• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Robust test for comparison of two variances

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Robust test for comparison of two variances"

Copied!
10
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

/,+& #,(!,%,0&! ##1234#1565# # # # # !"#$%#&'($%)$*+,$-# #

!"#$%&%'$%&(! &)!*+, -$!.&&

!(&%/!&0, -,.)'$&

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

>89># # 9>?<FICD# M8L8FM9# <F# >78# VA?><9:9# <=# >78# AFM8?CD:FI# M:9>?:HA>:<FK# &F# >78# /:IA?8#6#>78#9:;8#<=#>78#>89>#=<?#F6RF1R3#BFM#WR5K53#:9#97<NF#:F#M8L8FM8FG8#<F#

>78#VA?><9:9#XY#BY:9Z#<=#>78#M:9>?:HA>:<F#<=#>78#=:?9>#9BJLC8K#"78#97<NF#?89AC>9#B?8# <H>B:F8M# HD# 9:JACB>:<F4# HA># 9:J:CB?# XB9DJL><>:GBCZ# ?89AC>9# JBD# H8# =<AFM# :F# *G78==[#X6\3\ZK# "78#L?<HC8J#:9#><#=:FM#B#>89>#B#9:;8#<=#N7:G7#:9#J<?8#?<HA9>#><#F<FF<?JBC:>D# >7BF#>78#<F8#<=#>78#/#>89>K# &F#C:>8?B>A?8#>78#L?<HC8J# NB9#G<F9:M8?8M#:F#B#J<?8# I8F8?BC#NBD4#FBJ8CD#B9# B#9L8G:BC#GB98#<=#>78#L?<HC8J#<=#>89>:FI#8@ABC:>D#<=#V 1#EB?:BFG89K#"78#L?<HC8J# 7B9#B#E8?D#C<FI#7:9><?D#X]8B?9<F#BFM# >DBF>7BDB#6\1\4#]8B?9<F#6\21ZK#"78#=:?9># >89>#>78#9:;8#<=#N7:G7#:9#F<>#:F=CA8FG8M#HD#>78#VA?><9:9#JBD#H8#=<AFM#:F#^<Y#BFM# FM8?98F# X6\33Z# N7<# :F>?<MAG8M# >78# >8?J# _?<HA9>F899`# :F><# 9>B>:9>:G9K# +8E8F8# X6\a5Z#L?<L<98M#B#>89>#N7:G7#:9#J<?8#?<HA9>#>7BF#>78#^B?>C8>>#>89>K#"7:9#>89>#NB9# 9C:I7>CD#J<M:=:8M#HD#^?<NF#BFM#/<?9D>78#X6\bcZK#,>78?#>89>94# J<?8#?<HA9>#>7BF# >78# /# >89>4# N8?8# L?<L<98M# HD# 0:CC8?# X6\adZ4# +BDB?M# X6\b2Z4# /C:FI8?# BFM# e:CC8F# X6\baZ#BFM#":VA#BFM#^BCBV?:97FBF#X6\dcZK#"78#J<9>#?8G8F>#?89AC>9#<F#>78#9AHf8G># JBD#H8#=<AFM#:F#"9<A#X15524#155aZK#

(2)

665# # # # CC#J8F>:<F8M#>89>9#B?8#B9DJL><>:GBC#BFM#=<?#9JBCC#9BJLC89#>78D#M<Fj>#N<?V# N8CCK#h8#B?8#:F>8?89>8M#:F#>78#9JBCC#9BJLC8#BLL?<BG7K# &F# N7B># =<CC<N9# N8# G<F9:M8?# B# 9:>AB>:<F# :F# N7:G7# >78# =:?9># 9BJLC8# :9# F<FF<?JBCCD# M:9>?:HA>8M# N7:C8# >78# 98G<FM# <F8# :9# F<?JBCCD# M:9>?:HA>8MK# *AG7# B#9:>AB>:<F# JBD# <GGA?# :F# k<CM=8CMlmABFM># >89># Xk?88F8# 1555ZK# "7:9# >89># :9# M8E<>8M# ><# :FE89>:IB>8# 7<J<9G8MB9G:>D# :F# B# GCB99:GBC# C:F8B?# ?8I?899:<F# L?<HC8J# n:Ro5p# o6Y:pq:4# :R64KKK4F# XY6rsrYFZK# &># :9# B99AJ8M# >7B># ?BFM<J# 8??<?9# q:j9# B?8#

