?9+=! %?9?S?7
AC?#9+;! K?C;I%!==a E3EG+;3 )3EA?13Om5
I )mG+5 % ;?9?)S?;I S7m9[=?;I %mOm
% 7?=G+7EGm
KI=7Om?=!9[=? =+EAC?;?/=?o Em;’o
EJFBn:\>@-,8@>@<nR>" 8D42" & I8D"p>n @FH">>nN D@8n& >"8:":" F&n6 &n*$4H@8 >" Fn<’`, FBD4R4>4:" 2>40,>>b pp 04HHj&@(@ Dn&>b, &B:4->J:" >" FH"$n:\>nFH\ n &4N@&>J *nj2*"H>nFH\. =" F\@(@*>nT>n6 *,>\ FB@FH,Dn("jH\Fb 2D@FH">>b 8n:\8@FHn LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6, b8n &>"F:n*@8 @$’j8H4&>4N H" FJ$’j8H4&>4N R4>>48n& >, <@-0JH\ >" *">46 <@<,>H ,L,8H4&>@ &48@>J&"H4 Fn<,6>n @$@&’b284 B@ 2"*@&@:,>>` B@HD,$ R:,>n& D@*4>4. A@&>, "$@ R"FH8@&, >,2"*@&@:,->>n B@HD,$ J 2<n>"N H" &>JHDnT>\@<J 2D@FH">,2"*@&@:,->>n b8 @8D,<4N R:,>n& D@*4>4, H"8 n D@*4>4 & Pn:@<J j >"F:n*8@< B@DJT,>>b LJ>8Pn@>J&"->>b Fn<’p. I<@&4 0 B@DJT,LJ>8Pn@>J&"->>b LJ>8Pn@>J&"LJ>8Pn@>J&"->>b Fn<,6>@p F4FH,<4 FH&@D``H\ >,FBD4bH:4&, Bn*(DJ>Hb *:b D@2&4H8J @F@$4FH@FHn *4H4>4, b8" j R:,>@< LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>@p D@*4>4.
% B@FH">@&n 7"$n>,HJ <n>nFHDn& I8D"p>4 &n* 15 &,D,F>b 1999 D. N 1697 „AD@ 2"H&,D*0,>>b ="Pn@>":\>@p BD@(D"<4 B"HDn@H4R>@(@ &4N@&">>b >"F,:,>>b, L@D<J&">>b 2*@D@&@(@ FB@F@$J 04HHb, D@2&4H-8J *JN@&>@FHn H" 2<nP>,>>b <@D":\>4N 2"F"* FJFBn:\FH&"” Bn*8D,F-:`jH\Fb >,@$Nn*>nFH\ "8H4&n2"Pnp D@$@H4 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@-<@0>4<4 Fn<’b<4 2 <,H@` &4b&:,>>b *nH,6, b8n B,D,$J&"`H\ & @F@$-:4&@ F8:"*>4N ,8@>@<nR>4N n <@D":\>@-BF4N@:@(nR>4N J<@&"N1.
Dr OLENAVOŁOSZOK– asystent Katedry Psychologii na Wydziale Filozofii Lwowskiego Narodowego Uniwersytetu im. Iwana Franki, ul. Uniwersytecka 1, 79000 Lwów.
1
A@FH">@&" %,DN@&>@p C"*4 I8D"p>4 „AD@ 7@>P,BPn` *,D0"&>@p Fn<,6>@p B@:nH484”, „%n*@<@FHn %,DN@&>@p C"*4” 1999, N 46-47, F. 404.
1 @(:b*J >" &4V, >"&,*,>, @F@$:4&@ "8HJ":\>4< n &"0:4&4< j &4&R,>>b @F@$:4&@FH,6 L@D<J&">>b n 2<nFHJ FBDb<@&">@FHn @F@$4-FH@FHn, b8 @*>njp 2 $"2@&4N pp N"D"8H,D4FH48, & 8@>H,8FHn LJ>8-Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>@p Fn<’p. ?$’j8H *@F:n*0,>>b FH">@&4:" FL,D" FBDb<@&">@FHn @F@$4FH@FHn <@:@*T@(@ T8@:bD" 2 >@D<":\>@ LJ>8Pn@>J`R@p H" LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>@p Fn<’p. A ADD,,**<<,,HH@@<< **@@FF::nn**00,,>>>>bb &4FHJB":4 ,:,<,>H4 *4FB@24Pn6>@p F4FH,<4 @F@$4FH@FHn *4H4>4 <@:@*T@(@ T8n:\>@(@ &n8J 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,-FBD@<@0>@p Fn<’p: F4FH,<" J2"(":\>,>4N F<4F:@&4N JFH">@&@8, FL,D" n>H,D,Fn& H" Pn>>nF>4N @Dnj>H"Pn6.
A,D,* BD@&,*,>>b< *@F:n*0,>>b <4 B@FH"&4:4 F@$n 2" <<,,HHJJ D@2-8D4H4 BF4N@:@(nR>46 2<nFH FL,D4 F<4F:@&4N F@Pn":\>4N JFH">@&@8, n>H,D,Fn&, Pn>>nF>4N @Dnj>H"Pn6 @F@$4FH@FHn & 8@>H,8FHn LJ>8Pn@->":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>@p Fn<’p H" @8D,F:4H4 T:bN4 BD@Ln:"8H484 L@D-<J&">>b *4F("D<@>n6>@p *4FB@24Pn6>@p F4FH,<4 @F@$4FH@FHn.
