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Widok Noże z wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska w Sowinkach pod Poznaniem – ze studiów nad typologią i technikami kowalskimi

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Andrzej Krzyszowski  /S 1UJUREX 2ULHQWDFMDSRFKyZND 3á Hü L Z LH N ]P DUá HJR 6W DQ ]D FKRZ DQL D 7\S QRĪ D &D áNRZ LWD SL HUZ RW QD Gá XJRĞ ü Z QD Z LD VL H Gá XJRĞ ü Já RZ QL  î V] HURNRĞ ü Já RZ QL î JUXERĞ ü Já RZ QL  Z F P 2 EH FQRĞ ü /RND OL] DF MD QRĪ D SU] \ SRF KyZ NX VNyU]DQHM SRFKHZNL PHWDORZHJR RNXFLDSRFKHZNL  OXĨ QR ] DUX $ ZZ\NRSLH:, ± IU Já RZ QL " "  IUD JP   î  î  ± ± SL HUZ RW QL H SUD Z GRSRGREQL H Z  JUREL H QU  1± W \S \ , ,, , Z HG áX J W\ SR OR JL L 5 5 RJ RV ]D    U \F   W \S , 9 ± Z HG áX J W\ SR OR JL L - : U] HV LĔ VN LH JR    U \F  2± Z VS yO QH P HW DO RZ H RN XF LH G OD G Z yF K RG UĊ EQ \F K VN yU ]D Q\ FK S RF KH Z HN ± Z VS yO QH P HW DO RZ H RN XF LH G OD G Z yF K RG UĊ EQ \F K VN yU ]D Q\ FK S RF KH Z HN ± R NR áR    F P S RZ \Ī HM ] DO HJ DQ LD V ]N LH OH WX L R NR áR   FP Q D 1 ( RG F ]D V] NL ± I UD JP HQ W QR ĪD ] DJ LQ ąá Z W UD NF LH S UD F WH UH QR Z \F K 6± R ND ] UR ]V \S Dá V LĊ Z Z \Q LN X ]D DZ DQ VR Z DQ HM N RU R] ML *± Q RĪ H SR GG DQ H HN VS HU W\ ]L H P HW DO R] QD Z F] HM S U] H] S UR I - 3L DV NR Z VN LH JR Z , QV W\ WX FL H 2 GO HZ QL FW Z D Z . UD NR Z LH  SR U WD EH OD  U \F    ± ± EU DN F HF K\  ± Z \V WĊ SR Z DQ LH G DQ HM F HF K\ FG W DE HO L 

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Andrzej Krzyszowski



SU]\ OHZHM VWURQLH ]PDUá\FK SU]\ ELRGU]H U]DG]LHM OHĪDá\ QD SLHUVL ± FR SUDZGR SRGREQLH RG]ZLHUFLHGOD yZF]HVQ\ VSRVyE LFK QRV]HQLD : SLHUZV]\P SU]\SDGNX QRĪH E\á\ QRV]RQH QLHZąWSOLZLH QD Z\VRNRĞFL SDVD JG]LH VSRF]\ZDá\ ]DSHZQH ]DZLHV]RQH Z VNyU]DQHM SRFKHZFH Z GUXJLP ]DĞ SU]\SDGNX Z\VWĊSRZDQLH QRĪ\ ZRNROLFDFKNODWNLSLHUVLRZHMĞZLDGF]\LĪE\á\RQHQDMSUDZGRSRGREQLHM]DZLHV]R QH QD SLHUVL

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1RĪH]ZF]HVQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHJRFPHQWDU]\VNDZ6RZLQNDFKSRG3R]QDQLHP 

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Andrzej Krzyszowski



TYPOLOGIA

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