:FM8L8FM8F># ?BFM<J# EB?:BHC89# M:9>?:HA>8M# B9# %X54Q1ZK# &F# >78# >89>4# >78# 9BJLC8# :9# M:E:M8M# :F><# >N<# M:9f<:F># 9AH9BJLC89# <=# 9:;8# F6# BFM# F1# ?89L8G>:E8CD4# 9<# >N<# J<M8C9# B?8# G<F9:M8?8M# n:R# o5X6Zp# o6X6ZY:pq:X6Z4# :R64KKK4F6# BFM# n:X1ZR# o5X1Zp# o6X1ZY:pq:X1Z4# :RFlF14KKK4F# N:>7# >78# B99AJL>:<FP# qX6Zt# %X54Q16Z# BFM# qX1Z# t# %X54Q11ZK# '8?:=:8M#7DL<>789:9#:9#O5PQ16RQ11K# "78# k<CM=8CMlmABFM># >89># 9>B>:9>:G# :9# *16U*114# N78?8# *16# BFM# *11# B?8# ?89:MABC# EB?:BFG89#:F#>78#=:?9>#BFM#>78#98G<FM#J<M8C#?89L8G>:E8CDK# &F#G7BL>8?#1#>78#F8N#>89>#:9#L?<L<98MK#&F#G7BL>8?#2#L?<L8?>:89#<=#>78#>89>#B?8# :FE89>:IB>8M#:F#0<F>8l!B?C<#8YL8?:J8F>K#"78#>89>#:9#G<JLB?8M#N:>7#>78#GCB99:GBC# /# >89># BFM# >78# +8E8F8# >89>K# "78# CB9># <F8# NB9# G7<98F# BJ<FI# <>78?9# H8GBA98# >7:9# >89># :9# N:M8CD# BLLC:8M# :F# 9>B>:9>:GBC# 9<=>NB?8K# !<FGCAM:FI# ?8JB?V9# BFM# L?<L<9:>:<F9#<=#I8F8?BC:;B>:<F#JBD#H8#=<AFM#:F#G7BL>8?#c# # # --7& !"#$%&%'$%& # +8># T664KKK4T6F6# H8# :K:KMK# %Xu64Q16Z# BFM# T164KKK4T1F1# H8# :K:KMK# %Xu14Q11ZK# "78# L?<HC8J#:9#><#E8?:=D#O5PQ16RQ11#E9K#O6PQ16v1SQ11K# "78#GCB99:GBC#>89>#:9#HB98M#<F#>78#/#9>B>:9>:GP# # # # /R*16U*114## #

(3)

N78?8## # # * 6

!

T lT

"

4 #: 641 : F 6 fl 1 : :f : 1 #

$

# # $ . # # ODL<>789:9#:9#?8f8G>8M#B>#B#C8E8C#W4#:=#/S/XWwF6l64F1l6Z4#N78?8#/XWwx64x1Z9#>78# W#G?:>:GBC#EBCA8#<=#>78#/#M:9>?:HA>:<F#N:>7#x6#BFM#x1#MK=K# %<N#9ALL<98#>7B>#T664KKK4T6F6#B?8#:K:KMK#N:>7#F<FF<?JBC#M:9>?:HA>:<F#BFM#C8># # # # &% " " ' & ! ' ! " ' & ! ' # ( ( ) ( * * * *