EGCI7GIC! G! C+1I9[G!G3 7?=EG!GI_Q?'? G! K?C;I_Q?'? +G!Am% )?E9m)/+==a
+<BnD4R>, *@F:n*0,>>b F8:"*":@F\ 2 HD\@N ,H"Bn&: Bn*(@H@&R@(@, @F>@&>@(@ n 2"&,DT":\>@(@. ):b BD@&,*,>>b ,<BnD4R>@p R"FH4>4 *@-F:n*0,>>b $J:" Bn*(@H@&:,>" &4$nD8", b8J BD,*FH"&:b:4 *nH4 <@:@*-T@(@ T8n:\>@(@ &n8J 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6. % ,8FB,-D4<,>H":\>J (DJBJ &N@*4:4 *nH4 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn-<,6, " 8@>HD@:\>J – *nH4 2 >@D<":\>@ LJ>8Pn@>J`R4N D@*4>. ?$Fb( &4$nD84 *:b 8@0>@p @8D,<@p (DJB4 FH">@&4& 60 @Fn$, & Pn:@<J – 120 R@:@&n8. )@F:n*0J&">4<4 &4FHJB4:4 JR>n 2-3N 8:"Fn& F,D,*>\@p 2"(":\>@@F&nH>\@p T8@:4 1 FHJB,>` „E&nH">@8” 6 ES 60 <.9\&@&". % >"T@<J *@F:n*0,>>n 2$nD B,D&4>>@p n>L@D<"Pnp BD@&@*4&Fb <,H@-*"<4 BD@,8H4&>@(@ H,FHJ&">>b, JF>@(@ H" B4F\<@&@(@ @B4HJ&">>b. 7n:\8nF>n *">n <4 @HD4<":4 BD4 *@F:n*0,>>n FL,D4 J2"(":\>,>4N F<4F:@&4N JFH">@&@8 2" <,H@*48@` „=,2"8n>R,>n D,R,>>b”, @F@$:4-&@FH,6 FBD46<">>b *nH\<4 &>JHDnT>\@ Fn<,6>@p F4HJ"Pnp H" FL,D4 <n0@F@$4FHnF>4N FH@FJ>8n& 2" <,H@*48@` C./4:b n „7n>,H4R>4< <":`>8@< Fn<’p” C.#,D>F" n E.7"JL<">". a8nF>n *">n, b8n b&:b`H\ F@$@` Pn>>nF>n @Dnj>H"Pnp, n>H,D,F4 n, R"FH8@&@, @F@$:4&@FHn
FBD46<">>b &>JHDnT>\@ Fn<,6>@p F4HJ"Pnp *nH,6, $J:4 &4b&:,>n BD4 2"FH@FJ&">>n ">":n2J BD@P,FJ H" BD@*J8Hn& H&@DR@p *nb:\>@FHn, " F"<, H&@Dn& „a8 b $J*J 04H4, 8@:4 FH">J *@D@F:4<”, „U@ *:b <,>, j V"F-Hb?” H" BD4 ">8,HJ&">>n 2" <,H@*48@` „On>>nF>n @Dnj>H"Pnp <@:@*-T4N T8@:bDn&” #,N" m.). =" ,H"Bn @$D@$84 *">4N *@F:n*0,>>b $J:4 &48@D4FH">n FH"H4FH4R>n <,H@*4.
m>H,DBD,H"Pnb @HD4<">4N D,2J:\H"Hn& &n*$J&":"F\ J B@Db*8J BD@-&,*,>>b ,8FB,D4<,>H":\>@p R"FH4>4 *@F:n*0,>>b: 1) ">":n2 J2"(":\->,>4N F<4F:@&4N JFH">@&@8, n>H,D,Fn& H" Pn>>nF>4N @Dnj>H"Pn6; 2) ">":n2 FL,D4 <n0@F@$4FHnF>4N FH@FJ>8n& H" @F@$:4&@FH,6 FBD46-<">>b Fn<,6>@p F4HJ"Pnp.
A@Dn&>b:\>46 ">":n2 FL,D4 J2"(":\>,>4N F<4F:@&4N JFH">@&@8 *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N n >@D<":\>@ LJ>8Pn@>J`R4N D@*4> F&n*R4H\ BD@ &n*<n>>@FHn J *">n6 FL,Dn. ="F"<B,D,* *">n &n*<n>>@FHn FH@FJ`H\Fb H"84N FL,D JFH">@&@R>@(@ B@:b b8: „>"&-R">>b”, „T8@:"” n JFH">@&@8 J FL,Dn „b”. I *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N D@*4> J &4V,2"2>"R,>4N FL,D"N FB@FH,Dn("`H\Fb >,-("H4&>n JFH">@&84 >" &n*<n>J &n* JFH">@&@8 *nH,6 2 >@D<":\>@ LJ>8Pn@>J`R4N D@*4>. A@2" T8@:@`, H@$H@ >" &J:4Pn *nH4 2 LJ>8-Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N D@*4> &n*RJ&"`H\ F,$, $n:\T 8@<B,H,>-H>4<4 n &B,&>,>4<4 F,D,* D@&,F>48n&, " H@<J $n:\T B@24H4&>@ >":"TH@&">4<4, >n0 B,D,$J&"`R4 J T8@:n, *, nF>Jj 8@>8JD,>Pnb, 0@DFH8n &4<@(4 V@*@ Dn&>b @F&nR,>@FHn, >"b&>@FHn >,@$Nn*>4N BD"8H4R>4N &<n>\ H" >"&4R@8 *nH,6. !:,, B@BD4 >,("H4&>, FH"&:,>>b $n:\T@FHn *nH,6 *@ *">4N FL,D, 8"H,(@Dnp „>"&R">>b”, „T8@:"”, „b” " H"8@0 „<"6$JH>j” &4b&4:4F\ >"6$n:\T 2>"RJV4<4 *:b *nH,6 *">@p (DJB4.
Cn2>4Pb & JFH">@&@R>4N B@:bN @$@N 8"H,(@Dn6 *nH,6 B@:b("j B,-D,*JFn< J 2&’b28J FL,D „>"&R">>b” n „T8@:"” 2 n>T4<4 FL,D"<4. G"8, J *nH,6 2 >@D<":\>@ LJ>8Pn@>J`R4N D@*4> F<4F:@&n JFH">@&84 & *"->4N FL,D"N $,2B@F,D,*>\@ B@&’b2">n 2 &4N@&>4< &B:4&@< Fn<’p, BD@H, &4V, >"&,*,>n JFH">@&@R>n B@:b *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0->4N Fn<,6 $n:\T, B@&’b2J`H\Fb 2 <"6$JH>n<, >n0 2 Fn<’j`. EJHHj&n &n*<n>>@FHn &4b&:b`H\Fb J H"8n6 FL,Dn JFH">@&@R>@(@ B@:b, b8 „b”. ):b *nH,6 2 >@D<":\>@ LJ>8Pn@>J`R4N D@*4> FL,D" „b” <"j $,2B@F,-D,*>n6 &2"j<@2&’b2@8 n2 FL,D"<4 „<"6$JH>j” n „:`*4”. ;"60, &Fn JFH">@&@R>n B@:b &2"j<@B@&’b2">n <n0 F@$@`, j &n*8D4H4<4 *@ &2"j<@&B:4&n& n BD@>48>,>>b @*>@p FL,D4 & *DJ(J n >"&B"84. ):b
*nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6 &:"FH4&" &n*@8D,<:,->nFH\ FL,D4 „D@&,F>484” &n* FL,D4 „b”, H@$H@ JFH">@&@R>n B@:b & *">4N FL,D"N LJ>8Pn@>J`H\ R"FH@ >,2":,0>@ @*4> &n* @*>@(@ n >,&n*8D4Hn *@ &2"j<@&B:4&n& @*>njp FL,D4 & *DJ(J n >"&B"84. IFH">@&@R>, B@:, J FL,Dn „b” :4T, B@&’b2">@ n2 &B:4&@< Fn<’p, V@ & J<@&"N >,FBD4bH:4&@(@ BF4N@:@(nR>@(@ <n8D@8:n<"HJ & D@*4>n >,("H4&>@ B@2>"R"jH\Fb >" L@D<J&">>n F<4F:@&4N JFH">@&@8 *nH,6 J *">n6 FL,Dn. !>":n2 2"(":\>@(@ JFH">@&@R>@(@ B@:b *:b *nH,6 b8 2 LJ>8Pn@->":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N (K=), H"8 n 2 >@D<":\>@ LJ>8Pn@>J`R4N (#) Fn<,6 B@8"2Jj RnH8J *4L,D,>Pn"Pn` H" &n*<,0@&">nFH\ JFH">@&@R>4N B@:n& *&@N 8"H,(@Dn6 *nH,6 (D4F. 1). C,2J:\H"H4 *@F:n*0,>>b F4FH,<4 J2"(":\>,>4N F<4F:@&4N JFH">@-&@8 F&n*R"H\ BD@ 2"8D4HnFH\, >,(>JR8nFH\ FL,D4 F<4F:@&4N JFH">@JFH">@-&@8
*nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N D@*4>, &>JHDnT>n6 8@>L:n8H <n0 $"0">>b< D,":n2J&"H4 F,$, J FL,Dn >"&R">>b, *@Fb(>JH4 T8n:\->4N JFBnNn& n >,&4F@8@` n<@&nD>nFH` D,":n2J&"H4 2":J<">,. AD4R4->"<4 H"8@(@ 8@>L:n8HJ &4FHJB"`H\ BD@(":4>4 J F4FH,<n &4N@&">>b *4H4>4, V@ B@D@*0Jj &4>48>,>>b J @FH">>\@p >,("H4&>4N F<4F:@&4N JFH">@&@8 J *">n6 (":J2n 6 >,FBD4bH:4&@ &B:4&"j >" L@D<J&">>b pp „a-8@>P,BPnp”.
