• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Wyniki wstępnej walidacji polskiej wersji Skali Tolerancji Niejednoznaczności Wielorakich Typów Bodźców

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Wyniki wstępnej walidacji polskiej wersji Skali Tolerancji Niejednoznaczności Wielorakich Typów Bodźców"

Copied!
20
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

52&=1,.,36<&+2/2*,&=1( $11$/62)36<&+2/2*< '2,KWWSG[GRLRUJUSV\FKSO %2*86à$:$/$&+2:6.$ .$52/,1$/8':,.2:6.$ .DWROLFNL8QLZHUV\WHW/XEHOVNL-DQD3DZáD,, ,QVW\WXW3V\FKRORJLL

:<1,.,:67ĉ31(-:$/,'$&-,32/6.,(-:(56-,

6.$/,72/(5$1&-,1,(-('12=1$&=12ĝ&,

:,(/25$.,&+7<3Ï:%2'ħ&Ï:

2SUDFRZDQLHVWDQRZLSUH]HQWDFMĊSROVNLHMZHUVMLthe Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale 067$7,, RSUDFRZDQHJRSU]H]'/0F/DLQDNUyWNLHJRVNáDGDMąFHJRVLĊ]VWZLHU G]HĔ QDU]ĊG]LD SRPLDUX PLHV]F]ąFHM VLĊ Z ]DNUHVLH RG DZHUVML GR SU]\FLąJDQLD RULHQWDFML SR ]QDZF]HMMHGQRVWNLZREHFERGĨFyZ]áRĪRQ\FKQLH]QDQ\FKLQLHUR]ZLą]\ZDOQ\FK&HOHPEDGDQLD E\áRRNUHĞOHQLHWUDIQRĞFLLU]HWHOQRĞFLVNDOL:]LĊáRZQLPXG]LDáVWXGHQWyZSLHUZV]HJRURNX VWXGLyZEĊGąF\FKZZLHNXRGGRODWZW\PNRELHW\LPĊĪF]\]Q=GHF\GRZDQRVLĊ QDZ\EyUWDNLHMJUXS\GREDGDĔSRQLHZDĪ]QDF]HQLHWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLSRZLQQRE\ü V]F]HJyOQLHGXĪHZSURFHVLHDGDSWDFMLMHGQRVWNLGRZ\PDJDĔV\WXDFMLQRZHML]áRĪRQHMMDNąMHVW UR]SRF]ĊFLH VWXGLyZ .RQILUPDF\MQD DQDOL]D F]\QQLNRZD SR]ZROLáD QD SRWZLHUG]HQLH ]DNáDGDQHM MHGQRF]\QQLNRZHM VWUXNWXU\ PRGHOX WROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL 6WZLHUG]RQR SRQDGWR XPLDU NRZDQ\ SR]\W\ZQ\ ]ZLą]HN Z\QLNyZ WHM VNDOL ] Z\QLNDPL the Tolerance for Ambiguity Scale 7$6  +HUPDQD L ZVSyáSUDFRZQLNyZ SU]H]QDF]RQHM GR EDGDQLD WROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL RUD] SR]\W\ZQ\ ]ZLą]HN ] HNVWUDZHUVMą RWZDUWRĞFLą QD GRĞZLDGF]HQLH VXPLHQQRĞFLą DIHNWHP SR]\W\ZQ\PLVDW\VIDNFMą]Ī\FLDDWDNĪHQHJDW\ZQ\]ZLą]HN]QHXURW\F]QRĞFLąLDIHNWHPQHJD W\ZQ\P:\QLNLDQDOL]XND]XMąLĪSROVNDZHUVMDthe Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale VWDQRZLU]HWHOQH Į&URQEDFKD  QDU]ĊG]LHSRPLDUXWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL 6áRZD NOXF]RZH WROHUDQFMD QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL QLHWROHUDQFMD QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL QDU]ĊG]LD

SRPLDUX



$GUHV GR NRUHVSRQGHQFML %2*86à$:$/$&+2:6.$ ± .DWROLFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW /XEHOVNL -DQD 3DZáD,,,QVW\WXW3V\FKRORJLL$O5DFáDZLFNLH/XEOLQHPDLOODFKRZ#NXOOXEOLQSO

(2)

%2*86à$:$/$&+2:6.$.$52/,1$/8':,.2:6.$

 

:352:$'=(1,(

=DJDGQLHQLHPWROHUDQFMLF]\WHĪQLHWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL tolerance of ambiguity/ intolerance of ambiquity EDGDF]H]DMPXMąVLĊMXĪRGSRQDGODW :W\PF]DVLHQDVWąSLá\LVWRWQH]PLDQ\ZUR]XPLHQLXWHJRNRQVWUXNWX-HJRQRZH NRQFHSWXDOL]DFMH SR]ZROLá\ QD Z\NRU]\VWDQLH SRMĊFLD WROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF] QRĞFLZZLHOXREV]DUDFKEDGDĔJáyZQLH]DFKRZDĔRUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK -XGJH7KR UHVHQ3XFLNL:HOERXUQH NUHDW\ZQRĞFL 0HUURWV\=HQDVQL%HVDQ oRQ L /XEDUW   SURFHVyZ ]ZLą]DQ\FK ] PLJUDFMą <DNKQLFK L %HQ=XU   D WDNĪH Z REV]DU]H SV\FKRORJLL HGXNDF\MQHM %DUGL *XHUUD L 5DPGHQ\  F]\WHĪPHG\F\QLH *HOOHU7DPERU&KDVHL+ROW]PDQ -DNSRGDMą )XUQKDP L 0DUNV   WROHUDQFMĊ QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL ]DF]ĊWR XMPRZDü MDNR ZDĪQą]PLHQQąZ\ZLHUDMąFą]DVDGQLF]\ZSá\ZQDSHUFHSFMĊV\WXDFMLRUD]GRNR Q\ZDQLHZ\ERUyZ .RQFHSFMD QLH WROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL 3RZV]HFKQLH]DDXWRUDNRQFHSFMLQLHWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLX]QDZDQD MHVW(OVH)UHQNHO%UXQVZLNNWyUDVZRMHSLHUZV]HSUDFHQDWHQWHPDWSXEOLNRZDáD ZODWDFKF]WHUG]LHVW\FKXELHJáHJRZLHNX1LHWROHUDQFMĊQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLGHIL QLRZDáDRQDMDNR]PLHQQąRVRERZRĞFLRZą]DZLHUDMąFąNRPSRQHQWHPRFMRQDOQ\ L SHUFHSF\MQ\ RGU]XFDQLH DPELZDOHQWQ\FK HPRFML L QLHWROHUDQFMD SR]QDZF]HM QLHMHGQR]QDF]RĞFL )UHQNHO%UXQVZLN Z VZRLFK SUDFDFK    RSLVDáD RSLHUDMąF VLĊ QD VWXGLXP SU]\SDGNX RVyE R PDáHM L GXĪHM WROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR ]QDF]QRĞFLZLHOH ]DFKRZDĔ]ZLą]DQ\FK ]EUDNLHPWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QR ĞFL6ąWRWDNLH]DFKRZDQLDMDNSRFKRSQ\LQDGPLHUQLHSHZQ\RVąGZV\WXDFML NWyUąFHFKXMHSHUFHSF\MQDQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞüQLH]GROQRĞüGRSXV]F]HQLDZ\VWĊ SRZDQLDXWHMVDPHMRVRE\MHGQRF]HĞQLHFHFKSR]\W\ZQ\FKLQHJDW\ZQ\FKÄELD áRF]DUQH´ ZLG]HQLH U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL SRV]XNLZDQLH SHZQRĞFL VNáRQQRĞü GR V]W\ZQHMG\FKRWRPL]DFMLZUDPDFKXVWDORQ\FKNDWHJRULLDNFHSWDFMD]ZLą]DQ\FK ]SRVWDZDPLGHNODUDFMLZ\UDĪDMąF\FKV]W\ZQRĞüRSRUQRĞüQD]PLDQ\HZLGHQWQLH IOXNWXXMąFHJR ERGĨFD SU]HGZF]HVQH GRP\NDQLH SR]RVWDZDQLH ]DPNQLĊW\P QD LQQHQLĪ]QDQHVZRMVNLHFKDUDNWHU\VW\NLERGĨFD-HĞOLQDWRPLDVWFKRG]LRRVRE\ RGXĪHMWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]RĞFLWRXZDĪDVLĊ ĪHSRVWU]HJDMąRQHV\WXDFMH QLHMHGQR]QDF]QH MDNR SRĪąGDQH L LQWHUHVXMąFH RUD] MDNR Z\]ZDQLH 0F/DLQ    )UHQNHO%UXQVZLN GRV]áD GR ZQLRVNX ĪH QLHWROHUDQFMD QLHMHGQR ]QDF]QRĞFLSRGOHJDJHQHUDOL]DFMLQDZLHOHDVSHNWyZSR]QDZF]HJRLHPRFMRQDO QHJR IXQNFMRQRZDQLD MHGQRVWNL GHWHUPLQXMH MHM VW\O SR]QDZF]\ V\VWHP\ SU]H NRQDĔLSRVWDZIXQNFMRQRZDQLHLQWHUSHUVRQDOQHRUD]UR]ZLą]\ZDQLHSUREOHPyZ

(3)

6.$/$72/(5$1&-,1,(-('12=1$&=12ĝ&,:,(/25$.,&+7<3Ï:%2'ħ&Ï:

 

-DNSRGDMH0F/DLQ  SRF]ąWNRZRRJURPQH]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHSRMĊFLHPWROH UDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL E\áR VSRZRGRZDQH SU]HNRQDQLHP LĪ SRPRĪH RQR Z]UR]XPLHQLXDXWRU\WDU\]PXLHWQRFHQWU\]PXDQLHWROHUDQFMĊWUDNWRZDQRMDNR ]áRĪRQ\ZVNDĨQLNG\VNU\PLQDFMLHWQLF]QHMIDV]\]PXGRJPDW\]PXRUD]LQQ\FK NRQVWUXNWyZ]ZLą]DQ\FK]SRMĊFLHPRVRERZRĞFLDXWRU\WDUQHM-HGQDNĪHEDGDQLD QLHSRWZLHUG]Lá\W\FKRF]HNLZDĔ0LPRWR]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHWROHUDQFMąQLHMHGQR ]QDF]QRĞFLQLHPDODáRDQDZHWZUĊF]SU]HFLZQLH±Z]UDVWDáRFRE\áR]ZLą]DQH ]GRNRQXMąF\PLVLĊ]PLDQDPLZUR]XPLHQLXWHJRNRQVWUXNWX ,VWRWQ\SRVWĊSZUR]XPLHQLXWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLGRNRQDáVLĊG]LĊ NLSUDFRP %XGQHUD   NWyU\ ]DSURSRQRZDá QRZHXMĊFLHWHJR NRQVWUXNWX± QLH MDNR ]PLHQQą RVRERZ RĞFLRZą DOH MDNR UHDNFMĊ QD RNUHĞORQ\ W\S ERGĨFD %XGQHU   XZDĪDá ĪH SRVWU]HJDQLH QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL ambiguity  MHVW VSRZRGRZDQHQDVWĊSXMąF\PLFHFKDPLERGĨFyZLFK]áRĪRQRĞFLą complex QR ZRĞFLą unfamiliar OXEQLHUR]ZLą]\ZDOQRĞFLą insoluble :HGáXJQLHJRERGĨFH ]áRĪRQHÄ]DOHZDMą´ÄSU]\WáDF]DMą´RVREĊSRVWU]HJDMąFąLE\]UR]XPLHüV\WXDFMĊ PXVLRQDÄSU]HVLDü´ÄSU]HEUDü´WHQRJURPLQIRUPDFML1RZRĞüERGĨFDMHVWRNUH ĞODQDSU]H]%XGQHUDWHĪMDNRMHJRÄREFRĞü´OXEÄĞZLHĪRĞü´DFHFKDWDRGQRVLVLĊ GR V\WXDFML GRĞZLDGF]DQ\FK U]DGNR OXE ZFDOH SU]\ F]\P QDZHW MHĞOL DVSHNW\ V\WXDFMLF]\MHMF]ĊĞFLVNáDGRZHVąGODRVRE\SRVWU]HJDMąFHM]QDQHÄVZRMVNLH´ WRQRZ\ÄREF\´MHVWVSRVyEZMDNLVąRQH]HVREąSRáąF]RQHOXEVSRVyEZMDNL UD]HP VLĊ ]DFKRZXMą = NROHL ERG]LHF QLHUR]ZLą]\ZDOQ\ UHSUH]HQWXMH ZHGáXJ %XGQHUD   NRQIOLNW\ Z LQIRUPDFML NWyUH SRZLQQ\ ]RVWDü UR]Z Lą]DQH E\ V\WXDFMDPRJáDE\ü]UR]XPLDQD.RQIOLNW\WHPRJąSU]\ELHUDüIRUPĊRGPDá\FK QLH]JRGQRĞFL GR QLHPRĪOLZ\FK GR SRJRG]HQLD VSU]HF]QRĞFL FR PRĪH SRZRGR ZDüZLHORUDNLHLQWHUSUHWDFMHV\WXDFML 3RHVLR]D0F/DLQ 1LHMHG QR]QDF]QRĞüUR]XPLDQDMHVWMDNREUDNLQIRUPDFMLSRWU]HEQHMGRWHJRE\]UR]X PLHüV\WXDFMĊLSRGMąüGHF\]MĊ]PRĪOLZ\PGRSU]HZLG]HQLDUH]XOWDWHP1LHMHG QR]QDF]QRĞü XWUXGQLD ]DWHP RFHQĊ U\]\ND L SRGMĊFLH ZáDĞFLZHM GHF\]ML RUD] XWUXGQLDSU]HZLG\ZDQLH:HGáXJ%XGQHUD  QLHWROHUDQFMDQLHMHGQR]QDF]QR ĞFLR]QDF]DDZHUVMĊZREHFWDNLHJREUDNXLQIRUPDFMLZ\UDĪDMąFąSRWU]HEĊSHáQH JR]UR]XPLHQLDV\WXDFML$ZHUVMDZREHFV\WXDFMLSRVWU]HJDQ\FKMDNR]DJURĪHQLH L ĨUyGáR G\VNRPIRUWX REHMPXMH QDVWĊSXMąFH UHDNFMH VWUHV stress  XQLNDQLH avoidance  RGZOHNDQLH delay  VXSUHVMĊ suppression  OXE ]DSU]HF]DQLH denial  = NROHL WROHUDQFMĊ QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL %XGQHU   GHILQLRZDá MDNR WHQGHQFMĊ GR SRVWU]HJDQLD V\WXDFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]Q\FK MDNR DNFHSWRZDQH OXE QDZHWMDNRSRFLąJDMąFHSRĪąGDQH

