The effect of 0.1-0.25 mg/dm3 of breath alcohol concentration on cognitive functions in alcohol nondependent young adults
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(2) ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęcits of cognitive functions. The earlier studies have reported no reduction in general ȱȱȬȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǰȱŗşŝśǰȱŗşŞŖDzȱǰȱŗşŞŝǼǯȱǰȱȱȱ studies of cognitive processes have revealed deterioration in cognitive plasticity, Ȭȱ¢ǰȱȬȱǰȱȱȱȬȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşŝŞDzȱǰȱŗşŞŖDzȱǰȱŗşŞśDzȱ ǰȱŗşŞśDzȱ¤ȱȱǯǰȱŗşşřDzȱĴ¢ȱȱǯǰȱŗşşŜDzȱ¡ǰȱ ¢ǰȱŗşşŜǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱ¡ȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşşřDzȱ ǰȱ
(3) Ù ǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǻ ǰȱǰȱ£ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǯȱ Research revealed that alcohol-dependent persons performed WCST worse than ¢ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ǰȱ £ǰȱ ŗşşŗDzȱ ȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ŗşşřDzȱ ǰȱ
(4) Ù ǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱęȱȱȬȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ǰȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱęȱȱȱȬȱȱȬȱ¢ǰȱȬȱ episodic memory, and learning of visual-spatial material (Kopera, Wojnar, SzelenǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚ ȱǻǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşşřǼǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȬȱ ȱ¢ȱǻȱȱǯǰȱ ŘŖŗśǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ in the structures of the right internal capsule. Alcohol also weakened functional ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ǻǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖşDzȱ£ȬȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŖǼȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǻŗǯŖƗǼȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǯǯȱȱȬȬȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȧȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱǻȱ ȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ganglia. ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱǻȬǼȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ strona 291.
(5) ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ǰȱ Ȭȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ control, information processing, decision-making and visual-motor coordination, ȱ ȱȱȱȱǻ ¢ǰȱŗşşśDzȱ¢ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŖDzȱ ĵǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŖDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŗDzȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱ£ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖśDzȱ ǰȱ ĴǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŜDzȱǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱǻ ¢ǰȱǰȱŗşşŜǼǯ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŖǯŖśȬŖǯŗƗȱȱȱĴǰȱŖǯŘȬŖǯřƗȱȱȱĴȱǻ ǰȱǰȱ£ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǰȱ 0.4-0.5‰ for perception, 0.4‰ for visual functions and psychomotor speed (Mos ĵǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱǯȱȱěȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻȱ ȱDZȱȱȱǯǰȱ ŗşşşǼǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşŝŗǼǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǻǰȱ ȬĴǰȱŗşşśǼǯȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱĴȱȱȱȱ¢ȱę¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱŖǯŖƗȱȱŗǯŖŖƗȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯ Most studies carried out to investigate drivers’ cognitive performance followȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱŖǯśƗǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȱ¡ǰȱȱŘŖŖŖȬŘŖŖŜȱ ȱ ŗřǯŜƖȱ ȱ ŗŜǯřƖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŖŖȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱŗȬŘȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŖŖȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǻ ȬĴǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŖǯŗȱȱŖǯŘśȱȱȱŷȱȱȱȱǰȱ ǻȱǰȱȱȱ ȱŖǯŘȬŖǯśƗȱȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱĴǰȱǰȱ¢omotor speed and visual-spatial functions, in alcohol-nondependent persons. The ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȃȱȱȱsumption”, in which the driving of vehicles constitutes a criminal misdemeanour.. strona 292.