!>":n2 D,2J:\H"Hn& *@F:n*0,>>b >"&R":\>4N H" B@2">"&R":\>4N n>H,D,Fn& *nH,6 2 @$@N H4Bn& Fn<,6 F&n*R4H\ BD@ FBDb<@&">nFH\ >" 2@&>nT>n "HD4$JH4 JRn>>b – @Pn>84 (42%) H" >" FBn:8J&">>b (33%) J *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6 n FBDb<@&">nFH\ >" BD@P,F JRn>>b (47%) n :4T, & *DJ(J R,D(J >" @Pn>84 (37%) – J *nH,6 2 >@D<":\>@ LJ>8Pn@>J`R4N D@*4>. #n:\T" B@:@&4>" @B4H">4N *nH,6 2 P4N D@*4> &n**"j B,D,&"(J "8H4&>@<J &n*B@R4>8J (52%). ):b *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6 N"D"8H,D>@` j D@284*">nFH\ H" FJB,D,R:4&nFH\ n>H,D,Fn&, >42\846 Dn&,>\ T8n:\>@p <@H4&"Pnp. A@2">"&R":\>n n>H,D,F4 *nH,6 2 *">4N Fn<,6 FBDb<@&">n & $n:\T@FHn >" FB@>H">>46 n/"$@ B"F4&>46 &n*B@R4>@8 (63%). 1&J0,>46 *n"B"2@> FH":4N B@2">"&R":\>4N n>H,D,Fn& *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0->4N D@*4> j @*>4< 2 >"F:n*8n& F:"$8@p @D(">n2"Pnp *@2&n::b, (n-B@@Bn84 *nH,6 2 *">@p 8"H,(@Dnp Fn<,6. )@F:n*0,>>b FL,D4 Pn>>nF>4N @Dnj>H"Pn6 *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N D@*4> 2" <,H@*@< (@:@&>4N 8@<B@>,>H L"8H@D>@(@ ">":n2J B@8"2":@, V@ >"62>"RJV4<4 &4b&4:4Fb H"8n D@:n, b8: „<@*->48”, „D"*„<@*->48”, „B@<nR>48” n „F4:"R”. 1>"R,>>b @FH">>\@p D@:n Bn*H&,D*0J&":@Fb n JF>4< @B4HJ&">>b< *nH,6 2 Fn<,6 *">@(@ H4BJ. G"846 &4$nD, >" >"TJ *J<8J, 2J<@&:,>46 &,:484< Ln24R>4< n BF4-NnR>4< >"&">H"0,>>b<, &n*B@&n*":\>nFH`, b8J >,FJH\ *nH4 2 *">4N Fn<,6, " @F@$:4&@ *n&R"H". a8 2"2>"R":@F\ &4V,, *nH4 2 LJ>8Pn@->":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6 R"FH@ 2"<n>b`H\ H" &48@>J`H\ D@:n $"H\8n& J &4N@&">>n n>T4N R:,>n& Fn<’p, $,DJH\ >" F,$, $n:\T, @$@&’b28n& BD4 &,*,>>n *@<"T>\@(@ (@FB@*"DFH&" n H.B. %n*B@&n*>@ H"8, >"&">H"0,>>b j >,"*,8&"H>4< &n8J *4H4>4 n B@HD,$Jj 2>"R>4N 2"HD"H ,>,D(np H" R"FJ. m>T4< B@bF>,>>b< &4$@DJ *">@p D@:n <@0, $JH4 BD"(>,>>b *@ F"<@FH&,D*0,>>b F,$, J 8@:,8H4&n D@&,F>48n& R,D,2 BD@b& Ln24R>@p F4:4, @F8n:\84 J $n:\T@FHn *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@->":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6 FB@FH,Dn("`H\Fb >42\846 Dn&,>\ JFBnT->@FHn 2 >"&R":\>4N *4FP4B:n> n H@<J, H"8n *nH4 R"FH@ >, <@0JH\
2"&@`&"H4 "&H@D4H,H F,D,* @*>@8:"F>48n& JFBnN"<4 J >"&R">>n, H@$H@ ,L,8H4&>@ &4b&4H4 F&@p D@2J<@&n 2*n$>@FHn.