.ROHMQ\SRVWĊSZSUDFDFKQDG]UR]XPLHQLHPWROHUDQFMLF]\WHĪQLHWROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL ]ZLą]DQ\MHVW]RVLąJQLĊFLDPL0F/DLQD   5R]

(4)

%2*86à$:$/$&+2:6.$.$52/,1$/8':,.2:6.$

 

V]HU]\á RQ ]DSURSRQRZDQą SU]H] %XGQHUD   GHILQLFMĊ WROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR ]QDF]QRĞFLSRSU]H]XZ]JOĊGQLHQLHZQLHMF]\QQLNyZNRQWHNVWXDOQ\FK7ROHUDQ FMĊQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLGHILQLXMHRQMDNR]DNUHVUHDNFMLRGRGU]XFHQLDGRSU]\ FLąJDQLD ZREHF ERGĨFyZ SRVWU]HJDQ\FK MDNR QLH]QDQH unfamiliar  ]áRĪRQH complex RQLHSHZQHMG\QDPLFH dynamically uncertain OXESRGOHJDMąFHZLHOX NRQIOLNWRZ\PLQWHUSUHWDFMRP 0F/DLQV =GDQLHP0F/DLQD   QDMF]ĊVWV]ąUHDNFMąZREHFWDNLFKERGĨFyZMHVWDZHUVMDERZLHPQLHMHGQR]QDF] QRĞüXWUXGQLDRFHQĊU\]\NDLSRGMĊFLHZáDĞFLZHMGHF\]ML=NROHLMHĞOLQLHMHGQR ]QDF]QD V\WXDFMD Z\PDJD RG RVRE\ SRVWU]HJDMąFHM G]LDáDQLD V\WXDFMD WD PRĪH E\üSRVWU]HJDQDMDNR]DJURĪHQLHLĨUyGáRG\VNRPIRUWX-HGQDNĪH±MDN]DXZDĪD 0F/DLQ   ± QLHNWyU\FK SRFLąJD WDMHPQLF]RĞü OXE Z\]ZDQLH SR]QDZF]H Z\QLNDMąFH ] QLHNRPSOHWQRĞFL LQIRUPDFML ]ZáDV]F]D ZWHG\ JG\ Z ]ZLą]NX ]W\PQLHMHVWSRVWU]HJDQHĪDGQH]DJURĪHQLH2GZRáXMąFVLĊGREDGDĔMDNLHSU]H SURZDG]LOL9LVFXFLL&KHVVRQ ]D0F/DLQ VWZLHUG]DRQĪHQLHMHG QR]QDF]QRĞüPRĪHE\üSRFLąJDMąFDWDNĪHZWHG\JG\SUDZGRSRGREQHMHVWSRMD ZLHQLH VLĊ QHJDW\ZQ\FK UH]XOWDWyZ ]ZLą]DQ\FK ] GDQą V\WXDFMą D QLHMHGQR ]QDF]QRĞüWHMV\WXDFMLSR]ZDODPLHüQDG]LHMĊQDLFKXQLNQLĊFLH 3RMĊFLDSRNUHZQH

: OLWHUDWXU]H PRĪQD VSRWNDü SRMĊFLD SRNUHZQH NWyU\PL Vą XQLNDQLH QLH SHZQRĞFL uncertainty avoidance ]ZLą]DQH]QLPSRMĊFLHWROHUDQFMLQLHWROHUDQ FMLQLHSHZQRĞFL tolerance of uncertainty RUD]SRMĊFLHVNáRQQRĞFLGR]DFKRZDĔ U\]\NRZQ\FK risk-taking propensity 

:LĊNV]RĞü EDGDF]\ XZDĪD ĪH U\]\NR risk  L QLHSHZQRĞü uncertainty  Vą F]\PĞLQQ\PQLĪQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞü3UyEXMąRQLZVND]DüUyĪQLFHZW\FKSRMĊ FLDFK1DSU]\NáDG0F/DLQ  SU]\MPXMH]D(OOVEHUJLHP ]D0F/DLQ   ĪH LVWRWą QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL ambiguity  MHVW F]DVRZ\ EUDN LQIRUPDFML QLH]EĊGQHMGR]UR]XPLHQLDV\WXDFMLOXEGR]LGHQW\ILNRZDQLDMHMPRĪOLZ\FKVWD QyZZSU]\V]áRĞFL F]\OLZV]\VWNLFKPRĪOLZ\FKUH]XOWDWyZ :]ZLą]NX]W\P XZDĪDĪHQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞüUR]XPLDQDMDNREUDNLQIRUPDFMLWRFRĞLQQHJRQLĪ U\]\NR OXE QLHSHZQRĞü NWyUH Z\PDJDMą ĞZLDGRPRĞFL ZV]\VWNLFK PRĪOLZ\FK UH]XOWDWyZ-HJR]GDQLHPZV]\VWNLHWHVWDQ\VąMHGQDN]HVREąSRZLą]DQH,QQL EDGDF]H WDNĪH RSRZLDGDMą VLĊ ]D RGUĊEQRĞFLą SRMĊü QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL L QLH SHZQRĞFL7DNLHVWDQRZLVNRZ\UDĪDQS %RVV   NWyUD ]GHF\GRZDQLHSRG NUHĞOD ĪH WHUPLQ\ WH QLH Vą V\QRQLPDPL 7DNĪH ZHGáXJ .URKQH¶D  ]D )XUQKDPL0DUNV QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞüLQLHSHZQRĞüWRRGUĊEQHNRQVWUXNW\ =GDQLHP WHJR EDGDF]D QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞü MHVW ZáDĞFLZRĞFLą ERGĨFD QDWRPLDVW

(5)

6.$/$72/(5$1&-,1,(-('12=1$&=12ĝ&,:,(/25$.,&+7<3Ï:%2'ħ&Ï:

 

QLHSHZQRĞü MHVW VWDQHP HPRFMRQDOQ\P Z\ZRáDQ\P SU]H] WHQ ERG]LHF = NROHL ZHGáXJ*UHQLHUDLZVSyáSUDFRZQLNyZ ]D)XUQKDPL0DUNV UyĪQL FDPLĊG]\W\PLSRMĊFLDPLGRW\F]\F]DVXSRQLHZDĪWROHUDQFMDQLHMHGQR]QDF]QR ĞFLRGQRVLVLĊGRLQG\ZLGXDOQHMUHDNFMLZREHFQLHMHGQR]QDF]QHJRERGĨFDZF]D VLH WHUDĨQLHMV]\P ]DĞ WROHUDQFMD QLHSHZQRĞFL WR FHFKD Z\UDĪDMąFD RULHQWDFMĊ MHGQRVWNLZREHFSU]\V]áRĞFLJG\UHDJXMHRQDQDQLHSHZQRĞüGRW\F]ąFąSU]\V]áR ĞFL:\QLNLEDGDĔSRWZLHUG]DMą]ZLą]HNQLHWROHUDQFMLQLHSHZQRĞFL]H]PDUWZLH QLDPLLQHJDW\ZQ\PLRF]HNLZDQLDPLFRGRSU]\V]áRĞFL 5RVHQ,YDQRYDL.QनX SHU :EDGDQLDFKSURZDG]RQ\FKQDJUXQFLHSROVNLPWDNĪHSU]\MPRZDQD MHVW RGUĊEQRĞü SRMĊü WROHUDQFML QD ZLHOR]QDF]QRĞü L RULHQWDFML QD QLHSHZ QRĞü .RVVRZVND 3RMĊFLDWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLLQLHSHZQRĞFLE\ZDMą MHGQDNĪHSU]H]QLHNWyU\FKEDGDF]\XĪ\ZDQH]DPLHQQH QS%DUGLLLQ 

-HĞOLQDWRPLDVWFKRG]LRSRMĊFLHVNáRQQRĞFLGR]DFKRZDĔU\]\NRZQ\FK risk- -taking propensity WR/DXULROD/HYLQL+DUW ]D)XUQKDPL0DUNV  XZDĪDMąĪHMHVWWRVWDáDFHFKDG\VSR]\F\MQDOHĪąFDXSRGáRĪDWHQGHQFMLGRSR GHMPRZDQLD GHF\]ML U\]\NRZQ\FK L GHF\]ML Z V\WXDFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL Z ]DGDQLDFK HNVSHU\PHQWDOQ\FK )XUQKDP L 0DUNV   SRGDMą ĪH (OOVEHUJ  ]D )XUQKDPL0DUNV  RGUyĪQLDSRGHMPRZDQLHGHF\]ML ZV\WXDFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLRGSRGHMPRZDQLDGHF\]MLU\]\NRZQ\FK

)XUQKDP L 0DUNV   Vą ]GDQLD ĪH SRPLPR RJURPX SUDF\ MDNą GR WHM SRU\Z\NRQDQRZRGQLHVLHQLXGRZ\PLHQLRQ\FKSRZ\ĪHMSRZLą]DQ\FK]HVREą LWUXGQRUR]UyĪQLDOQ\FKSRMĊüQDGDOQLHPDMDVQHMGHILQLFMLRSHUDF\MQHMWROHUDQ FML F]\ WHĪ QLHWROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL RUD] Z\UDĨQHJR UR]UyĪQLHQLD PLĊ G]\SU]HMDZDPLW\FKSRMĊüDLFKNRUHODWDPLEUDNWDNĪHGREUHJRSRGáRĪDWHRUH W\F]QHJR .RUHODW\WROHUDQFMLQLHWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL 0F/DLQ  VWZLHUG]LáSR]\W\ZQ\]ZLą]HNWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL ]RULHQWDFMąSR]QDZF]ąMHGQRVWNL ZREHFLQQ\FKIRUPSRVWU]HJDQHMQLHDGHNZDW QRĞFL LQIRUPDFML WDNLFK MDN U\]\NR L QLHSHZQRĞü ] SRV]XNLZDQLHP GR]QDĔ r  LSRGHMPRZDQLHP ]DFKRZDĔU\]\NRZQ\FK r    %XKUL 'XJDV   RSLVXMą SR]\W\ZQ\ ]ZLą]HN WROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL ] WROHUDQFMą QLHSHZQRĞFL r  RUD]]ZLHNLHP r  DQHJDW\ZQ\]ZLą]HN±]WHQ GHQFMą GR ]DPDUWZLDQLD VLĊ r    SRVWU]HJDQLHP RJUDQLF]HĔ r    L]SHUIHNFMRQL]PHP ]RULHQWRZDQ\P QDVLHELH r    ]RULHQWRZDQ\PQD LQQ\FK r  RF]HNLZDQ\PVSRáHF]QLH r  3RGDQRWDNĪHSR]\W\Z Q\ ]ZLą]HN ] SRV]XNLZDQLHP QRZRĞFL r    5DMDJRSDO L +DPRX]  