(6) ȱȱ Participants Fifty alcohol-nondependent volunteers aged 25±3.356 years participated in ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȬŗŖȱǯȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǻŘśǼȱȱȱǻŘśǼǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ Ȭȱ ǻŘŚǼȱ ȱ ¢Ȭȱ ȱ ǻŘřǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ gave their informed consent for participation in the study. The study was conducted at the Institute of Psychology of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz. The ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȂȱȱȱĴǯ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱDZȱ ŗǼȱȱ ŘȱȱȱĴ ǻǰȱŘŖŖřǼȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱIt measȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ ĴǼǰȱȱȱĴǯȱȱȱȱŚȱȱȱ ȱ ŗŚȱ ȱȱŚŝȱĴȱȱǯȱȱȱȱŗŜȱěȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ and pȱ ȱǰȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǯȱȱȂȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ with two marks. The time for performance of the task is limited to 20 seconds for each of the 14 rows. In the d2 test, concentration ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȮȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱȱǯȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱǻŘȏ Ǽȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱǻŘȏȬǼȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȃȱ ȄȱǰȱȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ŘǼȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǻǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱtention and visual-motor coordination. The device evaluates the speed of psychomotor reaction, the accuracy of perception and speed of decision-making ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱŚşȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŝȱȱȱŝȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȬȱȱȬȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ DZȱ Ǽȱ ȱȱǻǼǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ consisting of one active diode in a particular column and one in a particular strona 293.
(7) ǯȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ the active row. In this mode the apparatus counts the correct responses and mean reaction time. Ǽȱ ȱȱǻǼǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻĴǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯ řǼȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻǼǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ǯȱ ȱęȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ 4 metres. The apparatus has a mechanism of three moving rods, illuminated ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱDZȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȱŖȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱƸŗŖŖȱȱȱȱȱȮŗŖŖȱǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǻȱȱȱȱŖȱǰȱȱȱȱƸŗřśȱȱȱȱȱȮŗřśȱǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǽǻŗǰȱŘǼȱǾǯȱ ŚǼȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻǼǯ This device is used to evaluate the ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ¢¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ¢ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱęȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱǻĴǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ¡ȱǻǼȱǯȱ Procedure ȱȱȱȱŘȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱȱǻȱȱȮȱȱȱȱŚşDzȱȱȱȮȱȱȱ ȱŚşǰȱȱśŖȦǼǰȱȱȱǻȱȱǰȱȱŗȱȱŘǼǰȱ and the Reaction Time Tester (simple reaction – reaction with the right foot to every ǰȱȱȱȱřŖǰȱȱŘDzȱ¡ȱȱǻěǼȱȮȱaction with the right foot to a red light and with the right hand to a yellow light, ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱřŖǰȱȱŘDzȱ¡ȱ ȱǻǼȱȮȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ strona 294.
(8) a yellow light, with the left foot to a green light and with the left hand to a sound, ȱȱȱřŖǰȱȱŘǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȮȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŖǯŗȬŖǯŘśȱ Ȧ dm3ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ¢ǰȱřŖȱȱȱęȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱěǰȱȱȬ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱDZȱ Ǽȱ ȱŖȱȮȱȱęȱ ȱȱǻǼǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ǻǼǰ Ǽȱ ȱ ŗȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǯ All statistical analysis were performed using STATISTICA 12.0. licenced package.. Results ȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ and after alcohol consumption was compared using Student’s t-test for dependent ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱę¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĚȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱĜ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǻȱŗǼǯȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ tive parameters using Ȭȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǻȱȱȱȱ DZȱŖǯŚśŖƗȱƹȱŖǯŖŜŞƗȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ DZȱŖǯŚřşƗȱƹȱŖǯŖŝŘƗǼǯ. strona 295.