!>":n2 D,2J:\H"Hn& ,<BnD4R>@(@ *@F:n*0,>>b 2"F&n*R4&, V@ 2"("-:@< F4FH,<" Pn>>nF>4N @Dnj>H"Pn6 *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0->4N D@*4> j D@2(":J0,>@`, >,FHn68@`. ;"60, @*>"8@&" 8n:\8nFH\ *nH,6 2 *">@p (DJB4 &n**"j B,D,&"(J b8 D,":n2"Pnp &:"F>4N 2*n$>@FH,6 H" >"N4:n& J <"6$JH>\@<J, H"8 n D@2&"("<, &n*B@R4>8J. =" Hn6 0, F"<n6 FN@*4>Pn 2" 2>"R4<nFH` J P4N *nH,6 FH@pH\ n V"F:4&, Fn<,6>, 04HHb. a8V@ (@&@D4H4 BD@ N"D"8H,D Pn>>nF>4N @Dnj>H"Pn6 >" F"<@-D,":n2"Pn`, H@ R"FH@ J H&@D"N *nH,6 FB@FH,Dn(":"Fb >,&42>"R,>nFH\ V@*@ D@$@H4 H" BD@L,Fnp, b8" pN <@0, BD4&"$:`&"H4 J <"6$JH>\@<J. )nH4 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6, 6<@&nD>@ &>"F:n*@8 >,-2"*@&@:,>>b B@HD,$4 J BD46>bHHn, FBn:8J&">>n 2 $:42\84<4 :`*\<4 H" D@&,F>48"<4 >"*"`H\ @FH">>\@<J &"0:4&J D@:\ J F&@j<J 04HHn. I H"84N *nH,6 R"FHnT,, >n0 J *nH,6 2 >@D<":\>@ LJ>8Pn@>J`R4N D@*4> &4>48"`H\ BD@$:,<4 n2 2*@D@&’b<, b8 Ln24R>4< H"8 n BF4NnR->4<, @F8n:\84 >,FBD4bH:4&46 BF4N@:@(nR>46 <n8D@8:n<"H J Fn<’p, >42\846 Dn&,>\ 04HHb >,("H4&>@ &B:4&"`H\ >" 2*@D@&’b *4H4>4 n >" D@2&4H@8 pp @F@$4FH@FHn & Pn:@<J. a8V@ 2D@$4H4 B@Dn&>b:\>46 ">":n2 *">4N *@F:n*0,>>b Pn>>nF>4N @Dnj>H"Pn6 *nH,6 2 @$@N H4Bn& Fn<,6, H@ &n*<n>>@FHn FH@FJ`H\Fb >"F"<B,D,* &42>"R,>@FHn H" bF>@FHn J F4FH,<n @F>@&>4N 04HHj&4N Pn>>@FH,6 *nH,6, b8n BD,*FH"&:b`H\ @FH">>` (DJ-BJ. ;"60, B@:@&4>" @B4H">4N *nH,6 – R:,>n& >@D<":\>@ LJ>8Pn@>J-`R4N Fn<,6 BD"(>, FBDb<@&J&"H4 &:"F>J *nb:\>nFH\ >" &48@D4FH">>b F&@pN 2*n$>@FH,6 n H&@DR@(@ B@H,>Pn":J & J:`$:,>J FBD"&J J <"6$JH->\@<J (45%). ):b *nH,6 2 *">@(@ H4BJ Fn<,6 H"8@0 &4b&4:4F\ &"0:4-&4<4 Pn>>@FHn <"H,Dn":\>@(@ $:"(@B@:JRRb n V"F:4&@(@ Fn<,6>@(@ 04HHb, BD@H, &@>4 >, j *@<n>J`R4<4.
?HD4<">n *">n @F@$:4&@FH,6 FBD46<">>b Fn<,6>@p F4HJ"Pnp, " H"-8@0 FL,D4 <n0@F@$4FHnF>4N FH@FJ>8n& *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@-<@0>4N D@*4> F&n*R"H\ BD@ &"0:4&, 2>"R,>>b <"H,Dn, b8" &n*n(D"j *@<n>J`RJ D@:\ J L@D<J&">>n @F@$4FH@FHn, J 2"*@&@:,>>n pp @F>@&>4N Ln24R>4N H" F@Pn":\>4N B@HD,$. =,FBD4bH:4&" Fn<,6>" F4HJ"Pnb BD42&@*4H\ *@ H@(@, V@ :4T, >,2>"R>" 8n:\8nFH\ *nH,6 2 H"84N D@*4> FBD46<"j n &4*n:bj $"H\8n&, b8 B"DJ. ="6R"FHnT, <"H4 n $"H\8@ FBD46<"`H\Fb *4L,D,>Pn6@&">@ H" &n*@8D,<:,>@ @*4> &n* @*>@(@. )nH4 2 >@D<":\>@ LJ>8Pn@>J`R4N D@*4> FBD46<"`H\ <"H4 n $"H\8" D"2@<, V@ 2J<@&:,>@ >"b&>nFH` $:42\8@(@ ,<@Pn6>@(@ n Ln24R>@(@
8@>H"8HJ 2 @$@<" $"H\8"<4. %R4H,:\, >" 0":\, >, &n*n(D"j 2>"R>@p D@:n J 2"*@&@:,>>n &"0:4&4N F@Pn":\>4N B@HD,$ *4H4>4. G"8" F4-HJ"Pnb, n<@&nD>@ B@&’b2">" 2 *,&":\&"Pnj` HD"*4Pn6>4N Pn>>@FH,6, V@ J F&@` R,D(J 2":,04H\ &n* 8D424 J FJFBn:\FH&n.
a8nF>46 ">":n2 D,2J:\H"Hn& @F@$:4&@FH,6 F@Pn":\>@p B,DP,BPnpp R:,>n& D@*4>4 2" BD@,8H4&>4< H,FH@< „7n>,H4R>46 <":`>@8 Fn<’p” F&n*R4H\ BD@ >"b&>nFH\ J <":`>8"N *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@-<@0>4N Fn<,6 @2>"8 B@DJT,>>b LJ>8Pn@>J&">>b Fn<’p n >"b&>nFH\ >,("H4&>4N F@Pn":\>4N JFH">@&@8: 8@0,> R:,> Fn<’p 2"6<"jH\Fb &:"F>@` FBD"&@`, >,2":,0>@` &n* n>T4N; R"FH@ R:,>4 Fn<’p j THJ-R>@ n2@:\@&">n @*4> &n* @*>@(@ 2" *@B@<@(@` <,$:n& "$@ &n*@8D,<-:``R@p :n>np. G"8n J<@&4 LJ>8Pn@>J&">>b H" @F@$:4&@FHn FBD46<">>b *nH\<4 Fn<’p FH&@D``H\ B,D,T8@*4 *:b 2"*@&@:,>>b B@HD,$4 *4H4>4 J BD46>bHHn, :`$@&n, FBn:8J&">>n 2 n>T4<4 R:,>"<4 D@*4>4, " *,-8@:4, >"&nH\ n &:"F>@p $,2B,84, V@ FH&@D`j Bn*dDJ>Hb *@ &4>48>,>>b 6 L@D<J&">>b >,("H4&>4N F@Pn":\>4N JFH">@&@8. I <":`>8"N *nH,6 BD@FH,0JjH\Fb >,2"*@&@:,>>b Fn<,6>@` F4HJ"Pnj`, F@$@`, n<@&nD>n 8@>L:n8H>n F4HJ"Pnp J D@*4>n: &n*FJH>nFH\ *,b84N R:,>n& Fn<’p, n2@:bPnb @8D,<4N Ln(JD, &n*FJH>nFH\ "&H@D", *,8@:4 B,D,&"0">>b D,R,6 >" <":`>8J. 7Dn< R:,>n& D@*4>4, *nH4 2@$D"0":4 F@>P,, 8&nH4, V@ F&n*R4H\ BD@ B@HD,$J J 2"N4V,>@FHn, H,B:n n :`$@&n &n* n>T4N R:,>n& D@*4>4. I BD@P,Fn @$D@$84 D,2J:\H"Hn& H,FHJ $J:4 &4b&:,>n <":`>84 *nH,6. ?