(6)

%2*86à$:$/$&+2:6.$.$52/,1$/8':,.2:6.$

 

RUD]]HVNDOąRVRERZRĞFLSURDNW\ZQHM r   %RUV*UXPDQL6KXNOD  =NROHLZEDGDQLDFKHPLJUDQWyZRND]DáRVLĊĪHSRSU]HQLHVLHQLXVLĊGRLQQHJR NUDMX RVRE\ R ZLĊNV]HM WROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL GRĞZLDGF]DMą Z LĊNV]HJR GREURVWDQX <DNKQLFKL%HQ=XU %DUGLLZVSyáSUDFRZQLF\  VWZLHU G]LOL ĪH LP Z\ĪV]D WROHUDQFMD QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL W\P ZLĊNV]D WHQGHQFMD VWX GHQWyZGRSRVWU]HJDQLDZ\PDJDĔ]ZLą]DQ\FK]HVWXGLDPLMDNRZ\]ZDQLHRUD] VDW\VIDNFMD]Ī\FLDLSR]\W\ZQ\DIHNW3U]\F]\P]DOHĪQRĞüVWZLHUG]RQRMHG\QLH X VWXGHQWyZ SLHUZV]HJR URNX D ZLĊF X W\FK NWyU]\ E\OL NRQIURQWRZDQL ] NR QLHF]QRĞFLąDGDSWDFMLGRQRZHMV\WXDFMLMDNąE\áRSRGMĊFLHVWXGLyZ1LH]DXZD ĪRQRMHMQDWRPLDVWZJUXSLHVWXGHQWyZVWDUV]\FKODW3RQDGWRMHGQRVWNLRGXĪHM WROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLFHFKXMHZLĊNV]HSU]HNRQDQLHRZáDVQHMVNXWHF]QR ĞFL r   :ROIUDG2XEDLG6WUDXEH%LVFKRIIL0LVFKR DWDNĪHZ\ VRNLHNRPSHWHQFMHPLĊG]\NXOWXURZH &DOLJLXULL7DULTXH :LQQ\FKEDGD QLDFKVWZLHUG]RQR ĪHGXĪDWROHUDQFMDQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLSR]RVWDMHZ ]ZLą]NX ]SU]HGVLĊELRUF]RĞFLą 7HRKL)RR RUD]PRGHUXMH]ZLą]HNPLĊG]\NRQIOLN WHPUROLDZVNDĨQLNDPLSU]HGVLĊELRUF]RĞFL 7HRKL)RR   DWDNĪH PLĊG]\ ZLHOR]QDF]QRĞFLą UROL D VWUHVHP Z SUDF\ Z JUXSLH PHQHGĪHUyZ 6ULYDVWDYD   0F/DLQ   SRGDMH ĪH RVRE\ R GXĪHM WROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL SRVWU]HJDMąRWRF]HQLHMDNRPQLHM]DJUDĪDMąFH r  DZSU]\SDGNXZ\NR Q\ZDQLDQLHEH]SLHF]Q\FK]DZRGyZ QSVWUDĪDF\ RVRE\WHGRĞZLDGF]DMąPQLHM V]HJRVWUHVXLPQLHMSUREOHPyZVRPDW\F]Q\FK r  RUD]PDMąWHQGHQFMĊ GRSRVWU]HJDQLDRIHURZDQHMLPRFKURQ\LFK ]GURZLD MDNRDGHNZDWQHM3RWZLHU G]RQR SRQDGWR QHJDW\ZQ\ ]ZLą]HN WROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL ] GHSUHVMą $QGHUVHQL6FKZDUW] 

:\QLNLGRW\FKF]DVRZ\FKEDGDĔZVND]XMąWDNĪHQD]ZLą]HNGXĪHMWROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL ] SUHIHURZDQLHP VXUUHDOLVW\F]Q\FK G]LHá V]WXNL ZDUWRĞü ZVSyáF]\QQLNyZ NRUHODFML Z SU]HG]LDOH RG r   GR r     )XUQKDP L$YLVRQ6ZDPL6WLHJHU3LHWVFKQLJL9RUDFHN LVXUUHDOLVW\F]Q\FK ILOPyZ ZDUWRĞüZVSyáF]\QQLNyZNRUHODFMLZSU]HG]LDOHRGr GRr   6ZDPL L LQ   D WDNĪH ] NUHDW\ZQRĞFLą =HQDVQL L LQ   -HGQRVWNL RGXĪHMWROHUDQFMLMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLFHFKXMHHNVWUDZHUW\ZQRĞü r  RWZDU WRĞüQDGRĞZLDGF]HQLH r  RUD]PQLHMV]DXJRGRZRĞü r   &DOLJLXUL L7DULTXH +HDUQ6DXOQLHU6WUD\HU*OHQKDP.RRSPDQL0DUFLD   Z VZRLFK EDGDQLDFK ILQDOQHJR VWDGLXP UR]ZRMX SV\FKRVSRáHF]QHJR ZHGáXJ (ULNVRQDVWZLHUG]LOLĪHWROHUDQFMDQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLZ]UDVWDZUD]]HZ]URVWHP ]LQWHJURZDQLDMHGQRVWNLDPDOHMHZUD]]HZ]URVWHPWHQGHQFMLMHGQRVWNLGRQLH HNVSORURZDQLD

(7)

6.$/$72/(5$1&-,1,(-('12=1$&=12ĝ&,:,(/25$.,&+7<3Ï:%2'ħ&Ï:

 

%RUVLZVSyáSUDFRZQLF\  SRGNUHĞODMąMHGQDN GXĪąQLHVSyMQRĞüZ\QL NyZ GRW\FKF]DVRZ\FK EDGDĔ QDG WROHUDQFMą QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL : QLHNWyU\FK ] QLFK QLH VWZLHUG]RQR RSLVDQ\FK SRZ\ĪHM ]DOHĪQRĞFL OXE WHĪ QDZHW X]\VNDQR ]DOHĪQRĞFL RGZURWQH -DNR SU]\F]\QĊ UR]ELHĪQRĞFL Z Z\QLNDFK GRW\FKF]DVR Z\FKEDGDĔZVND]XMHVLĊEáĊG\SUyE\RUD]GXĪąUyĪQRURGQRĞüVWRVRZDQ\FKQD U]ĊG]L SRPLDUX L LFK PDáą Z DUWRĞü SV\FKRPHWU\F]Qą 1D SU]\NáDG )XUQKDP  VWZLHUG]LáĪHNRUHODFMHPLĊG]\Z\QLNDPLF]WHUHFKQDU]ĊG]LSRPLDUXWROH UDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL SU]\ELHUDMą Z DUWRĞü Z JUDQLFDFK RG r   GR r :ĞZLHWOHSRZ\ĪV]\FKGDQ\FKMDNRZDĪQHLZSHáQLX]DVDGQLRQHZ\GD MąVLĊZV]HONLHG]LDáDQLD PDMąFHQDFHOXRSUDFRZDQLHWUDIQHJRLU]HWHOQHJR QD U]ĊG]LDSRPLDUXWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL 3RPLDUWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL 2GFKZLOLZSURZDG]HQLDGRQDXNLSRMĊFLDWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLSR ZVWDáRZLHOHQDU]ĊG]LSRPLDUXWHJRNRQVWUXNWX1DMVWDUV]H]QLFKWRVNDOD%XGQH UD  RUD]VNDOD0DF'RQDOGD  EĊGąFD]UHZLGRZDQąZHUVMąZF]HĞQLHM SU]HGVWDZLRQHM the Rydell-Rosen Ambiguity Tolerance Scale 5\GHOO L 5RVHQ  :VWRVXQNXGRW\FKVNDOSU]HSURZDG]RQRQLHZLHOHSUDFPDMąF\FKQDFHOX RFHQĊ LFK Z áDĞFLZRĞFL SV\FKRPHWU\F]Q\FK D WH NWyUH SU]HSURZDG]RQR ZVND ]\ZDá\ QD LFK OLF]QH VáDERĞFL 1D SU]\NáDG Z SU]\SDGNX VNDOL %XGQHUD NWyUD E\áDQDMF]ĊĞFLHMVWRVRZDQ\PQDU]ĊG]LHPSRPLDUXWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL MHM DXWRU QLH SU]HSURZDG]Lá DQDOL]\ F]\QQLNRZHM E\ SRWZLHUG]Lü MHM WUDIQRĞü DU]HWHOQRĞüVNDOLRNUHĞORQD]DSRPRFąZVNDĨQLNDĮ&URQEDFKDZ\QRVLáD F]\OL]QDF]QLHPQLHMQLĪMHVWWRZ\PDJDQH:RGSRZLHG]LQDWHLLQQHVáDERĞFL VNDOL %XGQHUD 'DYLG 0F/DLQ RSUDFRZDá 6NDOĊ 7ROHUDQFML 1LHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL :LHORUDNLFK 7\SyZ %RGĨFyZ  067$7 the Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale  PDMąFą GZLH ZHUVMH VWDUV]ą ± GáXĪV]ą 067$7, 0F/DLQ   L QRZV]ą ± NUyWV]ą 067$7,, 0F/DLQ   %RUV *UXPDQ L 6KXNOD  RSLHUDMąFVLĊQDZ\QLNDFKNRQILUPDF\MQHMDQDOL]\F]\QQLNRZHMRUD]DQD OL]DFK NRUHODF\MQ\FK PLĊG]\ Z\QLNDPLVNDOL0F/DLQDL%XGQHUDDLQWHOLJHQFMą PLHU]RQą ]D SRPRFą WHVWX PDWU\F SURJUHV\ZQ\FK 5DYHQD RUD] RVRERZRĞFLą SURDNW\ZQąVWZLHUG]LOLĪHVNDOD0F/DLQDMHVW]QDF]QLHOHSV]\PQLĪVNDOD%XG QHUDQDU]ĊG]LHPSRPLDUXWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLL]DOHFDMąMHMVWRVRZDQLH ZGDOV]\FKEDGDQLDFK)XUQKDPL0DUNV  Z\PLHQLDMąNLONDZDĪQ\FK]DOHW WHMVNDOLNWyUH±LFK]GDQLHP±GHF\GXMąRMHMGXĪHMSRSXODUQRĞFL3RSLHUZV]H ZZLHOXEDGDQLDFKSRWZLHUG]RQRMHMWUDIQRĞüLU]HWHOQRĞü3R]DW\PMHVWWRVNDOD GRV\ü NUyWND REHMPXMąFD  SURVW\FK VWZLHUG]HĔ FR XáDWZ LD MHM VWRVRZ DQLH

(8)