+

+

+

+

,

# # H8#>78#VA?><9:9#<=#>78#M:9>?:HA>:<FK#"78#VA?><9:9#<=#B#F<?JBC#M:9>?:HA>:<F#:9#;8?<K# "78#9:;8#<=#>78#GCB99:GBC#/#>89>#9>?<FICD#M8L8FM9#<F#>78#VA?><9:9K#&>#988J94#>7B>#>78# <F8# <=# >78# ?8B9<F9# <=# 9AG7# H87BE:<?# :9# >78# M8L8FM8FG8# <=# >78# EB?:BFG8# <=# >78# /# 9>B>:9>:G#<F#>78#VA?><9:9K# # +8>#@6RXT664KKK4T6F6Zj#BFM#@1RXT164KKK4T1F1ZjK#"78F# # # # X 6Z 1 j 666j-- 4 #641 . / 00 1 2 & # & / $ . 0 / 1 . $ $ $ $ $ # # N78?8# -#M8F<>89#>78#:M8F>:>D#JB>?:Y#BFM# A#M8F<>89#>78#E8G><?#<=#<F89K#O8FG84#/# 9>B>:9>:G#:9#>78#@A<>:8F>#<=#>N<#@ABM?B>:G#=<?J9K# +8># :RXn64KKK4nFZj# H8# B# E8G><?# <=# :K:KMK# ?KEK# BFM# C8># ,# H8# B# 9DJJ8>?:G# F3F#

JB>?:YK# 99AJ8# >7B># :j,:# :9# 97:=>ll:FEB?:BF>4# :K8K# ,ARBK# &># :9# N8CC# VF<NF# X >:@ACCB7#6\a1Z#>7B># # (y:j,:zRQ1>?,# -1y:j,:zR#QcX{15C5p1>?,1Z4# # N78?8#5#:9#>78#E8G><?#<=#M:BI<FBC#8C8J8F>9#<=#,K#O8FG8## # # #

!

! &4" ( 54

"

)

,

6

* $ $ . . 1 * -1 1: # BFM# # #

!

6

"

1 l11 6 1 * -1 / - # ! &4" ( 54 )

,

6

. . #

(4)

661#

&># :9# 988F# >7B># >78# EB?:BFG8# <=# >78# /# >89># C:F8B?CD# M8L8FM9# <F# >78# VA?><9:9# <=# >78#AFM8?CD:FI#M:9>?:HA>:<FK#"<#BE<:M#>7:9#M8L8FM8FG8#:>#:9#L?<L<98M#><#G<F9>?AG># B#>89>#N:>7#B#>89>#9>B>:9>:G# # # # 1 1 6 6 j ) 1 2/ / # # # 9AG7#>7B>#M:BI<FBC#8C8J8F>9#<=#,#8@ABC#;8?<4#:K8K#5RBK#&=#@t#%FXu4Q16-Z4#>78F#@j,@# :9# M:9>?:HA>8M# B9# Q16|fR6F}f~1fX6Z4# N78?8# G<8==:G:8F>9# }j9# B?8# F8IB>:E8# B9# N8CC# B9# L<9:>:E8#BFM#~1fX6Z4#fR64KKK4F#B?8#:FM8L8FM8F>#?KEKj9#M:9>?:HA>8M#B9#G7:ll9@AB?8#N:>7#

<F8# MK=K# ODL<>789:9# O5PQ16RQ11# :9# ?8f8G>8M# =<?# 9JBCC# F8IB>:E8# <?# H:I# L<9:>:E8#

EBCA89#<=#)K# &>#:9#8YL8G>8M#>7B>#>78#9:;8#W)X{1Z#97<ACM#H8#J<?8#9>BHC8#>7BF#>78#9:;8##W/X{1Z# <=# >78# /# >89>K# "7<98# 9:;89# N8?8# 89>:JB>8M# <F# >78# HB9:9# <=# >78# 0<F>8# !B?C<# 8YL8?:J8F>K# +8E8F8#X6\a5Z#L?<L<98M#B#?<HA9>#>89># =<?#G<JLB?:9<F#<=# JBFD#EB?:BFG89#<=# F<?JBC#M:9>?:HA>:<FK#&F#G<F9:M8?8M#L?<HC8J#>7:9#>89>#>BV89#<F#>78#=<?J# #

!

"

!