(9) ȱŗǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Measure ȱĴ Řȏ ȏȱȱȱȱ responses ȏȱȱȱ ȏȱȱȱȱ ȱĴ ȏȱȱȱ General perceptual ¢ ŘȏȬȱ Spatial perception ȏǻŗǰŘǼȱȱǻǼ Psychomotor reaction time ȏȱȱȱ ȱǻǼ ȏȱȱȱ ȱǻǼ ȏȱȱȱ ȱǻǼ ȏȱȱȱǻǼ. noAlc. Alc. ȱȮ test ȱȮ value. M. SD. M. SD. 195.880 40.460. 36.781 6.777. 198.340 40.920. 39.349 7.085. -0.447 -0.426. 0.657 0.672. 0.940 0.140. 1.058 0.452. 1.480 0.080. 1.776 0.274. -2.179 0.903. 0.034 0.371. 1.680. 1.362. 1.860. 1.429. -0.796. 0.430. 486.540. 72.243. 490.580. 73.516. -0.422. 0.675. 85.380. 63.364. 71.920. 69.973. 1.399. 0.168. 0.343. 0.053. 0.340. 0.047. 0.461. 0.647. 0.469. 0.063. 0.473. 0.063. -0.432. 0.667. 0.646. 0.077. 0.654. 0.094. -0.534. 0.595. 50.260. 7.730. 50.374. 6.485. -0.098. 0.922. p < 0.05 ȏȱȮȱȱȏȱǰȱȏȱȮȱȱȏȱǰȱȏȱ ȮȱȱȱȏȱǰȱȏȱȮȱȱȱȏ¡ȱǰȱ ȏǻŗǰŘǼȱȮȱȏǻȱŗȱȱŘǼ. ȱȱȱȱȱȱěǰȱȱȱěȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ Ěȱ ¢ȱ ȱ sumption of alcohol. The tests were organised in such a way that at the second ȱȬȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱĚȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱǯȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱǯ strona 296.
(10) ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱĴ. ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱŘȱȱȱĴȱǻŘȏ Ǽȱȱę¢ȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱDZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŗśśǯŚśŗǰȱp < 0.001, Řȱ ƽȱ ŖǯŝŝŘȱ ǻęȱ ŗǼǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ǻŗǯŚŜǼȱ ƽȱ Řǯŗśŗǰ p < 0.149, ŘȱƽȱŖǯŖŚśDzȱȱȱ¡DZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŖǯŞřřǰȱp = 0.366, Ř = 0.018. ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȏȱȱȱȱǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ǻŗǯŚŜǼȱ ƽȱ ŗŞǯŘśŘǰȱ p < 0.001, ŘȱƽȱŖǯŘŞŚȱǻęȱŘǼǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱDZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŖǯŖŖśǰȱp = 0.946, Ř = 0.0001, and ¢ȱȱ¡DZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱřǯŚŚşǰȱp = 0.070, Ř = 0.070. ȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻȏȱȱȱǼȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŝǯŗŝřǰȱp = 0.010, Ř = 0.135. ȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ¡DZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŖǯŖŜŗǰȱp = 0.806, ŘȱƽȱŖǯŖŖŗǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱDZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŝǯŝŞŘǰȱp = 0.008, ŘȱƽȱŖǯŗŚśȱǻęȱřǼǯȱ ȱ the group of participants who did not consume alcohol at the second measurement, ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱǻȏȱȱȱǼȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱDZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŖǯřşŞǰȱp = 0.531, ŘȱƽȱŖǯŖŖşǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻşŖƖȱȱȱęȱȱȱşŘƖȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱǼǯ 230. 220. D2_ZK. 210. 200. 190. 180. 170. 160. measurement 11 measurement. measurement measurement22. ȱŗǯȱȱȱŘȱȱȱĴȱǻŘȏ Ǽȱȱęȱȱȱ strona 297.
(11) 45. CA_FoM sum of correct responses. 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35. measurement 11 measurement. measurement 22 measurement. ȱŘǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȏȱȱȱȱǼȱȱęȱȱ second measurement. 3,5. 3,0. CA_FrM sum of errors. 2,5. 2,0. 1,5. 1,0. 0,5. 0,0 measurement11 measurement. measurement 22 measurement. NoAlc-Alc Alc-NoAlc. ȱřǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȏȱȱȱȱǼȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱond measurement respectively strona 298.