%2*86à$:$/$&+2:6.$.$52/,1$/8':,.2:6.$   LVSU]\MDMHMSRSXODUQRĞFL']LĊNLWHPXPRĪQDVWRVRZDüMąZEDGDQLDFKNWyU\FK F]DVMHVWRJUDQLF]RQ\F]\WHĪZEDGDQLDFKZNWyU\FKVWRVXMHVLĊZLHOHLQQ\FK VNDO-HMZDORUHPMHVWWDNĪHSURVWRWDVIRUPXáRZDĔLQLHRGQRV]HQLHVLĊGRF]\QQL NyZNRQWHNVWRZ\FKLQQ\FKQLĪQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞüERGĨFD:WHQVSRVyEXVWU]H ĪRQRVLĊVáDERĞFL]DU]XFDQHMLQQ\PVNDORPQSWHMRSUDFRZDQHMSU]H]%XGQHUD   SROHJDMąFHM QD W\P LĪ WUHĞü QLHNWyU\FK WZLHUG]HĔ RGQRVL VLĊ GR VSHF\ ILF]Q\FKV\WXDFMLOXEGRRVyEFRPRĪHZSá\ZDüQDUHDNFMHRVRE\EDGDQHM5H DNFMH RVRE\ EDGDQHM PRJą ERZLHP QLH E\ü UHDNFMDPL QD QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞü ERGĨFDDOHQDLQQHF]\QQLNL]ZLą]DQH]NRQWHNVWHPERGĨFD6ąWRVWZLHUG]HQLD RGQRV]ąFHVLĊQSGRQDXF]\FLHOLHNVSHUWyZSUDF\]DZRGRZHM=GUXJLHMVWURQ\ VWZLHUG]HQLDVNDOL067$7VąEDUG]RRJyOQHL]GDQLHPQLHNWyU\FKEDGDF]\RG SRZLHGĨQDQLHPRĪHQLHNWyU\PEDGDQ\PVSUDZLDüWUXGQRĞü2GXĪHMSRSXODUQR ĞFL VNDOL ĞZ LDGF]\ WR LĪ PD RQD MXĪ DGDSWDFMĊ KLV]SDĔVNą $UTXHUR L 0F/DLQ  RUD]MDSRĔVNą 7RNX\RVKL6X]XNLL,ZDVDNL  1DSRGVWDZLHSU]HJOą GX VWRVRZDQ\FK QDU]ĊG]L SRPLDUX WROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL )XUQKDP L0DUNV  VWZLHUG]DMąĪH067$7,,WRREHFQLHMHGQD]QDMEDUG]LHMSRSXODU Q\FKVNDO 0F/DLQ V SRGDMHĪHFHOHP067$7,,MHVWSRPLDUWROHUDQFMLQLH MHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLUR]XPLDQHMMDNRÄPLHV]F]ąFDVLĊZ]DNUHVLHRGDZHUVMLGRSU]\ FLąJDQLDRULHQWDFMDSR]QDZF]DMHGQRVWNLZREHFERGĨFyZ]áRĪRQ\FKQLH]QDQ\FK LQLHUR]ZLą]\ZDOQ\FK´-DNWRSRGNUHĞORQRZQD]ZLH 6NDOD7ROHUDQFML1LHMHG QR]QDF]QRĞFL :LHORUDNLFK 7\SyZ %RGĨFyZ  VWZLHUG]HQLD ZFKRG]ąFH Z VNáDG VNDOL RGQRV]ą VLĊ GR UyĪQ\FK W\SyZ ERGĨFyZ QLHMHGQR]QDF]Q\FK 7DEHOD   ERGĨFyZSRVWU]HJDQ\FKMDNRREFHQLH]QDQH new/unfamiliar/novel stimuli1  ]áRĪRQH complex stimuli =  R QLHSHZQHM G\QDPLFH uncertain/dynamically uncertain 3  WDNLFK NWyUH PRJą E\ü LQWHUSUHWRZDQH QD ZLHOH VSU]HF]Q\FK ]H VREąVSRVREyZ insoluble/illogical/irreducible/internally inconsistent stimuli6  RUD] RJyOQ\FK ERGĨFyZ QLHMHGQR]QDF]Q\FK ambiguous stimuli in general 2  0F/DLQV 

6NDOD VNáDGD VLĊ ]  VWZLHUG]HĔ 2VRED EDGDQD RNUHĞOD Z MDNLP VWRSQLX RSLV\ ]DZDUWH Z W\FK VWZLHUG]HQLDFK ]JDG]DMą VLĊ ] MHM RGF]XFLDPL L ]DFKRZD QLDPL2GSRZLHG]LXG]LHODQHVąQDVWRSQLRZHMVNDOLRGSRZLHG]LRG±Ä]GH F\GRZDQLHQLH]JDG]DVLĊ´SRSU]H]±ÄDQLVLĊ]JDG]DDQLVLĊQLH]JDG]D´GR ±Ä]GHF\GRZDQLH]JDG]DVLĊ´=VXPRZDQLHZ\QLNyZZHZV]\VWNLFKSR]\FMDFK SRRGZUyFHQLXZ\QLNXZNLONX]QLFK±7DEHOD GDMHZ\QLNRJyOQ\PLHV]F]ą F\VLĊZJUDQLFDFKRGGRSU]\F]\PZ\QLNZ\ĪV]\ZVND]XMHQDZLĊNV]ą WROHUDQFMĊQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL

(9)

6.$/$72/(5$1&-,1,(-('12=1$&=12ĝ&,:,(/25$.,&+7<3Ï:%2'ħ&Ï:

 

:VSyáF]\QQLN U]HWHOQRĞFL Į &URQEDFKD  RU\JLQDOQHM ZHUVML VNDOL Z\QRVL  :\QLNL HNVSORUDF\MQHM DQDOL]\ F]\QQLNRZHM L DQDOL]D Z\NUHVX RV\SLVND 0F/DLQH SR]ZROLáDDXWRURZLVNDOLQDSU]\MĊFLHMHGQHJRF]\QQLND.RQ ILUPDF\MQDDQDOL]DF]\QQLNRZD SRWZLHUG]LáDĪHMHGQRF]\QQLNRZ\ PRGHOWHRUH W\F]Q\MHVWGREU]HGRSDVRZDQ\GRGDQ\FK:HUVMDRU\JLQDOQDVNDOLPDSRWZLHU G]RQąWUDIQRĞü 0F/DLQ 

2SUDFRZDQLHZHUVMLSROVNLHM

:FHOXSU]\JRWRZDQLDSROVNLHMZHUVMLNZHVWLRQDULXV]DSRX]\VNDQLX]JRG\ DXWRUDZHUVMLRU\JLQDOQHMGZyFKDQJOLVWyZGRNRQDáRQLH]DOHĪQLHRGVLHELHWUDQV ODFML VWZLHUG]HĔ VNDOL QD MĊ]\N SROVNL 3R SRUyZQDQLX X]\VNDQ\FK WáXPDF]HĔ X]JRGQLRQRRVWDWHF]QąZHUVMĊNZHVWLRQDULXV]D 7DEHOD NWyUąSRGGDQRWáXPD F]HQLX]ZURWQHPXQDMĊ]\NDQJLHOVNLVWZLHUG]DMąFVDW\VIDNFMRQXMąFą]ELHĪQRĞü WáXPDF]HQLD]ZHUVMąRU\JLQDOQą

7DEHOD

TreĞü stwierdzeĔ i typ bodĨca

7UHĞüVWZLHUG]HQLD 7\SERGĨFD M SD ħOH]QRV]ĊQLHMHGQR]QDF]QHV\WXDFMH  2   :RODáE\PUDF]HMXQLNQąüUR]ZLą]\ZDQLDSUREOHPXNWyU\ QDOHĪ\UR]SDWU\ZDü]UyĪQ\FKSHUVSHNW\Z  6   6WDUDPVLĊXQLNDüV\WXDFMLNWyUHVąQLHMHGQR]QDF]QH  2   :ROĊV\WXDFMH]QDQHQLĪQRZH  1   3UREOHP\NWyU\FKQLHPRĪQDUR]SDWU\ZDüW\ONR]MHGQHJR SXQNWXZLG]HQLDVąQLHFR]DJUDĪDMąFH  6   8QLNDPV\WXDFMLNWyUHVąGODPQLH]E\WVNRPSOLNRZDQH DE\MHáDWZR]UR]XPLHü  =   'REU]H]QRV]ĊQLHMHGQR]QDF]QHV\WXDFMH 2   /XELĊPLHüGRF]\QLHQLD]SUREOHPDPLNWyUHVąQDW\OH VNRPSOLNRZDQHĪHVąQLHMHGQR]QDF]QH =   6WDUDPVLĊXQLNDüSUREOHPyZNWyUHZ\GDMąVLĊQLHPLHü W\ONRMHGQHJRÄQDMOHSV]HJR´UR]ZLą]DQLD  6   1DRJyáZROĊWRFRQRZHQLĪWRFR]QDQH 1   1LHOXELĊQLHMHGQR]QDF]Q\FKV\WXDFML  2   7UXGQRPLGRNRQDüZ\ERUXMHĞOLZ\QLNMHVWQLHSHZQ\  3   :ROĊV\WXDFMHZNWyU\FKMHVWQLHFRQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL 2   Uwaga.2±2JyOQHERGĨFHQLHMHGQR]QDF]QH=±ERGĨFH]áRĪRQH1±ERGĨFHQRZHQLH]QDQHREFH6±ERGĨFH

QLHUR]ZLą]\ZDOQHQLHORJLF]QHQLHUHGXNRZDOQH ZHZQĊWU]QLH VSU]HF]QH 3 ± ERGĨFH QLHSHZQH M – ĞUHGQLD REOLF]RQDSRRGZUyFHQLXZ\QLNX :FHOXX]\VNDQLDZ\QLNXRJyOQHJRNRQLHF]QHMHVWRGZUyFHQLHZ\QLNX

(10)

%2*86à$:$/$&+2:6.$.$52/,1$/8':,.2:6.$   0(72'$ 2VRE\EDGDQH :áDĞFLZRĞFLSV\FKRPHWU\F]QHSROVNLHMZHUVMLVNDOLRNUHĞORQRQDSRGVWDZLH Z\QLNyZX]\VNDQ\FKRGVWXGHQWyZ NRELHW\LPĊĪF]\]Q SLHUZV]HJR URNX VWXGLyZ 'REyUGR JUXS\ EDGDQHMVWXGHQWyZSLHUZV]HJRURNXE\á ]JRGQ\ ]GRQLHVLHQLDPLLĪ]QDF]HQLHWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLMHVWV]F]HJyOQLHGXĪH ZWHG\JG\RVRE\QDSRW\NDMąQDQRZHV\WXDFMHDGRWDNLFKV\WXDFMLPRĪQD]DOL F]\ü UR]SRF]ĊFLH VWXGLyZ 2VRE\ EDGDQH E\á\ Z ZLHNX RG  GR  ODW M   SD    SU]\ F]\P ĞUHGQLD ZLHNX Z JUXSLH PĊĪF]\]Q M SD  E\áDLVWRWQLHZLĊNV]DQLĪZJUXSLHNRELHW M  SD   t   p ” 

1DU]ĊG]LDSRPLDUX]PLHQQ\FK

:FHOXSRPLDUXRJyOQHMVDW\VIDNFML]Ī\FLDZ\NRU]\VWDQRSROVNąZHUVMĊ -X F]\ĔVNL   6NDOL 6DW\VIDNFML ] ĩ\FLD 6:/6  'LHQHU (PPRQV /DUVHQ L *ULIILQ =DVWRVRZDQRSRQDGWR6NDOĊ3R]\W\ZQHJRL1HJDW\ZQHJR$IHNWX 3$1$6  :DWVRQD &ODUND L 7HOOHJHQD   Z SROVNLP WáXPDF]HQLX 6RERO .ZDSLĔVNLHM  6NDODWDVNáDGDVLĊ]SU]\PLRWQLNyZRNUHĞODMąF\FKVWDQ\ HPRFMRQDOQHZW\PG]LHVLĊüWZRU]\VNDOĊDIHNWXSR]\W\ZQHJRDSR]RVWDáHG]LH VLĊü ± VNDOĊ DIHNWX QHJDW\ZQHJR 5]HWHOQRĞü VNDOL RV]DFRZ DQD Z  W\P EDGDQLX Z\QRVLĮ GODVNDOLDIHNWXSR]\W\ZQHJRRUD]Į GODDIHNWXQHJD W\ZQHJR 6ą WR Z DUWRĞFL ]DGRZDODMąFH SRUyZQ\ZDOQH GR W\FK X]\VNDQ\FK ZVNDOLRU\JLQDOQHMJG]LHĮ GODDIHNWXSR]\W\ZQHJRLĮ GODDIHNWX QHJDW\ZQHJR&HFK\RVRERZRĞFLRNUHĞORQR]DSRPRFą,QZHQWDU]D2VRERZRĞFL 1(2)), &RVW\L0F&UDHZSROVNLHMDGDSWDFML=DZDG]NLHJRLZVSyáSUDFRZQL NyZ  .ZHVWLRQDULXV]]DZLHUDSLĊüVNDOSR]ZDODMąF\FKQDSRPLDUSLĊFLX SRGVWDZRZ\FK FHFK RVRERZRĞFL QHXURW\F]QRĞFL HNVWUDZHUVML RWZDUWRĞFL QD GRĞZLDGF]HQLH XJRGRZRĞFL L VXPLHQQRĞFL 5]HWHOQRĞü NDĪGHM ]H VNDO SROVNLHM ZHUVML WHJR NZHVWLRQDULXV]D RV]DFRZDQD ]D SRPRFą Z VNDĨQLND VSyMQRĞFL ZH ZQĊWU]QHMĮ&URQEDFKDMHVW]DGRZDODMąFDDZDUWRĞFLZVNDĨQLNyZPLHV]F]ąVLĊ ZJUDQLFDFKRGGR =DZDG]NL6WUHODX6]F]HSDQLDNLĝOLZLĔVND  'RSRPLDUXWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLXMPRZDQHM]JRGQLH]NRQFHSFMą%XG QHUDZ\NRU]\VWDQRthe Tolerance for Ambiguity Scale 7$6  +HUPDQ6WHYHQV %LUG0HQGHQKDOOL2GGRX  RSUDFRZDQąQDSRGVWDZLHVNDOLQLHWROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL %XGQHUD   6NDOD VNáDGD VLĊ ]  VWZLHUG]HĔ 5]HWHO