"

--. / 00 1 2 5 & 5 7 & 5 & & #

$

#

$

# 1 6 1 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 6 6 1 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 16 . . . . ( ( ( ( ( ( . " . " " " # # N78?8#.:fRT:flT:4#:R641K#"78#FACC#M:9>?:HA>:<F#<=#>78#>89>#:9#XB9DJL><>:GBCCDZ#>78#># M:9>?:HA>:<F# N:>7# F6pF1l1# MK=K# "78# 7DL<>789:9# :9# ?8f8G>8M# B># B# C8E8C# W4# :=# hS>XWwF6pF1l1ZK# &F#9:JACB>:<F#9>AM:89#>78#9:;8#W+X{1Z#<=#>78#+8E8F8#>89>#NB9#BC9<#89>:JB>8MK# # #

---7&*!.%'&), D!&'E+' -*'.%&

# &F# 0<F>8# !B?C<# 8YL8?:J8F># >78?8# N8?8# G<F9:M8?8M# >N<# GB989P# F6RF1Rc# BFM# F6RF1R3K#&>#NB9#>BV8F#Q16RQ11R6K# /<?#F6Rc#>78#F<J:FB><?#<=#>78#?<HA9>#>89>#NB9#>78#@ABM?B>:G#=<?J#N:>7# # # # 8 8 8 8 9 : ; ; ; ; < = & & & & # 5 5 6 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 5 5 2 #

(5)

&=#@6#:9#M:9>?:HA>8M#B9#%cXu4Q1-Z4#>78F#@6j,@6#:9#M:9>?:HA>8M#B9#Q1X~1X6Zl~1X6ZZK#

"78# FACC# M:9>?:HA>:<F# <=# >78# >89># 9>B>:9>:G# )# :F# F<?JBC# J<M8C# :9# I:E8F# HD# >78# GAJACB>:E8#M:9>?:HA>:<F#=AFG>:<F# # > Y; 6 6 2 5 Y; 5 > Y; 6 6 2 5 5 5 5 Y; 5 5

I XAZI X>ZI X;ZMAM>M;4 =<? Y 54 O)XYZ

I XAZI X>ZI X;ZMAM>M;4 =<? Y 54

6 ; 6 > Y; 8YL X> ;Z (?= M>M;4 =<? Y 54 1 > 1 1 6 ; 6 8YL X> ;Z 1 > 1 ! " ! " #$$ % $$ & ' $$ ( $$) * + * +, - ! , -" ! , - , % - , - , - ,, . / -. / & * +, -" ! , --. /

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0

0 0

(?= > Y; M>M;4 =<? Y 54 1 #$$ $$ $$ '$ * ! + $ - , $ - ,, ( $ , - , $ -. ,/ $) # # # N78?8# IxXKZ# :9# B# LM=# <=# G7:ll9@AB?8# M:9>?:HA>:<F# N:>7# x# MK=K# BFM# K 1 6 Z X 5 1

>

& # /% 3 43 / 567 ? # # /<?#F6R3#>78#F<J:FB><?#<=#>78#?<HA9>#>89>#NB9#>78#@ABM?B>:G#=<?J#N:>7# # 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 : ; ; ; ; ; ; < = & & & & & & & & & & # 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 2 K# #

&=#@6#:9#M:9>?:HA>8M#B9#%3Xu4Q1-Z4#>78F#@6j,@6#:9#M:9>?:HA>8M#B9#Q1X~1X1Zl~1X1ZZK#

"78# FACC# M:9>?:HA>:<F# <=# >78# >89># 9>B>:9>:G# )# :F# F<?JBC# J<M8C# :9# I:E8F# HD# >78# GAJACB>:E8#M:9>?:HA>:<F#=AFG>:<F# # 1 1 c 1 5 5 1 1 1 c 1 5 5 5 6 X Z X Z X Z 4 =<? 54 1X6 Z X Z 6 c 1 X Z X Z X Z 4 =<? 54 1X6 Z ! " ! #$$ & % $$ " $ & '$ ! " $ & ( $$ ! $)