(12) The level ofȱȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻȏȱȱȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱDZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŖǯřŜŝǰȱp = 0.548, Ř = 0.008, independently of ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱDZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŖǯřŜŝǰ p = 0.548, ŘȱƽȱŖǯŖŖŞǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡DZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŖǯŖŗŜǰȱp = 0.00, Ř = 0.0003.. ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻşŚƖȱȱȱȱȱęȱurement, while 92% in second measurement achieved 90% of correct responses, i.e. ȱřȱǼǯ The general perceptual ability ȱ ¢ WZ-B parameter in d2 Test of Ĵ ǻŘȏȬǼȱ ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŗśŗǯŗřŚǰȱp < 0.001, ŘȱƽȱŖǯŝŜŝȱǻęȱŚǼǯȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱDZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŘǯśŗŝǰȱp = 0.119, ŘȱƽȱŖǯŖśŘDzȱȱȱ¡DZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŖǯŗŖŞǰȱ p = 0.744, Ř = 0.002. 560. 540. D2_WZ-B. 520. 500. 480. 460. 440. 420. measurement measurement 11. measurement measurement 2 2. ȱŚǯȱȱȱŘȱȱȱĴȱǻŘȏȬǼȱȱęȱȱȱ. ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ spatial percepȬ tionDZȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŗȱȱŘǼȱȱDZȱ ǻŗǯŚŜǼȱ ƽȱ ŖǯŖřşǰȱ p = 0.843, Ř = 0.001, independently of when the alcoȱ ȱȱǻȱŗȱǯȱȱŘǼDZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŗǯŘřŘǰȱp = 0.273, ŘȱƽȱŖǯŖŘŜǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱ¡DZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŗǯŘşŜǰȱp = 0.261, Ř = 0.027.. strona 299.
(13) As regards to the ¢ȱ ȱ , repeated measurement was ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǻȏȱȱǼDZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŗŗŖǯŗşřǰȱp < 0.001, Ř = 0.705. The learnȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ¡DZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŖǯśŘřǰȱp = 0.473, Ř = 0.011, ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱDZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŚǯŜŚŖǰȱp = 0.036, Ř = 0.092. The total reaction time ȱę¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻęȱśǼǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȏȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗǯŚŜǼȱ ƽȱ ŖǯŗŗŞǰȱ p = 0.733, ȱ ƽȱ ŖǯŖŖŘDzȱ ¢ȱȱȂȱ¡ȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŗǯřşŞǰȱp = 0.243, = 0.029 and alcohol consumption ǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱřǯśŗŚǰȱp = 0.067, = 0,071. ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǻȏȱȱȱȱȱȏȱȱȱ ǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱDZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŖǰśŘŗǰȱp = 0,474, = 0.011 and ǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŗǯŘřŜǰȱp = 0.272, ŘȱƽȱŖǯŖŘŜȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱDZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŖǯŘŝśǰȱp = 0,602, = 0.006 ǻȏȱȱȱǼȱȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŖǯŚśŞǰȱp = 0.502, ŘȱƽȱŖǯŖŗŖȱǻȏȱ ȱȱǼǰǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡DZȱǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŗǯŗşŘǰȱp = 0,281, = 0.025 and ǻŗǯŚŜǼȱƽȱŖǯŖŝŞǰȱp = 0.781, Ř = 0.002, respectively. 60 58 56. CA_FrM total time. 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40. measurement measurement 11. measurement measurement 22. NoAlc - Alc Alc - NoAlc. ȱśǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȏȱȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ respectively strona 300.