(11)

6.$/$72/(5$1&-,1,(-('12=1$&=12ĝ&,:,(/25$.,&+7<3Ï:%2'ħ&Ï:   QRĞüSROVNLHMZHUVMLVNDOLRV]DFRZDQDZW\PEDGDQLXZ\QRVLĮ LMHVW QLĪV]DQLĪU]HWHOQRĞüZHUVMLRU\JLQDOQHMĮ  :à$ĝ&,:2ĝ&,36<&+20(75<&=1( 32/6.,(-:(56-,6.$/, 5]HWHOQRĞüVNDOL

5]HWHOQRĞü WHVWX RV]DFRZDQR EDGDMąF ]JRGQRĞü Z HZ QĊWU]Qą ]D SRPRFą ZVSyáF]\QQLNDĮ&URQEDFKD:VNDĨQLNWHQMHVWW\PZLĊNV]\LPEDUG]LHMMHGQR URGQD MHVW SUyED SR]\FML WZRU]ąF\FK GDQą VNDOĊ +RUQRZVND   :DUWRĞü ZVSyáF]\QQLND U]HWHOQRĞFL SROVNLHM ZHUVML VNDOLĮ   MHVW VDW\VIDNFMRQXMąFD LQLHZ]UDVWDSRXVXQLĊFLXNWyUHJRNROZLHN]HVWZLHUG]HĔ

7UDIQRĞüVNDOL

0F/DLQ   SU]\MPXMH ]DáRĪHQLH R MHGQRF]\QQLNRZHM VWUXNWXU]H VNDOL 6WUXNWXUDWDX]\VNDáDSRWZLHUG]HQLHZEDGDQLDFK]Z\NRU]\VWDQLHPRU\JLQDOQHM ZHUVMLVNDOLGRNRQDQ\FKSU]H]MHMDXWRUD 0F/DLQ RUD]ZEDGDQLDFK]UH DOL]RZDQ\FKZ+LV]SDQLL]Z\NRU]\VWDQLHPZHUVMLKLV]SDĔVNLHM $UTXHURL0F /DLQ :FHOXXVWDOHQLDZMDNLPVWRSQLXMHGQRF]\QQLNRZDVWUXNWXUDDGDS WRZDQHJRQDU]ĊG]LDSRPLDURZHJR]DáRĪRQDSU]H]MHJRDXWRUDMHVWWUDIQDZNRQ IURQWDFML]GDQ\PLX]\VNDQ\PLZEDGDQLXZáDVQ\PZ\NRU]\VWDQRNRQILUPDF\M QąDQDOL]ĊF]\QQLNRZą &)$ VWRVXMąFNRPSXWHURZHUR]ZLą]DQLHSURSRQRZDQH Z SDNLHFLH $026 $QDOL]\ SU]HSURZDG]RQR Z GZyFK HWDSDFK 1DMSLHUZ ]DáRĪRQR QLHVNRUHORZDQLH EáĊGyZ SRPLDUX 8]\VNDQH ZVNDĨQLNL GRSDVRZDQLD SRVWXORZDQHJRPRGHOXZVND]XMąQDMHJRVáDEHDOHPRĪOLZHGRSU]\MĊFLDGRSD VRZDQLHGRGDQ\FK:SUDZG]LHX]\VNDQ\ZVNDĨQLN506($ SU]HNUDF]D ZDUWRĞüNWyUDX]QDZDQDMHVW]DJyUQąJUDQLFĊGREUHJRGRSDVRZDQLDPRGH OXDOHW\ONRQLH]QDF]QLHZ\NUDF]DSR]DSU]HG]LDáRGGRZVND]XMąF\QD ÄPLHUQHGRSDVRZDQLH´WHVWRZDQHJRPRGHOX PLHĞFLVLĊERZLHPZSU]HG]LDOHRG  GR   =DWHP QLH]QDF]QLH SU]HNUDF]D ZDUWRĞFL  SRZ \ĪHM NWyUHM PRGHO E\áE\ QLH GR ]DDNFHSWRZDQLD %URZQH L &XGHFN  ]D .RQDUVNL  6SRĞUyGLQQ\FKZVNDĨQLNyZLQGHNV6505 QLHSU]HNUDF]DZDU WRĞFL NU\W\F]QHM DNFHSWDFML PRGHOX XVWDORQHM QD SR]LRPLH  +X L %HQWOHU  ]D .RQDUVNL   3R]RVWDáH ZVNDĨQLNL GRSDVRZDQLD GOD WHJR PRGHOX WDNLHMDN Ȥð  df p Ȥðdf &), 7/, 

(12)

%2*86à$:$/$&+2:6.$.$52/,1$/8':,.2:6.$

 

1), WDNĪHZVND]XMąQDVáDEHGRSDVRZDQLHPRGHOX]]DáRĪHQLHPQLHVNR UHORZDQLDEáĊGyZ SRPLDUX:DUWRMHGQDN ]DXZDĪ\ü LĪ Z VNDĨQLNL GRSDVRZDQLD X]\VNDQH Z EDGDQLX ZáDVQ\P Vą SRGREQH D QDZHW OHSV]H QLĪ X]\VNDQH SU]H] DXWRUDNZHVWLRQDULXV]DZUDPDFKSU]HSURZDG]DQ\FKSU]H]QLHJRSUDFQDGQDU]Ċ G]LHP Ȥð  p  5),  7/,  1), 506($  0F/DLQ  $XWRUPHWRG\XZDĪD]DX]DVDGQLRQHPHU\WRU\F]QLHGRSXV]F]H QLH NRUHODFML PLĊG]\EáĊGDPLSRPLDUX-HJR ]GDQLHP PRĪQDRF]HNLZDüZVSyO QHJR SRGáRĪD GOD SHUFHSFML UyĪQ\FK W\SyZ ERGĨFyZ Z\MDĞQLDMąFHJR NRUHODFMH PLĊG]\ SR]\FMDPL VNDODPL PLHU]ąF\PL SHUFHSFMĊ UyĪQ\FK JUXS QLHMHGQR]QDF] Q\FKERGĨFyZ=JRGQLH]W\PLSRJOąGDPLDXWRUDQDU]ĊG]LDZWHVWRZDQ\PPR GHOXZáDVQ\PQDSRGVWDZLHDQDOL]\ZVNDĨQLNyZPRG\ILNDFMLGRSXV]F]RQRVNR UHORZDQLHEáĊGyZ  SRPLDUX PLĊG]\VWZLHUG]HQLDPL L NWyUHVąSRGREQHGR VLHELH WUHĞFLRZR L QDOHĪą GR ZVSyOQHM NDWHJRULL ERGĨFyZ QRZ\FK QLH]QDQ\FK REF\FK NDWHJRULD1 'RSXV]F]RQRSRQDGWRVNRUHORZDQLHEáĊGyZSRPLDUXSR ]\FMLLQDOHĪąF\FKGRZVSyOQHMNDWHJRULLERGĨFyZQLHUR]ZLą]\ZDOQ\FKQLH ORJLF]Q\FK QLHUHGXNRZDOQ\FK ZHZQĊWU]QLH VSU]HF]Q\FK NDWHJRULD 6  'RSXV] F]RQRWDNĪHVNRUHORZDQLHEáĊGyZSRPLDUXSR]\FML]SR]\FMDPLLNWyUHFKR FLDĪQDOHĪąGRUyĪQ\FKNDWHJRULLERGĨFyZ RGSRZLHGQLRNDWHJRULD=RUD]NDWH JRULD 6 Z  SU]\SDGNX VWZ LHUG]HQLD  L   Vą MHGQDN SRGREQH WUHĞFLRZR 0LDU\ GRSDVRZDQLDGODPRGHOX]HVNRUHORZDQ\PLEáĊGDPLSRPLDUXRSDUWHQDWHĞFLHȤð VąUyZQHȤð df  p Ȥðdf 1LHSR]ZDODMąRQHQD SU]\MĊFLH KLSRWH]\ R EUDNX UyĪQLF PLĊG]\ REVHUZRZDQą PDFLHU]ą NRZDULDQFML DLPSOLNRZDQąSU]H]PRGHO-HGQDNĪHZ]ZLą]NX]W\PLĪWHVWWHQSR]ZDODáD WZRRGU]XFLüKLSRWH]ĊSU]\GXĪHMOLF]HEQRĞFLEDGDQHMSUyE\ NWyUDZW\PEDGD QLX Z\QRVL  RVRE\ D ZLĊF MHVW GRV\ü GXĪD  RGZRáDQR VLĊ GR LQQ\FK PLDU GRSDVRZDQLDQLH]DOHĪQ\FKRGOLF]HEQRĞFLSUyE\:DUWRĞüZVNDĨQLND506($  ZSUDZG]LHSU]HNUDF]DSU]\MPRZDQ\SR]LRPXDNFHSWDFML  KLSRWH]\ EOLVNLHJRGRSDVRZDQLDPRGHOXMHGQDNSURFHQWRZ\SU]HG]LDáXIQRĞFLGODZDU WRĞFL 506($   ZVND]XMH ĪH ZDUWRĞü EáĊGX DSURNV\PDFML PRGHOX PLHĞFLVLĊZJUDQLFDFKSU]\MĊW\FKGODSU]\EOLĪRQHJRGRSDVRZDQLDPRGHOXGROQ\ OLPLWWHJRSU]HG]LDáXZ\QRV]ąF\QLHRVLąJDZDUWRĞFLFRZVND]XMH ĪH KLSRWH]D EOLVNLHJR GRSDVRZDQLD QLH MHVW UHDOLVW\F]QD DOH JyUQ\ OLPLW WHJR SU]HG]LDáX Z\QRV]ąF\  QLH RVLąJD ZDUWRĞFL  FR R]QDF]D ĪH EáąG DSURNV\PDFML PLHĞFL VLĊ Z JUDQLFDFK DNFHSWDFML SU]\EOLĪRQHJR GRSDVRZDQLD .RQDUVNL   :DUWRĞFL LQQ\FK PLDU GRSDVRZDQLD WDNĪH SRWZLHUG]DMą DGH NZDWQRĞüWHJR PRGHOX 1DSU]\NáDG6505  RUD]7/, L&),  RVLąJDMąSU]\MĊW\SR]LRPDNFHSWDFMLPRGHOX Z\QRV]ąF\GOD7/,  L&),  :SUDZG]LH ZDUWRĞü PLDU\ 1),  MHVWSRQLĪHMVZRMHMPLQL

(13)

6.$/$72/(5$1&-,1,(-('12=1$&=12ĝ&,:,(/25$.,&+7<3Ï:%2'ħ&Ï:

 

PDOQHMZDUWRĞFL  MHGQDNĪHV\WXDFMDZNWyUHMPLDU\GRSDVRZDQLDGDMąQLH FDáNRZLFLHVSyMQHJRZVND]DQLDFRGRSR]LRPXGRSDVRZDQLDWHVWRZDQHJRPRGH OXQLHMHVW]DVNDNXMąFDLQLHPXVLDXWRPDW\F]QLHSRGZDĪDüDGHNZDWQRĞFLWHVWR ZDQHJR PRGHOX .RQDUVNL   $QDOL]D ZDUWRĞFL ZV]\VWNLFK X]\VNDQ\FK ZVNDĨQLNyZ GRSDVRZDQLD SR]ZDOD ]DWHP VWZLHUG]Lü LĪ PRGHO ]DNáDGDMąF\ LVW QLHQLH MHGQHJR F]\QQLND Z VWUXNWXU]H VNDOL RND]Dá VLĊ VWRVXQNRZR WUDIQ\ 'R SXV]F]D RQ MHGQDN VNRUHORZDQLH EáĊGyZ :DUWRĞFL áDGXQNyZ F]\QQLNRZ\FK PLHV]F]ąVLĊZSU]HG]LDOHRGGR]Z\MąWNLHPVWZLHUG]HQLDGODNWy UHJRáDGXQHNZ\QRVL