0 0 0

0 0 0

3 /8 /8 3 /8 9 : 9 3 9 8 4:4348 / / ;< / / / 9 : 9 3 9 8 4:4348 / / # #

(6)

66c# "BHC8#6K#!?:>:GBC#EBCA89# W# 5K56# 5K53# 5K65# F6RF1Rc# 62Kb33cb# cK6b15d# 1K22c16# F6RF1R3# ##\K55555# 2Kcb162# 1K6a11d# # # 9#B#=BJ:CD#<=#F<FF<?JBC#M:9>?:HA>:<F9#>78#"AV8D#G<F>BJ:FB>:<F#NB9#>BV8FP# # X6lqZ%X54€16Zpq#%X54€11Z4#q@y546zK# # ]B?BJ8>8?9#N8?8#G7<98F#:F#9AG7#B#NBD#>78#EB?:BFG8#:9#<F8#BFM#VA?><9:9#{1#<=# >78#M:9>?:HA>:<F#:9#B#I:E8F#FAJH8?4#:K8K#LB?BJ8>8?9#B?8#B#9<CA>:<F#<=#>78#8@AB>:<F9P# # X6lqZ€16pq€11R6# # 2‚X6lqZ€c6pq€c1l6R{1# # ]B?BJ8>8?9#<=#M:9>?:HA>:<F9#:FE<CE8M#:F#9:JACB>:<F9#B?8#I:E8F#:F#>78#"BHC8#1K# # # "BHC8#1K#]B?BJ8>8?9#€64#€14#{1# qR5K53# qR5K65# qR5K15# €6# €1# {1# €6# €1# {1# €6# €1# {1# 5Kbb5a# 3K23d\# 2# 5Kaaab# cK5555# 2K5# 5K3555# 2K5555# 2K5#

5Kab3a# bK6acc# a# 5K3\6d# cKabc1# cK3# 5Kc3\\# 2K6a51# 2K3#

5Ka51a# dK3c\d# \# 5K31da# 3K1c1a# aK5# 5Kc11a# 2K25\c# cK5#

5K3c61# \Kb6bd# 61# 5Kcb25# 3Kbc2c# bK3# 5K2dba# 2Kcc\3# cK3#

5Kcdb5# 65Kbcad# 63# 5Kc11a# aK6\a1# \K5# 5K23c3# 2K3d15# 3K5#

5Kc2d5# 66Kabb6# 6d# 5K2bac# aKa613# 65K3# 5K2125# 2Kb5d5# 3K3#

5K2\25# 61K321a# 16# 5K2222# bK5555# 61K5# 5K1\1\# 2Kd1dc# aK5#

5K2366# 62K21dd# 1c# 5K1\1\# bK2ac5# 62K3# 5K1ac5# 2K\c2\# aK3#

5K266d# 6cK5bab# 1b# 5K13ca# bKb5d1# 63K5# 5K12a1# cK5336# bK5#

5K1bc3# 6cKbdc5# 25# 5K16d2# dK523a# 6aK3# 5K15\c# cK6a12# bK3#

5K12\6# 63Kc3ad# 22# 5K6d23# dK2cd3# 6dK5# 5K6d23# cK1aa5# dK5#

5K1532# 6aK5\\b# 2a# 5K6351# dKacd3# 6\K3# 5K63dc# cK2aa3# dK3#

5K6b1d# 6aKb6a1# 2\# 5K66d6# dK\2b2# 16K5# 5K62c5# cKcac6# \K5# 5K6c6a# 6bK25\3# c1# 5K5db6# \K163d# 11K3# 5K6651# cK33\5# \K3# 5K6663# 6bKdd6\# c3# 5K53b1# \Kcd32# 1cK5# 5K5db6# cKa363# 65K5# 5K5d12# 6dKc23a# cd# # # # 5K5aca# cKbc6b# 65K3# 5K53c6# 6dK\b11# 36# # # # 5K5c1a# cKd1\b# 66K5# 5K51ab# 6\Kc\21# 3c# # # # # # # # #

(7)

