//cz. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 2Ȼ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɥɟɛɨ-ɛɭɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ: ɦɹ
-ɤɨɬɧɢɱɟɤ, ɫɝɢɛɭɲɟɤ, ɩɨɞɫɤɪɺɛɨɱɟɤ, bułeczka, pieroĪek, chruĞcik. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ
ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɭɜɚɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨ-ɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɯɥɟɛɭ. Ʉ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 2Ȼ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɨɬɪɢ-ɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɟɬɚɦɢ: ɷɤɫɩɪ., ɧɟɨɞɨɛɪ., ɩɨɪɢɰ. ɗɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɧɚɞɨɟɞɚɧɤɚ ←←←← ɧɚɞɨɟɞɚɬɶ + ɧɤ(a), ɥɨɩɚɧɶɟ ← ← ← ← ɥɨɩɚɬɶ + ɧjɟ, ɤɨɫɨɜɨɪɨɬɤɚ ←←← ɤɨɫɨɣ← + ɜɨɪɨɬɢɬɶ + ɤ(a), ɤɪɢɜɨɪɨɬɨɜɤɚ ← ← ← ← ɤɪɢɜɨɣ + ɪɨɬ + ɨɜɤ(a). ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜ-ɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜ-ɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ.