7DEHOD

Statystyki opisowe rozkadów wartoĞci zmiennych 1D]ZD]PLHQQHM M SD =DNUHV Z\QLNyZ 6NRĞQRĞü VWDQG .XUWR]D%áąG VWDQG%áąG 7HVW 6: p ” 7ROHUDQFMD QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL 067$7,,         7ROHUDQFMD QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL the Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale7$6         6DW\VIDNFMD]Ī\FLD         $IHNW SR]\W\ZQ\         $IHNW QHJDW\ZQ\         1HXURW\F]QRĞü         (NVWUDZHUVMD         2WZDUWRĞü         8JRGRZRĞü         6XPLHQQRĞü         Uwaga. 6:±WHVW6KDSLUR:LOND

7UDIQRĞü WHRUHW\F]Qą RNUHĞODMą WDNĪH DVSHNW ]ELHĪQ\ L UyĪQLFRZ\ +RUQRZ VND :FHOXRNUHĞOHQLDWUDIQRĞFL ZDVSHNFLH ]ELHĪQ\PSRGGDQRDQDOL]LH ZVSyáF]\QQLNL NRUHODFMLZ\QLNyZVNDOL067$7,, ] Z\QLNDPLVNDOPLHU]ąF\FK FHFK\SRGREQHGRWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL=DWDNLHX]QDQRSRPLDUFHFK\ WROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL]DSRPRFąVNDOLthe Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale 7$6  +HUPDQLLQ RUD]2WZDUWRĞFLQDGRĞZLDGF]HQLHL(NVWUDZHUVML]D SRPRFą,QZHQWDU]D2VRERZRĞFL1(2)),&RVW\L0F&UDHZSROVNLHMDGDSWDFML =DZDG]NLHJR L ZVSyáSUDFRZQLNyZ   2F]HNLZDQR SRQDGWR ĪH WROHUDQFMD

(14)

%2*86à$:$/$&+2:6.$.$52/,1$/8':,.2:6.$   QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLEĊG]LHZVSyáZ\VWĊSRZDü]VXPLHQQRĞFLąRUD]XJRGRZRĞFLą :]ZLą]NX]WUXGQRĞFLDPLZRNUHĞOHQLXVNDOLPLHU]ąFHMFHFKĊLQQąQLĪWROHUDQFMD QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLSU]\MĊWRĪHWUDIQRĞüZDVSHNFLHUyĪQLFRZ\P]RVWDQLHRNUH ĞORQD QD SRGVWDZLH NRUHODFML ] Z\QLNLHP Z VNDOL 1HXURW\F]QRĞFL ] ,QZ HQWDU]D 2VRERZRĞFL1(2)), =DZDG]NLLLQ :7DEHOL]DSUH]HQWRZDQRVWDW\ VW\NLRSLVRZHUR]NáDGyZDQDOL]RZDQ\FK]PLHQQ\FK

$QDOL]D NV]WDáWX UR]NáDGyZ ZDUWRĞFL DQDOL]RZDQ\FK ]PLHQQ\FK ]D SRPRFą WHVWX 6KDSLUR:LOND XND]XMH LĪ Z SU]\SDGNX ]PLHQQ\FK VDW\VIDNFMD ] Ī\FLD DIHNWSR]\W\ZQ\DIHNWQHJDW\ZQ\HNVWUDZHUVMDLXJRGRZRĞüUR]NáDG\WHRGVWDMą LVWRWQLHVWDW\VW\F]QLHRGUR]NáDGXQRUPDOQHJR 7DEHOD $QDOL]DZDUWRĞFLVNR ĞQRĞFLLNXUWR]\SR]ZDODVWZLHUG]LüLĪZV]\VWNLHSUREOHP\]ZLą]DQH]UR]NáD GHPZDUWRĞFL]PLHQQ\FKGRW\F]ąLFKVNRĞQRĞFL=JRGQLH]UHNRPHQGDFMDPL %H G\ĔVNDL.VLąĪHN GRNRQDQRQDGDQ\FKVXURZ\FKSU]HNV]WDáFHĔPDWHPD W\F]Q\FK ORJDU\WPL]DFMĊ L SRGQRV]HQLH GR NZDGUDWX RUD] V]HĞFLDQX  Z FHOX ]QRUPDOL]RZDQLD UR]NáDGX : UH]XOWDFLH SU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK RSHUDFML XGDáR VLĊ ]OLNZLGRZDüVNRĞQRĞüUR]NáDGyZ

7DEHOD

WartoĞci wspóczynników korelacji miĊdzy zmiennymi

=PLHQQH          067$7,, ±         7$6  ±        6:/6           $IHNW SR]\W\ZQ\             $IHNW QHJDW\ZQ\         ±     1HXURW\F] QRĞü               (NVWUDZHUVMD            ±   2WZDUWRĞü           ±  8JRGRZRĞü            ± 6XPLHQQRĞü                 Uwaga. p ” p ” p ”

(15)

6.$/$72/(5$1&-,1,(-('12=1$&=12ĝ&,:,(/25$.,&+7<3Ï:%2'ħ&Ï:

 

=RWZDUWRĞFLąQDGRĞZLDGF]HQLHVą]ZLą]DQHLQWHOLJHQFMDQLHNRQZHQFMRQDO QRĞü RU\JLQDOQRĞü Z\REUDĨQLD IDQWD]MD FLHNDZRĞü SR]QDZF]D NUHDW\ZQRĞü DNFHSWDFMD ]PLDQ L QRZRĞFL SRV]XNLZDQLH QRZ\FK GR]QDĔ =DZDG]NL L LQ  *RWRZRĞüRVyERGXĪHMRWZDUWRĞFLGRXZ]JOĊGQLDQLDQRZ\FKLGHLZDUWR ĞFLLSHUVSHNW\ZRUD]LFKFLHNDZRĞüLNUHDW\ZQRĞü 0F&UDHL&RVWD SR ZLQQ\VSU]\MDüSRVWU]HJDQLXQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLMDNRDWUDNF\MQHMSRFLąJDMąFHM 2VRE\WHFHFKXMHWROHUDQFMDLHNVSORURZDQLHWHJRFRQLH]QDQH 2OHĞ FR UyZQLHĪSRZLQQRVSU]\MDüSRVWU]HJDQLXQLHMHGQR]QDF]Q\FKERGĨFyZMDNRDWUDN F\MQ\FKLMDNRPRĪOLZRĞüGRUR]ZRMX:HGáXJ0F&UDH  WROHUDQFMDQLHMHG QR]QDF]QRĞFLZ\UDĪDPRW\ZDF\MQ\DVSHNWRWZDUWRĞFLQDGRĞZLDGF]HQLH=NROHL MHĞOLFKRG]LRMHGQRVWNLHNVWUDZHUW\ZQHWRZ]ZLą]NX]FHFKXMąF\PMHZ\VRNLP SR]LRPHP HQHUJLL PDMą RQH ZLĊNV]H V]DQVH QD WR E\ SRV]XNLZDü L JURPDG]Lü ]DVRE\DZHIHNFLHE\VWDZLüF]RáRUyĪQ\PZ\PDJDQLRPWDNĪHW\PZ\QLNDMą F\P]QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLERGĨFD']LĊNLWHPXWHJRW\SXERGĨFHPRJąSRVWU]H JDü MDNR PQLHM ]DJUDĪDMąFH = NROHL Z  ]Z Lą]NX ] FHFKXMąFą MH NRQFHQWUDFMą QD SR]\W\ZQ\FKDVSHNWDFKV\WXDFMLPRJąSRVWU]HJDüQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞüMDNRPQLHM ]DJUDĪDMąFąL PQLHMVWUHVXMąFąDEDUG]LHMMDNRZ\]ZDQLHMDNRDWUDNF\MQąLSR FLąJDMąFą3U]HMDZLDQDSU]H]QLHWHQGHQFMDGRSU]HĪ\ZDQLDSR]\W\ZQ\FKHPRFML LFKĊWQHDQJDĪRZDQLHVLĊZZ\GDU]HQLDWDNĪHPRJąVSU]\MDüSRVWU]HJDQLXV\WX DFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]Q\FK MDNR DWUDNF\MQ\FK:\QLNL GRW\FKF]DVRZ\FK EDGDĔ SR WZLHUG]DMą ]Z Lą]HN WROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL ] GXĪą RWZ DUWRĞFLą QD GR ĞZLDGF]HQLHLHNVWUDZHUW\ZQRĞFLą &DOLJLXULL7DULTXH 

1HXURW\F]QRĞüQDWRPLDVWZLąĪHVLĊ]ZUDĪOLZRĞFLąQDVWUHVWHQGHQFMąGRGR ĞZLDGF]DQLD OĊNX QLHSRNRMX QDSLĊFLD RUD] ]H VNáRQQRĞFLą GR PDUWZLHQLD VLĊ L UHDJRZDQLD REURQQLH =DZDG]NL L LQ   FR PRĪH SRZRGRZDü ĪH RVRE\ RGXĪ\PQDVLOHQLXWHMFHFK\EĊGąGRĞZLDGF]DüZLĊNV]HJRVWUHVXZNRQIURQWDFML ]QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLąV\WXDFML:]ZLą]NX]WHQGHQFMąGRUHDJRZDQLDOĊNOLZR ĞFLąSRF]XFLHPEH]UDGQRĞFLLZ\FRIDQLHPZSU]\SDGNXQDSRW\NDQLDWUXGQRĞFL ]ZLą]DQ\FK]QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLąEĊGą±MDNPRĪQDRF]HNLZDü±SRVWU]HJDüMH MDNREDUG]LHM]DJUDĪDMąFHRUD]UHDJRZDüZ\FRIDQLHPL]QLHFKĊFHQLHP :\QLNLDQDOL]Z\NRQDQ\FKZW\PEDGDQLXSRWZLHUG]DMąWUDIQRĞüWHRUHW\F]Qą RFHQLDQHMVNDOL067$7,, 7DEHOD =JRGQLH]RF]HNLZDQLDPLZ\QLNLWHMVNDOL SR]RVWDMąZSR]\W\ZQ\P]ZLą]NX]Z\QLNDPLVNDOLthe Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale 7$6  +HUPDQLLQ SU]H]QDF]RQHM±MDNVWZLHUG]DMąMHMDXWRU]\± GRPLHU]HQLDWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLZUyĪQ\FKNRQWHNVWDFKNXOWXURZ\FK :SUDZG]LHZDUWRĞüZVSyáF]\QQLNDNRUHODFMLPLĊG]\Z\QLNDPLW\FKGZyFKVNDO QLHMHVWWDNZ\VRNDMDNPRĪQDE\RF]HNLZDüMHGQDNĪHZ\QLNWHQQDOHĪ\X]QDü ]D VDW\VIDNFMRQXMąF\ ELRUąF SRG XZDJĊ WR ĪH 0F/DLQ   Z VZRLFK EDGD

(16)

%2*86à$:$/$&+2:6.$.$52/,1$/8':,.2:6.$

 

QLDFKQLHVWZLHUG]LáĪDGQHJR ]ZLą]NX PLĊG]\Z\QLNDPLVNDOL067$7,,DZ\ QLNDPL VNDOL %XGQHUD   QD ED]LH NWyUHM RSUDFRZDQR ]DVWRVRZDQD VNDOĊ 7$6%UDN]ZLą]NXPLĊG]\Z\QLNDPLW\FKGZyFKVNDO0F/DLQ  X]DVDG QLDá VáDERĞFLą SV\FKRPHWU\F]Qą L SRZ DĪQ\PL PDQNDPHQWDPL VNDOL %XGQHUD :]ZLą]NX]W\PLĪVNDOD7$6]RVWDáDRSUDFRZDQDQDED]LHVNDOL%XGQHUDWR± PLPRGHNODUDFMLMHMDXWRUyZĪHMHVWWRQRZDSRSUDZLRQDLOHSV]D ZHUVMDVNDOL %XGQHUD±ZGDOV]\PFLąJXQLHMHVWRQDZROQDRGQLHNWyU\FKZDGZHUVMLĨUyGáR ZHM QS RGQRV]HQLH VLĊ Z VWZLHUG]HQLDFK GR F]\QQLNyZ ]ZLą]DQ\FK ] NRQWHN VWHPLQQ\FKQLĪQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞüV\WXDFMLWDNLFKMDNÄGREU\QDXF]\FLHO´ÄGR EUDSUDFD´6áDERĞFLWHMVNDOLPRJá\]DQLĪ\üZDUWRĞüDQDOL]RZDQHJRZVSyáF]\Q QLNDNRUHODFML 3RWZLHUG]HQLHX]\VNDá\WDNĪHRF]HNLZDQHSR]\W\ZQH]ZLą]NLWROHUDQFMLQLH MHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL ] RWZ DUWRĞFLą QD GRĞZLDGF]HQLH HNVWUDZHUVMą L VXPLHQQRĞFLą RUD]QHJDW\ZQ\]ZLą]HN]QHXURW\F]QRĞFLą1LHVWZLHUG]RQRQDWRPLDVWLVWRWQHM ]DOHĪQRĞFLPLĊG]\WROHUDQFMąQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLDXJRGRZRĞFLą

.ROHMQ\P DVSHNWHP WUDIQRĞFL QDU]ĊG]LD SRPLDUX MHVW MHJR WUDIQRĞü GLDJQR VW\F]QD +RUQRZVND   : FHOX RNUHĞOHQLD WUDIQRĞFL GLDJQRVW\F]QHM ZHUVML SROVNLHM VNDOL 067$7,, ]EDGDQR NRUHODFMH Z\QLNyZ WHM VNDOL ] Z\QLNDPL VNDO PLHU]ąF\FKVDW\VIDNFMĊ ] Ī\FLDRUD]SR]\W\ZQ\L QHJDW\ZQ\DIHNWWUDNWXMąFMH MDNRZVNDĨQLNLDGDSWDFMLEDGDQ\FKVWXGHQWyZSLHUZV]HJRURNXVWXGLyZGRZ\ PDJDĔ]ZLą]DQ\FK]LFKSRGMĊFLHP3R]\W\ZQDDGDSWDFMDGRQRZ\FKZ\PDJDĔ ZLąĪHVLĊ]GREURVWDQHPMHGQRVWNL=JRGQLH]SURSR]\FMą'LHQHUD  VXELHN W\ZQ\GREURVWDQSV\FKLF]Q\ 6:% REHMPXMHWU]\ ]DVDGQLF]HHOHPHQW\VDW\V IDNFMD ] Ī\FLD SR]\W\ZQ\ DIHNW L QHJDW\ZQ\ DIHNW 5R]SRF]ĊFLH VWXGLyZ MHVW QLHZąWSOLZLH V\WXDFMą QRZą L ]áRĪRQą NWyUą FHFKXMH GXĪD QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞü :HGáXJ %XGQHUD   QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞü ERGĨFD MHVW ĨUyGáHP VWUHVX 0RĪQD ]DWHPRF]HNLZDüĪHMHGQRVWNLRZLĊNV]HMWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLZNRQ IURQWDFML]WHJRW\SXERGĨFDPLEĊGąGRĞZLDGF]Dá\PQLHMV]HJRVWUHVXLG\VNRP IRUWX(PPRQV'LHQHUL/DUVHQ  VWZLHUG]DMąRGZRáXMąFVLĊGRWHRULLGR SDVRZDQLDRVRED±ĞURGRZLVNRĪHMHGQRVWNLZV\WXDFMDFK]JRGQ\FK]LFKFHFKDPL SRZLQQ\ GRĞZLDGF]Dü Z LĊFHM SR]\W\ZQ\FK HPRFML %DUGL L ZVSyáSUDFRZQLF\  QDZLą]XMąFGRWHJRVWZLHUG]HQLD(PPRQVDLZVSyáSUDFRZQLNyZZ\VX ZDMąWH]ĊĪHGXĪDWROHUDQFMDQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLEĊG]LHVLĊZLą]DáD]GREURVWD QHPMHGQRVWNLZSU]\SDGNXNRQLHF]QRĞFLDGDSWDFMLGRQRZ\FKV\WXDFMLNWyU\FK SU]\NáDGHPMHVWUR]SRF]ĊFLHVWXGLyZ8]DVDGQLRQH]DWHPMHVWRF]HNLZDQLHSR]\ W\ZQHJR]ZLą]NXWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL]VDW\VIDNFMą]Ī\FLD LSR]\W\Z Q\PDIHNWHPDQHJDW\ZQHJR±]DIHNWHPQHJDW\ZQ\P3U]HSURZDG]RQHDQDOL]\ SRWZLHUG]DMą WUDIQRĞü GLDJQRVW\F]Qą VNDOL 7DEHOD   3RWZLHUG]HQLH X]\VNDá\

(17)

6.$/$72/(5$1&-,1,(-('12=1$&=12ĝ&,:,(/25$.,&+7<3Ï:%2'ħ&Ï:

 

]JRGQLH]]DáRĪHQLDPLWHRULLSR]\W\ZQDNRUHODFMDWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL PLHU]RQHM]DSRPRFąVNDOL067$7,,]VDW\VIDNFMą]Ī\FLDL]SR]\W\ZQ\PDIHN WHP RUD] QHJDW\ZQD NRUHODFMD ] DIHNWHP QHJDW\ZQ\P =JRGQLH ] ]DáRĪHQLD PL WHRULL WROHUDQFMD QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL PLHU]RQD VNDOą 067$7,, SR]RVWDMH Z]ZLą]NX]DGDSWDFMąMHGQRVWNLGRZ\PDJDĔQRZHMQLHMHGQR]QDF]QHMQLHSHZ QHM]áRĪRQHMV\WXDFMLMDNąMHVWSRGMĊFLHVWXGLyZ

2PDZLDMąF VWZLHUG]RQH ]DOHĪQRĞFL QDOHĪ\ MHGQDN SDPLĊWDü ĪH FKRFLDĪ ZVSyáF]\QQLNLNRUHODFMLPLĊG]\]PLHQQ\PLVąLVWRWQHVWDW\VW\F]QLH p ”  WRQLHNWyUH]QLFK WHSRQLĪHM PyZLąR]DOHĪQRĞFLVáDEHM %HG\ĔVNDL&\ SU\DĔVND   1LHNWyU]\ DXWRU]\ XZDĪDMą MHGQDN LĪ LQWHUSUHWDFMĊ Z DUWRĞFL X]\VNDQHJR ZVSyáF]\QQLND NRUHODFML QDOHĪ\ X]XSHáQLü RFHQą Z LHONRĞFL HIHNWX NWyUą]NROHLQDOHĪ\SU]HSURZDG]Lü]XZ]JOĊGQLHQLHPZLHONRĞFLSUyE\LG\VF\ SOLQ\QDXNRZHM&RKHQ  SURSRQXMHLQWHUSUHWDFMĊZLHONRĞFLHIHNWyZQLH]D OHĪQLH RG ZLHONRĞFL SUyE\ L G\VF\SOLQ\ QDXNRZHM =JRGQLH ] Wą SURSR]\FMą r WRHIHNWPDá\Z\QRV]ąF\Z\MDĞQLRQHMFDáNRZLWHMZDULDQFMLr  WR HIHNW ĞUHGQL Z\QRV]ąF\ RNRáR  Z \MDĞQLRQHM FDáNRZLWHM ZDULDQFML ]DĞ r WRHIHNW GXĪ\ ]QDF]Q\ Z\QRV]ąF\RNRáRZ\MDĞQLRQHMFDáNRZLWHM ZDULDQFML : ĞZLHWOH WHM NODV\ILNDFML ZLĊNV]RĞü HIHNWyZ  VWZ LHUG]RQ\FK Z  W\P EDGDQLXQDOHĪDáRE\RNUHĞOLüMDNRPDáHOXE±QDMZ\ĪHM±MDNRĞUHGQLH-HGQDNĪH RFHQD ZLHONRĞFL HIHNWX SRZLQQD ]DOHĪHü WDNĪH RG ZLHONRĞFL SUyE\ 7KRPSVRQ  ]D 6]\PF]DN   D Z EDGDQLX ZáDVQ\P OLF]HEQRĞü JUXS\ Z\QRVL RVRE\DZLĊFMHVWWROLF]HEQRĞüVWRVXQNRZRGXĪD3RQDGWR9DOHQWLQHL&R RSHU  ]D 6]\PF]DN   Z\UDĪDMą SRJOąG LĪ RFHQD Z LHONRĞFL HIHNWX SRZLQQD E\ü GRNRQ\ZDQD ] XZ]JOĊGQLHQLHP G\VF\SOLQ\ QDXNRZHM ERZLHP SHZQH REV]DU\ Z W\P QDXNL VSRáHF]QH GR NWyU\FK QDOHĪ\ SV\FKRORJLD  PDMą SUDZGRSRGREQLH PQLHMV]H ZLHONRĞFL HIHNWyZ QLĪ LQQH L GRVáRZQH VWRVRZDQLH JUDQLF&RKHQDPRĪHWXWDMMHG\QLHZSURZDG]DüZEáąG-DNSRGNUHĞOD6WHOPDFK ]D6]\PF]DN EDGDF]SRZLQLHQEUDüSRGXZDJĊQDMPQLHMV]ąZLHO NRĞü HIHNWX NWyUą XZ DĪD ]D LQWHUHVXMąFą PHU\WRU\F]QLH Z G]LHG]LQLH EDGDQLD MDNą VLĊ ]DMPXMH : ĞZLHWOH SRZ\ĪV]\FK UR]ZDĪDĔ SU]\MPXMHP\ LĪ X]\VNDQH SU]H]QDVHIHNW\QDZHWWHZ\MDĞQLDMąFHQLHZLHONLRGVHWHNZ\MDĞQLRQHMFDáNRZLWHM ZDULDQFML Vą ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD DQDOL]RZDQHJR ]DJDGQLHQLD ZDĪQH ]QDF]ąFH LZDUWHXZDJL  =GRNáDGQLHMV]\PSU]HJOąGHPVWDQRZLVNLDUJXPHQWyZ]ZROHQQLNyZLSU]HFLZQLNyZRFH QLDQLDZLHONRĞFLHIHNWXPRĪQD]DSR]QDüVLĊZSXEOLNDFML:6]\PF]DN  3RMĊFLHZLHONRĞFL HIHNWXQDWOHWHRULL1H\PDQD3HDUVRQDWHVWRZDQLDKLSRWH]VWDW\VW\F]Q\FK Acta Universitatis Lo-dziensis. Folia Psychologica, 19

(18)

%2*86à$:$/$&+2:6.$.$52/,1$/8':,.2:6.$

 

:1,26.,

:DUW\NXOHSU]HGVWDZLRQRZ\QLNLZVWĊSQ\FKDQDOL]PDMąF\FKQDFHOXRNUH ĞOHQLH WUDIQRĞFL L U]HWHOQRĞFL SROVNLHM ZHUVML VNDOL 067$7,, 0F/DLQD   :\QLNLW\FKDQDOL]Vą]DFKĊFDMąFH6WZLHUG]RQ\Z]RU]HF]DOHĪQRĞFLZ\QLNXVNDOL ]FDá\P]HVWDZHPLQQ\FK]PLHQQ\FKSR]ZDODSU]\MąüLĪVNDODWDWRWUDIQHQD U]ĊG]LHSRPLDUXWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL,QQHDQDOL]\SRWZLHUG]Lá\]DNáD GDQąMHGQRF]\QQLNRZąVWUXNWXUĊPRGHOXWROHUDQFMLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFLRUD]U]H WHOQRĞüVNDOL6WZLHUG]RQRĪHZV]\VWNLHSR]\FMHNZHVWLRQDULXV]DZLąĪąVLĊLVWRW QLH]F]\QQLNLHPJáyZQ\P.RQLHF]QHVąMHGQDNGDOV]HEDGDQLDNWyUHSR]ZROą OHSLHM ]UR]XPLHü NRQVWUXNW WROHUDQFML QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĞFL RUD] MHM ]Z Lą]NL ] LQ Q\PL ]PLHQQ\PL .RQLHF]QH MHVW WDNĪH SURZDG]HQLH EDGDĔ Z  LQQ\FK JUXSDFK RVyE QLĪ W\ONR VWXGHQFL MDN WR PLDáR PLHMVFH Z EDGDQLDFK SUH]HQWRZDQ\FK ZW\PDUW\NXOH

/,7(5$785$&<72:$1$

$QGHUVHQ60L6FKZDUW]0+  ,QWROHUDQFHRIDPELJXLW\DQGGHSUHVVLRQ$FRJQLWLYH YXOQHUDELOLW\IDFWRUOLQNHGWRKRSHOHVVQHVVSocial Cognition, 10  

$UTXHUR-/L0F/DLQ'  3UHOLPLQDU\YDOLGDWLRQRIWKH6SDQLVKYHUVLRQRIWKH0XOWLSOH 6WLPXOXV7\SHV$PELJXLW\7ROHUDQFH6FDOH 067$7,, The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13  