$D@$8" *">4N H,FHJ „7n>,H4R>46 <":`>@8 Fn<’p” 2" *@B@<@(@` L"8H@D>@(@ ">":n2J, 2"F&n*RJj 2>"R4<nFH\ F4<BH@<@8@<B:,8FJ „EBD4bH:4&" Fn<,6>" F4HJ"Pnb” *:b *nH,6 b8 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,-FBD@<@0>4N (L"8H@D>, >"&">H"0,>>b F8:":@ -0,778), H"8 n 2 >@D-<":\>@ LJ>8Pn@>J`R4N Fn<,6 (-0,859). %"(@<4<4 L"8H@D"<4 J FL,Dn Fn<,6>4N &n*>@F4> *:b *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6 &4b&4:4F\ H"8n F4<BH@<@8@<B:,8F4, b8: „>,B@&>@Pn>>nFH\” (-0,883) n „&@D@0nFH\ J Fn<,6>n6 F4HJ"Pnp” (0,725). m>Tn 2>"R4<n L"8H@D4, H"8n b8: „8@>L:n8H>nFH\ J Fn<’p” (0,795), „B@RJHHb >,B@&>@Pn>>@FHn” (0,746) n 2"2>"R,>46 &4V, F4<BH@<@8@<B:,8F „FBD4bH:4&" Fn<,6>" F4HJ"Pnb” (-0,859) @$’j*>J`H\Fb & @*>J (DJBJ R4>>48n&, b8n6 <@0>" *"H4 >"2&J „R4>>484 D@2&4H8J”, " F4<BH@<@8@<B:,8F „&@D@0nFH\ J Fn<,6>n6 F4-HJ"Pnp” &n*@8D,<:`jH\Fb &n* (DJB4 & >,2":,0>46 R4>>48, b846 <@0->" <@0->"2&"H4 „*,FHDJ8H4&>46”, b846 j BD@H4:,0>4< B,DTn6 (DJBn L"8-H@Dn&. G"8, B@bF>,>>b &4$@DJ >"2&4 *">4N L"8H@Dn& 2J<@&:,>@ H4<,
V@ D@2&4H@8 $J*\ b8@p F4FH,<4, 8J*4 <@0>" &n*>,FH4, b8 @F@$4FHnFH\ H"8 n Fn<’`, &n*$J&"jH\Fb >,B:">@<nD>@ n BD@N@*4H\ B,&>46 Db* 8D4-2@&4N ,H"Bn&. G"84< R4>@<, B@b&" L"8H@DJ 8@>L:n8H>@FHn J *">n6 (DJBn R4>>48n& &n*@$D"0"j BD@P,F FH">@&:,>>b n LJ>8Pn@>J&">>b Fn<,6>@p F4FH,<4 n R:,>n&, b8n pp BD,*FH"&:b`H\. A@RJHHb >,B@&->@Pn>>@FHn, >" >"TJ *J<8J, j F4HJ"H4&>@` &:"FH4&nFH` @F@$4FH@FHn n B@&’b2">" 2 &n8@&@` FB,P4Ln8@` pp D@2&4H8J, &n*@$D"0"j B,&>n &>JHDnT>n 8@>L:n8H4 J BD@P,Fn FH">@&:,>>b @F@$4FH@FHn, " H"8@0 @F@$:4&@FHn BD4FH@FJ&">>b n 2$":">FJ&">>b &>JHDnT>nN n>*4&n*J":\->4N &:"FH4&@FH,6 *4H4>4 & F@Pn":\n>*4&n*J":\->4N F4FH,<"N Fn<’p H" T8@:4, b8n R"FH@ B,D,B:nH"`H\Fb @*>" 2 @*>@`.
I &4B"*8J 0 &4@8D,<:,>>b L"8H@DJ „B@RJHHb >,B@&>@Pn>>@FHn & Fn<’p” J *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N D@*4> <@0>" BD4BJ-FH4H4, V@ J $n:\T@FHn *nH,6 2 Fn<,6 *">@(@ H4BJ Pb BF4NnR>" &:"FH4&nFH\ >"$J&"j N"D"8H,DJ >, F4HJ"H4&>@(@, " FH"j FH":@` @F@$4FHnF>@` D4F@` n BD@b&:bjH\Fb & Dn2>4N 04HHj&4N F4HJ"PnbN. m>Tn L"8H@D4, b8n @$’j*>J`H\Fb & @*>J (DJBJ, H@$H@ „FBD4bH:4&" Fn<,6>" F4HJ"Pnb”, „&@D@0nFH\ J Fn<,6>n6 F4HJ"Pnp” H" n>Tn, >" B,DT46 B@(:b* 2*"`H\Fb BD@H4:,0>4<4 @*4> @*>@<J. !:, *">n R4>->484 &n*@$D"0"`H\ D,":\>J Fn<,6>J F4HJ"Pn` n FBD46<"`H\Fb *nH\<4 <@:@*T@(@ T8n:\>@(@ &n8J 2 Fn<’p *">@(@ H4BJ R"FH@, b8 >@D<" J FH@FJ>8"N <n0 $:42\84<4 R:,>"<4 D@*4>4, >"&nH\ b8V@ J *4H4>4 2’b&4:4Fb &>JHDnT>n B,D,04&">>b FH@F@&>@ &2"j<@&n*>@F4> J Fn<’p. !8HJ":\>nFH\ BD@&,*,>>b BD@Ln:"8H4R>4N H" BF4N@8@D,8Pn6 >4N 2"N@*n& 2 R:,>"<4 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>@p Fn<’p >, &48:48"j FJ<>n&n&. E,D,* >"F:n*8n& &4N@&">>b *4H4>4 J Fn<’bN 2 B@DJT,>b<4 J LJ>8Pn@>J&">>n &4*n:b`H\: B,*"(@(nR>J 2">,*$">nFH\, FH"HJF n2@:\@&">@(@ JR>b J 8@:,8H4&n D@&,F>48n&, "F@Pn":\>J H" *,&n">H>J B@&,*n>8J, b8" &8:`R"j R4F:,>>n B@DJT,>>b *4FP4B:n>4, BD@b&4 "(D,Fnp H" >"F4::b B@ &n*>@T,>>` *@ @H@RJ`R4N, H`H`>@&J H" ":8@-(@:\>J J2":,0>,>nFH\ n H.B.2. %n*B@&n*>@, FB,P4LnR>@` <,H@` BD@Ln:"8H4R>@p H" BF4N@8@D,8Pn6>@p D@$@H4 2 R:,>"<4 LJ>8Pn@>":\->@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6 j 2"B@$n(">>b 2"8DnB:,>>` H" 2<n>" >,("H4&->4N F@Pn":\>,("H4&->4N JFH">@&@8, b8n FBD4b`H\ L@D<J&">>` *,2"*"BH4&>,("H4&->4N L@D< B@&,*n>84 n FJBD@&@*0J`H\ >,&D@H4R>46 FH4:\ 04HHb
@F@$4F-2
?. 9. 7 @ > @ > 8 @, E@Pn":\>@-,<@Pn6>46 D@2&4H@8 @F@$4FH@FHn, 74p&: ?F&nH" 1998, F. 255; 7D"6( ' D , 6 F, AF4N@:@(4b D"2&4H4b, E. A4H,D$JD(: A4H,D 2000, F. 992.