(14) Discussion ȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱěȱȱȬȱȱ¢ǯȱo date, very few studies ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱǰȱ ȬȬȱȱ¡ȱ on cognition, especially in young alcohol nondependent adults. Our study aimed ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ěȱȱŖǯŗȬŖǯŘśȱȦŷȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱȱŖǯŘȬŖǯśȱȱȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ǰȱȱȱǯȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻĴǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱ ȱĜ¢ȱȱęȱȱDZȱȱĴǰȱȱĴǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴǯȱ Participants made more errors in free mode on Cross Apparatus following alcohol ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŗşşśDzȱ ĵǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŖDzȱ ǰȱ ĵǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱ ǰȱǰȱ£ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱĴǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĚȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ¢¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĜ¢ȱȱěȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ǰȱ ŘŖŗŗǼȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŚǼȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȬȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ time-dependent, and is greatest during periods of sleepiness, i.e. the early afternoon ȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŗşşśǼǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱ study group consisted of alcohol nondependent persons in whom the alcohol-inȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȃȄȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱěǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱ controlled in the diagnosis of cognitive performance (Valdez, Ramírez, García, strona 301.
(15) ŘŖŗŘǼȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ parameters to improve in the second testing, independently of alcohol intake and Ȃȱ¡ǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱǻŘȏ ȱȱȏ ȱȱȱȱǼȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǻŘȏȬǼǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱěȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻȱŗşŞŝDzȱ ȱŗşşŞǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŗǼȱȱ ȱȱ alcohol received prior to encoding reduced awareness of implicitly retrieved mateǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȬȱȱěȱȱ¡ȱ¢ǯȱȱ ¡¢ȱȱǰȱȱ¡ȱęȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱęȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖŖǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱĚȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ęȱ ȱ¢£ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱȱĚȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱęȱǯ ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱŖǯŗȬŖǯŘśȱȦ3 of BrAC may lead to ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǯȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱĜ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱǰȱ ǰȱ ȱȱę¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱlieve that compliance with these regulations increases the level of road safety. ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ Ĵǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱĴDZȱȱ ȱȱȱȱnisms. ¢¢, 188 ǻřǼǰȱřŘŚȬřřŚǯȱ Anderson, B.M., Stevens, M.C., Meda, S.A., Jordan, K., Calhoun, V.D., Pearlson, G.D. ǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡tion. DZȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱřśȱǻŗǼǰȱŗśŜȬŗŜśǯ. strona 302.
(16) Ĵ¢ǰȱǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱ¡ǰȱǯ
(17) ǯǰȱǰȱǯ
(18) ǯȱǻŗşşŜǼǯȱȱ perception, construction and memory in alcoholism.
(19) ȱȱȱȱǰȱśŝȱǻŘǼǰȱŗřŜȬŗŚřǯ Beresford, T.P., Arciniegas, D.B., Alfers, J., Clapp, L., Martin, B., Du, Y., Liu, D., ǰȱǯǰȱĵǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ drinking. DZȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱřŖȱǻŗŗǼǰȱŗŞŜŜȬŗŞŝŖǯ ǰȱ ǯȱǻŗşŞśǼǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱDZȱȱȱȱȱǻǯȱŘŜśȬŘŝŜǼǯȱ Springer US. ȱǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱŘǯȱȱȱ ǯȱ¿£ǯȱ£ DZȱ¢ nictwo Erda. ǰȱǯǯǰȱ
(20) ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǻŗşŝŞǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱDZȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ£ȱmography study. ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱŞȱǻŘǼǰȱŗŚŝȬŗśřǯ ȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱ¢£ȱȱŘǰȱȱȱ ȱǯȱǯȱ £ DZȱ¢ ȱǯ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ
(21) ǯǯǰȱ Ȭ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ Ȭǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ěȂȱ¢drome, patients with Parkinson’s disease, and patients with rupture and repair of the anterior communicating artery. ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ , ŘȱǻřǼǰȱřŘŝǯ ¢ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱformance. DZȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱŘŚȱǻŗŗǼǰȱŗŝŖŘȬŗŝŗŗǯ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱȬȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ¢¢ǰȱŗśřȱǻřǼǰȱŘşśȬřŖŜǯ ǰȱ ǯ̖ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱȱȱęǯȱ ȱ
(22) ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǰȱŜȱǻŘǼǰȱŗŗśȬŗŘŜǯ ǰȱǯǯǰȱȬĴǰȱǯȱǻŗşşśǼǯȱ¡ȱȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
(23) ȱȱȱȱǰȱśŜȱǻŗǼǰȱşŖȬşŞǯȱ Gilman, S., Adams, K.M., Johnson-Greene, D., Koeppe, R.A., Junck, L., Kluin, K.J., ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯȱǻŗşşŜǼǯȱěȱȱęȱȱȱ emission tomography and neuropsychological studies in severe chronic alcoholism. DZȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱŘŖȱǻŞǼǰȱŗŚśŜȬŗŚŜŗǯȱ ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ£ȱÙï°ǯȱDZȱ
(24) ǯȱÙȱǻǯǼǰȱ¢ȱ£ ȱ£Ù ȱǻǯȱŘŞŝȬřŗŗǼǯȱ£ DZȱ¢ ȱ ȱǯ Harris, G.J., Oscar-Berman, M., Gansler, A., Streeter, C., Lewis, R.F., Ahmed, I., ǰȱǯȱǻŗşşşǼǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ¡ȱȱĚ ȱȱȱDZȱȱȱ¢ǯȱDZȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱŘřȱǻŝǼǰȱŗŘŗşȬŗŘŘŝǯ strona 303.