%DUGL$*XHUUD90L5DPGHQ\*6'  2SHQQHVVDQGDPELJXLW\LQWROHUDQFH7KHLU GLIIHUHQWLDOUHODWLRQVWR ZHOOEHLQJLQWKH FRQWH[WRI DQDFDGHPLFOLIH WUDQVLWLRQPersonality and Individual Differences, 47

%HG\ĔVND6L&\SU\DĔVND0  Statystyczny drogowskaz 1. Praktyczne wprowadzenie do wnioskowania statystycznego.:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR$NDGHPLFNLH6HGQR

%HG\ĔVND 6 L .VLąĪHN 0   Statystyczny drogowskaz 1. Praktyczny przewodnik wyko-rzystania modeli regresji oraz równaĔ strukturalnych.:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR$NDGHPLFNLH 6HGQR

%RUV'$*UXPDQ-$L6KXNOD6  0HDVXULQJWROHUDQFHRIDPELJXLW\,WHPSRODULW\ GLPHQVLRQDOLW\ DQG FULWHULRQ YDOLGLW\ Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée, 60 

%RVV 3   $PELJXRXV ORVV WKHRU\ &KDOOHQJHV IRU VFKRODUV DQG SUDFWLWLRQHUV Family Relations, 56 $SULO 

%XGQHU6  ,QWROHUDQFHRIDPELJXLW\DVDSHUVRQDOLW\YDULDEOHJournal of Personality, 30 

%XKU.L'XJDV0-  ,QYHVWLJDWLQJWKHFRQVWUXFWYDOLGLW\RILQWROHUDQFHRIXQFHUWDLQW\ DQGLWVXQLTXHUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKZRUU\Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20

&DOLJLXUL 3 L 7DULTXH ,   '\QDPLF FURVVFXOWXUDO FRPSHWHQFLHV DQG JOREDO OHDGUHVKLS HIIHFWLYHQHVVJournal of World Business, 47  

(19)

6.$/$72/(5$1&-,1,(-('12=1$&=12ĝ&,:,(/25$.,&+7<3Ï:%2'ħ&Ï:

 

&RKHQ -   6WDWLVWLFDO SRZHU DQDO\VLV Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 1   

'LHQHU(  6XEMHFWLYHZHOOEHLQJPsychological Bulletin, 95

'LHQHU ( (PPRQV 5$ /DUVHQ 5 - L *ULIILQ 6   7KH 6DWLVIDFWLRQ ZLWK /LIH 6FDOH Journal of Personality Assessment, 49

(PPRQV5$'LHQHU(L/DUVHQ5-  &KRLFHDQGDYRLGDQFHRIHYHU\GD\VLWXDWLRQVDQG DIIHFW FRQJUXHQFH 7ZR PRGHOV RI UHFLSURFDO LQWHUDFWLRQLVP Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51  

)UHQNHO%UXQVZLN(  ,QWROHUDQFHRIDPELJXLW\DVDQHPRWLRQDODQGSHUFHSWXDOSHUVRQDOLW\ YDULDEOHJournal of Personality, 18

)UHQNHO%UXQVZLN(  3HUVRQDOLW\WKHRU\DQGSHUFHSWLRQ:5%ODNHL(5DPVH\ UHG  Perception: An approach to personality V 1HZ<RUN5RQDOG

)XUQKDP$  $FRQWHQWFRUUHODWLRQDODQGIDFWRUDQDO\WLFVWXG\RIIRXUWROHUDQFHRIDPELTXL W\TXHVWLRQQDLUHVPersonality and Individual Differences, 16

)XUQKDP$L$YLVRQ0  3HUVRQDOLW\DQGSUHIHUHQFHIRUVXUUHDOSDLQWLQJVPersonality and Individual Differences, 23

)XUQKDP $ L 0DUNV -   7ROHUDQFH RI DPELJXLW\ $ UHYLHZ RI WKH UHFHQW OLWHUDWXUH Psychology, 4  

*HOOHU*7DPERU(6&KDVH*$L+ROW]PDQ1$  0HDVXULQJSK\VLFLDQV¶WROHUDQFH IRUDPELJXLW\DQGLWVUHODWLRQVKLSWRWKHLUUHSRUWHGSUDFWLFHVUHJDUGLQJJHQHWLFWHVWLQJMedical Care, 31  

+HDUQ 6 6DXOQLHU * 6WUD\HU - *OHQKDP 0 .RRSPDQ 5 L 0DUFLD - (   %HWZHHQ LQWHJULW\DQGGHVSDLU7RZDUGFRQVWUXFWYDOLGDWLRQRI(ULNVRQ¶VHLJKWKVWDJHJournal of Adult Development, 19

+HUPDQ - / 6WHYHQV 0 - %LUG$ 0HQGHQKDOO 0 L 2GGRX *  7KH7ROHUDQFH IRU $PELJXLW\ 6FDOH 7RZDUGV D PRUH UHILQHG PHDVXUH IRU LQWHUQDWLRQDO PDQDJHPHQW UHVHDUFK International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34

+RUQRZVND (   Testy psychologiczne. Teoria i praktyka :DUV]DZD :\GDZQLFWZR 1DXNRZH6FKRODU

-XF]\ĔVNL=  1DU]ĊG]LDSRPLDUXZSURPRFMLLSV\FKRORJLL]GURZLD:DUV]DZD3UDFRZQLD 7HVWyZ3V\FKRORJLF]Q\FK3ROVNLHJR7RZDU]\VWZD3V\FKRORJLF]QHJR

-XGJH 7 $ 7KRUHQVHQ & - 3XFLN 9 L :HOERXUQH 7 0   0DQDJHULDO FRSLQJ ZLWK RUJDQL]DWLRQ FKDQJH $ GLVSRVLWLRQDO SHUVSHFWLYH Journal of Applied Psychology, 84 

.RQDUVNL5  Modele równaĔ strukturalnych. Teoria i praktyka:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR 1DXNRZH3:1

.RVVRZVND0  Umys niezmienny. Poznawcze mechanizmy sztywnoĞci.UDNyZ:\GDZ QLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX-DJLHOORĔVNLHJR

0DF'RQDOG $ 3   5HYLVHG VFDOH IRU DPELJXLW\ WROHUDQFH 5HOLDELOLW\ DQG YDOLGLW\ Psychological Reports, 26

0F&UDH55  6RFLDOFRQVHTXHQFHVRIH[SHULHQWLDORSHQQHVVPsychological Bulletin, 120 

0F&UDH55L&RVWD37-U  OsobowoĞü dorosego czowieka.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR :$0

0F/DLQ ' /   7KH 067$7,$ QHZ PHDVXUH RI DQ LQGLYLGXDO WROHUDQFH IRU DPELJXLW\ Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53

(20)

%2*86à$:$/$&+2:6.$.$52/,1$/8':,.2:6.$

 

0F/DLQ'/  (YLGHQFHRIWKHSURSHUWLHVRIDQDPELJXLW\WROHUDQFHPHDVXUH7KH0XOWLSOH 6WLPXOXV 7\SHV $PELJXLW\ 7ROHUDQFH 6FDOH ± ,, 067$7,,  Psychological Reports, 105 

0HUURWV\ 3   7ROHUDQFH RI DPELJXLW\$ WUDLW RI FUHDWLYH SHUVRQDOLW\ Creativity Research Journal, 25

2OHĞ3.  Wprowadzenie do psychologii osobowoĞci:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH 6FKRODU

5DMDJRSDO/L+DPRX])/  8VHRIIRRGDWWLWXGHVDQGEHKDYLRUVLQGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH SHUVRQDOLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI RSHQQHVV$ SLORW VWXG\. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33

5RVHQ 1 2 ,YDQRYD ( L .QनXSHU %   'LIIHUHQWLDWLQJ LQWROHUDQFH RI XQFHUWDLQW\ IURP WKUHHUHODWHGEXWGLVWLQFWFRQVWUXFWVAnxiety, Stress and Coping, 27  

5\GHOO 6 7 L 5RVHQ (   0HDVXUHPHQW DQG VRPH FRUUHODWHV RI QHHGFRJQLWLRQ Psycho- logical Reports, 19

6RERO.ZDSLĔVND0  ĩyü chwilą? Koncentracja na teraĨniejszoĞci a poczucie szczĊĞcia. /XEOLQ:\GDZQLFWZR.8/

6ULYDVWDYD6  7ROHUDQFHRIDPELJXLW\DQGORFXVRIFRQWURODVPRGHUDWRUVIRUZRUNVWUHVV DPRQJSULYDWHVHFWRUPDQDJHUVAbhigyan, 25  

6ZDPL 9 6WLHJHU 6 3LHWVFKQLJ - L 9RUDFHN 0   7KH GLVLQWHUHVWHG SOD\ RI WKRXJKW ,QGLYLGXDO GLIIHUHQFHV DQG SUHIHUHQFH IRU VXUUHDOLVW PRWLRQ SLFWXUHV Personality and Individual Differences, 48

6]\PF]DN:  3RMĊFLHZLHONRĞFLHIHNWXQDWOHWHRULL1H\PDQD3HDUVRQDWHVWRZDQLDKLSRWH] VWDW\VW\F]Q\FKActa Universitatis Lodziensis Folia Psychologica, 19

7HRK + < L )RR 6 /   0RGHUDWLQJ HIIHFWV RI WROHUDQFH IRU DPELJXLW\ DQG ULVNWDNLQJ SURSHQVLW\ RQ WKH UROH FRQIOLFWSHUFHLYHG SHUIRUPDQFH UHODWLRQVKLS (YLGHQFH IURP 6LQJD SRUHDQHQWUHSUHQHXUVJournal of Business Venturing, 12

7RNX\RVKL<6X]XNL'L,ZDVDNL6  The relationship between MSTAT-II and attention functions. The preliminary validation of the Japanese version of the Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT-II). Symposium: Attention and Cognition 7RKRNX 8QLYHUVLW\6HSWHPEHUWK

:DWVRQ ' &ODUN / $ L 7HOOHJHQ $   'HYHORSPHQW DQG YDOLGDWLRQ RI EULHI PHDVXUHV RI SRVLWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH DIIHFW 7KH 3$1$6 6FDOHV Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54 

:ROIUDGW 8 2XEDLG 9 6WUDXEH ( 5 %LVFKRII 1 L 0LVFKR -   7KLQNLQJ VW\OHV VFKL]RW\SDO WUDLWV DQG DQRPDORXV H[SHULHQFHV Personality and Individual Differences, 27 

<DNKQLFK / L %HQ=XU +   3HUVRQDO UHVRXUFHV DSSUDLVDO DQG FRSLQJ LQ WKH DGDSWDWLRQ SURFHVRILPPLJUDQWV IURPWKH IRUPHU6RYLHW8QLRQAmerican Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78

=DZDG]NL%6WUHODX-6]F]HSDQLDN3LĝOLZLĔVND0  Inwentarz OsobowoĞci NEO-FFI Costy i McCrae. Adaptacja polska. PodrĊcznik:DUV]DZD3UDFRZQLD7HVWyZ3V\FKRORJLF] Q\FK3ROVNLHJR7RZDU]\VWZD3V\FKRORJLF]QHJR

=HQDVQL)%HVDQFRQ0L/XEDUW7  &UHDWLYLW\DQGWROHUDQFHRIDPELJXLW\$QHPSLULFDO VWXG\Journal of Creativity Behavior, 42

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

According to the study results and the advantages of VASS over other existing questionnaires to screen for abuse with good validity and reliability, this tool can be applied in

The study aimed to examine construct validity, internal consistency and differential item and test functioning (DFIT) of the Polish version of the WHOQOL-AGE scale.. The analysis

Subjects were administered Kutcher Adolescents Depression Scale (KADS), which is an extensively used screening test for risk of depression in young individuals [32] and

Clear associations between symptoms indicators in SCL-27-plus and their equiva- lents in GHQ-28 as well as a decidedly higher intensity of indicators in SCL-27-plus in the

Classification of European countries according to similarities in child well-being In this study on spatial differentiation of child well-being the classification of European

ǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ˜–™Š›Š’ŸŽȱŠ—Š•¢œ’œȱ˜ȱ’—tegrative self-knowledge, mindfulness, and private self-consciousness in predicting responses to stress

Generalnym zarzutem, jaki moz˙na postawic´ tego rodzaju podejs´ciu, jest brak s´rodków umoz˙liwiaj ˛acych przekroczenie immanentnej sfery dos´wiad- czenia i wykazanie, z˙e Bóg,

Our expectations were that self-control would correlate: (1) negatively with impulsiveness; (2) positively with conscientiousness and agreeableness, and negatively with