H@FHn. 1"BD@B@>@&">" >"<4 FHDJ8HJD" BD@,8HJ F@Pn":\>@-BF4N@:@(nR->@(@ HD,>n>(J BF4N@BD@Ln:"8H484 H" 8@D,8Pnp B@DJT,>\ J L@D<J&">->n *4FB@24Pn6>@p F4FH,<4 @F@$4FH@FHn <nFH4H\ H"8n $:@84: 1) 8@-D,8Pn6>@-D@2&4&"`Rn BF4N@:@(nR>n 2"N@*4 2 <,H@` ("D<@>n6>@(@ @F@$4FHnF>@(@ D@2&4H8J R:,>n& D@*4>4 (b8 *nH,6, H"8 n *@D@F:4N R:,>n& LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6); 2) BF4N@8@D,8Pn6>n 2"-N@*4 2 <,H@` ,L,8H4&>@p <n0@F@$4FHnF>@p &2"j<@*np & F4FH,<n «$"H\-84-*4H4>"-$"H\84», D@2&4H8J Fn<’p b8 Pn:nF>@p F4FH,<4; 3) BF4N@8@-D,8Pn6>n 2"N@*4 2 <,H@` ,L,8H4&>@p <n0@F@$4FHnF>@p &2"j<@*np & F4-FH,<n „D@&,F>484-*4H4>"-D@&,F>484”, J*@F8@>":,>>b @F&nH>\@-&4N@&->@p D@$@H4 2 8:"F@<.
C,2J:\H"H4 >"T@(@ ,<BnD4R>@(@ *@F:n*0,>>b 2"F&n*RJ`H\, V@ >"6-$n:\T, Bn**"jH\Fb BF4N@HD"&<"H4R>@<J &B:4&J FL,D" F@Pn":\>4N JFH">@&@8 *4H4>4, FBDb<@&">4N >" F,$, H" V@*@ D@&,F>48n&. ?H0,, 2"&*">>b<4 F@Pn":\>@-BF4N@:@(nR>@(@ HD,>n>(J 2 @F@$4FHnF>@(@ D@2-&4H8J *4H4>4 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>@p Fn<’p j: &4b&:,>>b H" JF&n*@<:,>>b *nH\<4 >,("H4&>@(@ FBDb<J&">>b JFH">@&@8 J F4FH,<"N „b” H" „D@&,F>484”; >"$JHHb 2>">\ BD@ >"F:n*84 >,("H4&>@p „b-8@>-P,BPnp”; L@D<J&">>b B@24H4&>@(@ <4F:,>>b *4H4>4, D,8@>FHDJ8Pnb >,("H4&>4N F@Pn":\>4N JFH">@&@8 >" B@24H4&>n; >"$JHHb >"&4R@8 F"<@">":n2J H" F"<@D,(J:bPnp ,<@Pn6>@p FL,D4 @F@$4FH@FHn; &n*BD"-P`&">>b H" 2"8DnB:,>>b ,L,8H4&>4N <@*,:,6 B@&,*n>84 *4H4>4 J T8n:\>@<J H" B@2"T8n:\>@<J F,D,*@&4Vn.
% <,0"N BD@,8HJ 2"BD@B@>@&">@ BD@(D"<J HD,>n>(J @F@$4FHnF>@(@ 2D@FH">>b *:b *nH,6 <@:@*T@(@ T8n:\>@(@ &n8J 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N D@*4>. ;,H@` HD,>n>(J @F@$4FHnF>@(@ 2D@FH">>b j FBD4b>>b L@D<J&">>` B@24H4&>@p „a-8@>P,BPnp” H" ("D<@>n2"Pnp <n0@F@$4FHnF>4N FH@FJ>8n& *4H4>4 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>@p D@*4>4. )@Fb(>,>>b *">@p <,H4 &n*$J&"jH\Fb T:bN@< L@D<J&">>b J *4H4>4 >"&4R@8 F"<@">":n2J 8@(>nH4&>@-B@&,*n>8@&@p FL,D4 H" R,D,2 ,8FB,D4<,>H":\>, FH&@D,>>b BF4N@:@(@< F4HJ"Pn6, & b84N &4b&:b`H\Fb B@24H4&>n b8@FHn @F@$4FH@FHn *4H4>4 H" B,D,04&"jH\Fb JFBnN. %42>"R,>>b ,L,8H4&>@FHn HD,>n>(J @F@$4FHnF>@(@ 2D@FH">>b *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6 B,D,*$"R":@ BD@&,*,>>b L@D<J`R@(@ ,8FB,D4<,>HJ, b846 <nFH4H\ J F&@p6 @D(">n2"Pn6>n6 FHDJ8HJDn F4FH,<J *n"(>@FH4R>4N BD@P,*JD n BD@(D"<J L@D<J`R4N &B:4&n&.
+8FB,D4<,>H":\>J (DJBJ, b8 n 8@>HD@:\>J F8:":4 *nH4 <@:@*T@(@ T8n:\>@(@ &n8J 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6 J 8n:\8@FHn 28 R@:@&n8, B@ 14 @Fn$ J 8@0>n6 (DJBn. IR"F>484 @$@N (DJB j JR>b<4 HD,HnN-R,H&,DH4N 8:"Fn& B@R"H8@&@p T8@:4 „E&nH">@8”, 1":n2>4R>@(@ D"6@>J, <.9\&@&". )@ @F@$4FHnF>4N N"D"8H,D4FH48 JR"F>48n& ,8FB,D4-<,>H":\>@p H" 8@>HD@:\>@p (DJB, b8n Bn*:b(":4 &4<nD`&">>` B,D,* B@R"H8@< H" & 8n>Pn HD,>n>(J, >":,0":4: 1) F<4F:@&n F@Pn":\>n JFH"->@&84 n>*4&n*" V@*@ F,$,, D@&,F>48n& H" R:,>n& D@*4>4; 2) Dn&,>\ F"<@@Pn>84; 3) @F@$:4&@FHn F@Pn":\>@p B,DP,BPnp.