)89AC>9#<=#9:JACB>:<F9#B?8#97<NF#:F#>78#/:IA?89#1#BFM#2K#,F#YllBY:9#>78?8#:9# VA?><9:9# <=# >78# AFM8?CD:FI# M:9>?:HA>:<F# N7:C8# <F# >78# DllBY:9# >78# 9:JACB>8M# 9:;89# W/X{1Z4# W)X{1Z# BFM# W+X{1Z# <=# >78# /4# ?<HA9># BFM# +8E8F8# >89># ?89L8G>:E8CDK# "78#

B99AJ8M#9:IF:=:GBFG8#C8E8C#:F#F<?JBC#J<M8C#NB9#5K53K# ,F8#<H98?E89#>7B>#>78#9:;8#<=#>78#F8N#>89>#:9#J<?8#?<HA9>#>7BF#>78#9:;8#<=#>78# 9>BFMB?M#<F8#BFM#>78#+8E8F8#>89>K#%<>8#>7B>4#>78#9:;8#<=#>78#+8E8F8#>89>#:F#F<?JBC# J<M8C#X{1R5Z#:9#F<>#8YBG>CD#B99AJ8M#5K53#H8GBA98#>7:9#>89>#:9#>78#B9DJL><>:G#<F8K# # /<?#qR5K6#BFM#qR5K1#?89AC>9#B?8#9:J:CB?4#9<#>78D#B?8#F<>#L?898F>8M#78?8K# # &F# /:IA?89# c# BFM# 3# >78# L<N8?9# o/XQ16UQ11Z4# o)XQ16UQ11Z# BFM# o+XQ16UQ11Z# <=# >78# :FE89>:IB>8M#>89>9#B?8#97<NF#=<?#Q16UQ11 6K#,=#G<A?984#>78#L<N8?#<=#>78#?<HA9>#>89># :9#C899#>7BF#>78#L<N8?#<=#>78#9>BFMB?M#<F84#HA>#:>#:9#>78#L?:;8#=<?#>78#9>BH:C:;B>:<F# <=#>78#9:;8K#&>#:9#:F>8?89>:FI4#>7B>#>78#L<N8?#<=#>78#+8E8F8#>89>#:9#G<JLB?BHC8#N:>7# >78#L<N8?#<=#>78#?<HA9>#>89>K# # # # # # #

(8)

66a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i9V:# 6\\1ZK# +8># >78# JB>?:Y# ,# <=# >78# ?<HA9># >89># 7BE8# 8:I8FEBCA89# }6RsR# }XFl6ZU1R64# }XFp6ZU1RsR# }Fl6Rl64# }FR5# :F# GB98# <=# <MM# F4# BFM#

(9)

G:jRX;6:4KKK4;F:Z#X:R64KKK4FZ#:F#<?M8?#><#H8#8:I8FE8G><?9#<=#JB>?:Y# ,#JA9>#9B>:9=D#>78# =<CC<N:FI#9D9>8J#<=#8@AB>:<F9P# # F#<MMP# # B B B B B B B C B B B B B B B D E # # # & # # F # # # # # #

$

$

$

$

$

# # # & 5 # & # w U 6 KKK 4 6 4KKK4 6 4 5 4 4 4KKK4 6 4 4 5 4 4KKK4 6 4 6 4 4KKK4 6 4 6 6 6 6 1 6 1 U Z 6 X 1 1 U Z 6 X 6 1 . 8 8 . , 8 ) , . ) , 8 8 . , 8 . , 8 8 .. . . $ ,$ . $ $) $, . $ ,$ . . $ ,$ . $ ,$ # # F#8E8FP# # B B B B B B C B B B B B B D E # 5 & # # F # # # # # # & # # # & 5 # & #

$

$

$

$

$

K 6 4 6 4KKK4 6 4 5 4 4 4KKK4 6 4 4 5 4 4KKK4 6 4 6 4 4KKK4 6 4 6 6 6 6 1 1 6 1 U 1 6 1 U 6 1 . . . $ ,$ . $ $) $, . $ ,$ . . $ ,$ . $ ,$ 8 8 . , 8 ) , . ) , 8 8 . , 8 . , 8 8 # # "78F#,RHjIH4#N78?8#HjRXG64KKK4GFZ#BFM#I&:9#B#M:BI<FBC#JB>?:Y#N:>7#M:BI<FBC# 8C8J8F>9# }64KKK4}FK# "78# @ABM?B>:G# =<?J# @j,@# :F# F<?JBC# J<M8C# :9# M:9>?:HA>8M# B9## B#M:==8?8FG8#<=#>N<#:FM8L8FM8F>#G7:ll9@AB?8#?BFM<J#EB?:BHC89K# &F#>78#LBL8?#>78?8#N8?8#G<F9:M8?8M#B#GB98#<=#F<FF<?JBC:>D#<=#>78#=:?9>#9BJLC8#

(10)

66d#

L<99:HC84#:K8K#>78#=:?9>#9BJLC8#:9#F<?JBC#BFM#>78#98G<FM#<F8#F<>K#"78#@A89>:<F#:94# N7B># :9# >78# ?<HA9># >89># :F# 9AG7# B# GB98K# "78# J<9># I8F8?BC# GB98# :9# :F# N7:G7# H<>7# 9BJLC89# B?8# F<># F<?JBCCD# M:9>?:HA>8MK# &FE89>:IB>:<F9# <F# >78# H<>7# GB989# B?8# :F# L?<I?89#BFM#N:CC#H8#L?898F>8M#:F#B#98LB?B>8#LBL8?K# # # "-"D-!F ,+JK& #

>:@ACCB7# 0K# X6\a1Z4# "78# 89>:JB>:<F# <=# ?89:MABC# EB?:BFG8# :F# @ABM?B>:GBCCD# HBCBFG8M# C8B9># 9@AB?89# L?<HC8J9#BFM#>78#?<HA9>F899#<=#>78#/l>89>4#^:<J8>?:VB#c\4#d2ƒ\6K#

^<Y#kK#(K#]K4# FM8?98F#*K#+K#X6\33Z4#]8?JA>B>:<F#>78<?D#:F#>78#M8?:EB>:<F#<=#?<HA9>#G?:>8?:B#BFM#>78# 9>AMD#<=#M8LB?>A?89#=?<J#B99AJL>:<F94#„K#)<DK#*>B>:9>K#*G:8>D4#*8?K#^K#6b4#6ƒ2cK#

^?<NF# 0K# ^K4# /<?9D>78# K# ^K# X6\bcZ4# )<HA9># >89>9# =<?# >78# 8@ABC:>D# <=# EB?:BFG89K# „<A?FBC# <=# >78# J8?:GBF#*>B>:9>:GBC# 99<G:B>:<F4#a\4#1acƒ1abK#

/C:FI8?# 0K# K4# e:CC8F# "K# „K# X6\baZ4# -:9>?:HA>:<Fl=?88# >N<l9BJLC8# >89>9# =<?# 9GBC84# „K# J8?K# *>B>:9>K# 99<GK4#b64#165ƒ162K#