AnF:b &Hn:,>>b HD,>n>(@&@p BD@(D"<4 F@Pn":\>n JFH">@&84 *nH,6 2 ,8FB,D4<,>H":\>@p (DJB4 V@*@ F,$, H" *@ D@&,F>48n& >"$J:4 & Pn-:@<J B@24H4&>@p FBDb<@&">@FHn (J 79% H" 86% &n*B@&n*>@). =" D4F. 2 &n2J":n2@&">@ *4>"<n8J JFH">@&@R>@(@ B@:b & FL,Dn „a” *nH,6 2 ,8F-B,D4<,>H":\>@p (DJB4 *@ (a1) n BnF:b (a2) HD,>n>(J.
On 2DJT,>>b B@2>"R4:4F\ >" Dn&>n F"<@@Pn>84, b8" FH":" &4V@` (J 86% *nH,6) B@Dn&>b>@ 2 B@B,D,*>n< pp Dn&>,<, H@$H@ *@ B@R"H8J HD,>n>(J. 7Dn< H@(@, >"$J:" HD">FL@D<"Pnp JFH">@&8" *nH,6 >, Hn:\84 *@ D@&,F>48n&, ":, n *@ @H@RJ`R4N :`*,6. An* R"F &48@>">>b
HD,>n>-(@&4N 2">bH\ *nH4 &R4:4F\ ">":n2J&"H4 <@H4&4 B@&,*n>84 &:"F>@p H" n>T4N :`*,6, V@ BD42&,:@ *@ 8D"V@(@ D@2J<n>>b B@&,*n>84 n>T@(@, 2@8D,<" H@(@, 2 84< J *4H4>4 &4>48":4 8@>L:n8H>n F4HJ"Pnp H" >,B@-D@2J<n>>b (&R4H,:n, D@*4Rn). C,2J:\H"H@< HD,>n>(J FH":@ >"$JHHb *4H4>@` >"&4R@8 F"<@">":n2J, D@2&4H@8 B@24H4&>@(@ <4F:,>>b & JR"F>48n& HD,>n>(J, V@ J F&@` R,D(J BD42&,:@ *@ 2>40,>>b & @FH">->nN JB,D,*0,>@FHn, "(D,F4&>@FHn H" >,("H4&>@(@ FBD46>bHHb @H@RJ`-R4N :`*,6.
!>":n2 *4>"<n84 FJ$’j8H4&>@(@ FBD46>bHHb Fn<,6>@p F4HJ"Pnp & 8@>HD@:\>n6 (DJBn *@2&@:bj FH&,D*0J&"H4, V@ BnF:b BD@&,*,>>b *DJ(@(@ 2"<nDJ, B@Dn&>b>@ 2 ,8FB,D4<,>H":\>@` >, FB@FH,Dn("jH\Fb RnH8@p H,>*,>Pnp *@ B@24H4&>4N 2<n> 2" $n:\TnFH` @Pn>@R>4N 8D4H,-Dnp&. % ,8FB,D4<,>H":\>n6 0 (DJBn <@0>" FB@FH,Dn("H4 RnH8J FBDb<@-&">nFH\ 2<n> J B@24H4&>J FH@D@>J BnF:b 2 &4<nD`&">>b 2" &Fn<" @Pn->@R>4<4 T8":"<4. aF8D"&@ FB@FH,Dn("jH\Fb *4>"<n8" 2<n> J FBD46-<">>n *nH\<4 ,<@Pn6>4N 8@>H"8Hn& J 8@:n Fn<’p (2>424:"F\ >,("H4&>" pN @Pn>8" >" 35% B@Dn&>b>@ 2 &n*FJH>nFH` 2<n> & 8@>HD@:\>n6 (DJBn), " H"8@0 2" H"84<4 B"D"<,HD"<4, b8 &@D@0nFH\ (2>48:" & ,8FB,D4-<,>H":\>n6 (DJBn, " & 8@>HD@:\>n6 – 2D@F:" >" 7%) H" FBD4bH:4&" Fn<,6>" F4HJ"Pnb (2D@F:" >" 29% n 2>424:"F\ >" 14% &n*B@&n*>@). I*@F8@>":,>>b 8@<J>n8"H4&>4N >"&4R@8, FBD4b>>b L@D<J&">>` H"-84N D4F N"D"8H,DJ b8 *@$D@24R:4&nFH\, H@:,D">H>nFH\ <@0>" &&"0"H4 @B@F,D,*8@&">4< ,L,8H@< HD,>n>(J.
%4V, >"&,*,>46 ">":n2 D,2J:\H"Hn& 2"<nDn& BD@&,*,>4N *@ B@R"H8J n BnF:b 2"&,DT,>>b HD,>n>(J & @$@N (DJB"N *nH,6 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6 F&n*R4H\ BD@ ,L,8H4&>nFH\ BD@&,*,>>b BF4N@8@-D,8Pn6>@p D@$@H4 B@ 2<n>n JFH">@&@8 B@ &n*>@T,>>` *@ F,$,, D@&,F->48n& H" R"FH8@&@ *@ Fn<,6>@p F4HJ"Pnp & Pn:@<J. ?HD4<">n D,2J:\-H"H4 D@2&4&":\>@p R"FH4>4 *@F:n*0,>>b Bn*H&,D*4:4 @$dDJ>H@&">nFH\ &4FJ>,>@p (nB@H,24 V@*@ 2D@FH">>b B@24H4&>@(@ FH"&:,>>b *@ F,$, (JFH">@&84, F"<@@Pn>8") H" *@ D@&,F>48n& J *nH,6 2 ,8FB,D4<,>H":\->@p (DJB4.
%3E=?%73
I BD@&,*,>@<J *@F:n*0,>>n <4 N@Hn:4 >"(@:@F4H4 >" "8HJ":\>@FHn H" &"0:4&@FHn D@$@H4 BF4N@:@(nR>@p F:J0$4 2"8:"*n& @F&nH4 2
R:,->"<4 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6, " >"6(@:@&>nT, 2 *nH\<4. AD@H,, BF4N@:@(J B@HDn$>@ BD@&@*4H4 >, Hn:\84 BF4N@*n"(>@FH4R>n H" BF4N@8@D,8Pn6>n &4*4 *nb:\>@FHn 2 *4H4>@`, ":, 6 BD@F&nH>4P\8J D@$@HJ 2 *@D@F:4<4 R:,>"<4 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>4N Fn<,6. E@Pn":\>46 R4>>48 &n*n(D"j &4DnT":\>J D@:\ J L@D<J&">>n FBDb<@-&">@FHn @F@$4FH@FHn, n 2@8D,<", pp *4FB@24Pn6>@p F4FH,<4. Q,D,2 >"6$:40R, F@Pn":\>, F,D,*@&4V,, J BD@P,Fn B,D&4>>@p F@Pn":n2"Pnp, 2*n6F>`jH\Fb 2":JR,>>b Bn*D@FH"`R@(@ B@8@:n>>b *@ F@Pn":\>4N Pn>->@FH,6, >@D< H" D@:,6, b8n j BD4H"<">>4<4 *">n6 Fn<’p, FJFBn:\FH&J, 8D"p>n. #"H\8n&F\8" Fn<’b B@Dn&>b>@ 2 n>T4<4 F@Pn":\>4<4 n>FH4HJ-H"<4 <"j B,&>n B,D,&"(4 J F4:n H" HD4&":@FHn pp &B:4&J >" BD@P,F F@Pn":n2"Pnp *4H4>4.