k?88F8#hK#OK#X1555Z#5#!.!=%36$#'2.>)?+$+4#]?8F>:G8#OBCC#&FGK4#%8N#„8?98D#XG7K#61ZK#

+BDB?M#0K#hK#„K#X6\b2Z4#)<HA9>#CB?I8l9BJLC8#>89>9#=<?#7<J<I8F8:>D#<=#EB?:BFG84#„K# J8?K#*>B>:9>K# 99<GK4#ad4#6\3ƒ6\dK#

+8E8F8# OK# X6\a5Z4# &F# @!.36$A:3$!.+' 3!' B6!A>A$)$3?' >.4' 13>3$+3$#+C' 5++>?+' $.' ;!.!6' !7' ;>6!)4' ;!3%))$.94#&K#,CV:F#8>#BCK4#8M9K#*>BF=<?M#$F:E8?9:>D#]?8994#*>BF=<?M4#!BC:=K4#1bdƒ1\1K# 0:CC8?#)K#kK#X6\adZ4#„BGVVF:=:FI#EB?:BFG894# FFK#0B>7K#*>B>:9>K4#2\4#3abƒ3d1K# ]8B?9<F# (K# *K# X6\1\Z4# "78# BFBCD9:9# <=# EB?:BFG8# :F# GB989# <=# F<FF<?JBC# EB?:B>:<F4# ^:<J8>?:VB4# 124# 66cƒ622K# ]8B?9<F#(K#*K4# MDBF>7BDB#%K#eK#X6\1\Z4#"78#M:9>?:HA>:<F#<=#=?8@A8FGD#G<F9>BF>9#:F#9JBCC#9BJLC89# =?<J#F<FlF<?JBC#9DJJ8>?:GBC#BFM#9V8N#L<LACB>:<F94#^:<J8>?:VB4#164#13\ƒ1daK# *G78==[#OK#X6\3\Z#D&%'2.>)?+$+'!7'E>6$>.#%4#h:C8D4#%8N#n<?VK#

":VA# 0K# +K4# ^BCBV?:97FBF# %K# X6\dcZ# "89>:FI# 8@ABC:>D# <=# L<LACB>:<F# EB?:BFG89# >78# ?<HA9># NBD4# !<JJAFK#*>B>:9>Kl"78<?K#08>7K4#624#16c2ƒ163\K#

"9<A#"9AFIl*7BF#X15524Z#!<JLB?:FI#>N<#L<LACB>:<F9#J8BF9#BFM#EB?:BFG89#ƒ#B#LB?BJ8>?:G#?<HA9># NBD4#!<JJAFK#*>B>:9>Kl"78<?K#08>7K4#214#1562ƒ151\K#

"9<A# "9AFIl*7BF# X155aZ4# ]B?BJ8>?:G# ?<HA9># >89># =<?# 98E8?BC# EB?:BFG89# N:>7# AFVF<NF# AFM8?CD:FI# M:9>?:HA>:<F4#08>?:VB4#ac4#222ƒ2c\K# .:8C:i9V:#hK#X6\\1Z4# #?<HA9>#>89>#=<?#EB?:BFG84# LLC:GB>:<F89#0B>78JB>:GB8#164#cc6ƒccd# # # # !"#$%#&'($%)$*+,$' &

!?+! .K&%'$%&+! L/.,.-,&?/L)J&/, -,.)M-&

# )<;J:B?# >89>A# /# L<?…NFBF:B# MN…G7# NB?:BFGf:# f89># F:8<ML<?FD# FB# ;BHA?;8F:8# F<?JBCF<†G:# ?<;V‡BMAK# h# L?BGD# ;BL?<L<F<NBF<# >89>4# V>…?8I<# ?<;J:B?# f89># HB?M;:8f# <ML<?FD# F:89L8‡F:8F:8# ;B‡<ˆ8F:B#<#F<?JBCF<†G:#F:ˆ#>89>A#/K# # #

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

The fact that the relative abundance of the two clades differed substantially between the two independent enrichment cultures, while conversion rates and biomass yields were

In the paper we present em pirical data analysis o f personal incomes for two social groups in 1998.. As we show below, the attachment to a social group could

For the simple input shaper some small oscillations appear, for robust and super robust shaper oscillations are equal to zero.. To compare the results, figure 4 presents the

[r]

Coordination, Geo-Information and Ser- vices (COGIS), a division of the Swiss Federal Office of Topography. A Domain Model for Land Administration. PhD thesis, ITC. Louwsma

Jeszcze podczas wydawania Piesni ludu polskiego w 1844 roku Kolberg zaprzestal dawania prywatnych lekcji gry na fortepianie, w lipcu tego roku skonczyl takze pracf w

The kite in this model is roll controlled. Roll directly influences the direction of lift. Yaw is changing according to the direction of apparent wind because the surftkite always

Z interdyscyplinarnego punktu widzenia zarządzanie wiedzą można zdefi niować jako „efektywny proces uczenia się, związany z poszukiwaniem, wykorzystywaniem i