I BD@P,Fn BD@F&nH>4P\8@p D@$@H4 &"DH@ Bn*8D,F:`&"H4, V@ L@D<J-&">>b ("D<@>n6>@p *4FB@24Pn6>@p F4FH,<4 @F@$4FH@FHn j >"F:n*8@< B@24H4&>@(@ LJ>8Pn@>J&">>b Fn<,6>@p F4FH,<4 6 JFBnT>@p D,":n2"Pnp >"&R":\>@-&4N@&>4N &B:4&n& b8 Fn<’p, H"8 n n>T4N F@Pn":\>4N n>FH4-HJHn&, b8n 2":JR,>n *@ BD@P,FJ F@Pn":n2"Pnp @F@$4FH@FHn. ="b&>nFH\ &4F@8@(@ Dn&>b BF4N@:@(@-B,*"(@(nR>@p 8J:\HJD4 $"H\8n&, pN <@D":\->@(@ H" @F&nH>\@(@ D@2&4H8J, *,<@8D"H4R<@D":\->@(@ FH4:` &4N@&">>b FBD4bH4<JH\ JFBnT>@<J L@D<J&">>` H" &4F@8@<J Dn&>` 2<nFH@&@p FH@D@>4 *4FB@24Pn6>@p F4FH,<4 @F@$4FH@FHn *4H4>4. C,":\>@ B@&>46 F8:"* Fn<’p, *@FH"H>n6 <"H,Dn":\>46 H" F@Pn":\>@-,8@>@<nR>46 FH"HJF $"H\8n& j R4>>48"<4, b8n @B@F,D,*8@&">@, ":, FBD4bH:4&@ &B:4&"`H\ >" ("D<@>n6>46 H" Dn2>@$nR>46 D@2&4H@8 @F@$4FH@FHn, n 2@8D,<", >" F4FH,<J *4FB@24Pn6.
9mG+C!GICA
7 @ > @ > 8 @ ?. 9.: E@Pn":\>@-,<@Pn6>46 D@2&4H@8 @F@$4FH@FHn, 74p&: ?F&nH" 1998.
7D"6( ' D , 6 F, AF4N@:@(4b D"2&4H4b, E. A4H,D$JD(: A4H,D 2000, F. 992. A@FH">@&" %,DN@&>@p C"*4 I8D"p>4 „AD@ 7@>P,BPn` *,D0"&>@p Fn<,6>@p
PROBLEM KSZTAŁTOWANIA SIE˛ SYSTEMU SPOŁECZNYCH PREDYSPOZYCJI U DZIECI W MŁODSZYM WIEKU SZKOLNYM W KONTEKS´CIE RODZIN DYSFUNKCYJNYCH
S t r e s z c z e n i e
W niniejszym artykule autorka prezentuje psychologiczne badania odnos´nie do jakos´ci społecznego funkcjonowania oraz preferencji w zakresie własnych d ˛az˙en´, zainteresowan´, systemu wartos´ci dziecka wychowuj ˛acego sie˛ w rodzinie dysfunkcjonalnej. Badania empiryczne zostały przeprowadzone na grupie 120 dzieci w wieku szkolnym (grupe˛ eksperymentaln ˛a stanowiło 60 dzieci z rodzin zdiagnozowanych jako dysfunkcjonalne, regularnie otrzymuj ˛acych pomoc społeczn ˛a, grupa kontrolna zas´ składała sie˛ z dzieci pochodz ˛acych z rodzin prawidłowo funkcjonuj ˛acych). Analizowany w pracy materiał ilos´ciowy i jakos´ciowy został zgromadzony za pomoc ˛a testów projekcyjnych oraz pisemnych kwestionariuszy. Dane ilos´ciowe dotycz ˛ace ogólnych kierunków społecznych d ˛az˙en´ zostały zebrane na podstawie Testu Zdan´ Niedokon´czo-nych (R. Z˙ yla); ocena przez dzieci specyfiki swojej sytuacji w rodzinie i istniej ˛acych w niej wewne˛trznych relacji została przeprowadzona na podstawie danych jakos´ciowych pochodz ˛acych z Testu Rysunku Kinetycznego „Moja rodzina” (w opracowaniu R. Burnsa i S. Kaufmana). Interpretacja otrzymanych danych obejmowała analize˛ systemu wartos´ci dzieci oraz analize˛ sfery relacji mie˛dzyosobowych w rodzinie i specyfiki odbioru swojej sytuacji w rodzinie przez dzieci.
Badania wskazuj ˛a, iz˙ niezalez˙nie od negatywnych nastawien´ badanych dzieci jako naj-waz˙niejsze okazały sie˛ rozpatrywane w konteks´cie egzystencjalnym takie kategorie, jak nauka, szkoła, ja oraz przyszłos´c´. Specyficzne dla badanej grupy eksperymentalnej, któr ˛a stanowiły dzieci z rodzin dysfunkcjonalnych, było to, iz˙ te kategorie bardziej wi ˛azały sie˛ z pozytywnym lub negatywnym nastawieniem dziecka wobec własnej przyszłos´ci, podczas gdy dzieci pocho-dz ˛ace z rodzin funkcjonalnych swoje niepokoje w tych sferach ł ˛aczyły bezpos´rednio z rozwo-jem własnej rodziny lub bezpos´rednio z rodzicami.
Przeprowadzone badania umoz˙liwiły szczegółow ˛a analize˛ danych psychologicznych dotycz ˛ a-cych rozumienia przez dziecko własnej sytuacji w rodzinie dysfunkcyjnej. Wnioski z badan´ pozwalaj ˛a na zrozumienie dysharmonijnego kształtowania sie˛ predyspozycji systemu wartos´ci dzieci dos´wiadczaj ˛acych niewydolnos´c´ rodziny własnej.
Tłumaczenie z je˛zyka ukrain´skiego Julia Gorbaniuk
Słowa kluczowe: dzieci z rodzin dysfunkcjonalnych, orientacja z˙yciowa dzieci, relacje mie˛dzyosobowe w rodzinie.
Key words: children from dysfunctional families, sentence completion test, kinetic drawing of „My family”, children’s vital orientation, interpersonal relations in the family. 7
7::``PP@@&&nn FF::@@&&"": *nH4 2 LJ>8Pn@>":\>@ >,FBD@<@0>@p Fn<’p, n>H,D,F4 H" Pn>>nF>n @Dnj>H"Pnp, <n0@F@$4FHnF>n FH@FJ>84, FBD46<">>4 Fn<,6>@p F4HJ"Fnp.