(25) ¢ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŗşşśǼǯȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ mance. ǰȱȱǭȱǰ 11, 39-56.
(26) ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǯȱǻŗşŝŘǼǯȱęȱȱ£ȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱ in chronic alcoholics. ȱȱ ȱ¢¢ǰȱŘŜȱǻŚǼǰȱřŞŖȬřŞŚǯ ȬĴǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ £Ċ ȱ £¢ȱ ¢à ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ 2000-2006. £ȱȱǰȱŘŖȱǻŚǼǰȱřŜŗȬřŝśǯ ¢ǰȱ
(27) ǯǰȱǰȱ ǯȱǻŗşşŜǼǯȱ£°ȱǯȱ£ DZȱÚ ȱȱ£ £¢ ȱà ȱ ¢ǯ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşşŞǼǯȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ DZȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ¢¢ǰȱ ǯȱȂȬǰȱǯȱǰȱǯȱȱǻǯǼǰȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱǻǯȱŗřȬřŜǼǯȱDZȱ ȱǯȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱǻŗşşśǼǯȱȱȱȱDZȱȱ ǯȱ¢¢ǰȱŗŗŞȱǻřǼǰȱŘřřȬŘŚşǯ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ £ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ ȱ £ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ£¢ï°ȱà£ȱȱàȱ£Č¢ȱȱǯȱ£ȱȱ, ŘřȱǻŚǼǰȱřŜŗȬřŝŞǯ ¢ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ £ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşşŗǼǯȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ sorting test performance. ȱ
(28) ȱȱǰȱŞŜȱǻŚǼǰȱřşşȬŚŖŝǯ £ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ěȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ disengaging responses. ¢¢ǰȱŗŞŘȱǻřǼǰȱŚśŘȬŚśşǯ ǰȱ ǯǰȱȬǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱȂ¢ǰȱǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ
(29) ǯǯǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ǯǰ. ǰȱ ǯ
(30) ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ emotional faces. DZȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ řřȱ ǻŗŗǼǰȱ ŗŞŞŖȬ -1892. Meda, S.A., Calhoun, V.D., Astur, R.S., Turner, B.M., Ruopp, K., Pearlson, G.D. ǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱDZȱȱ ȱ study. ȱȱǰȱřŖȱǻŚǼǰȱŗŘśŝȬŗŘŝŖǯ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşŞśǼǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ recommendations.
(31) ȱȱȱȱǰȱŘȱǻŗǼǰȱśȬŗŝǯȱ ĵǰȱ ǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŖǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŞŖȱȦȱȱ ȱǻȱ ȬŞŖşȬŖŘŞǼǯȱDZȱȱȱǰȱȱ ¢ȱĜȱ¢ȱǰȱĴDZȦȦ ǯǯ ǰȱǯǯǰȱ¢ǰȱ
(32) ǯǯǰȱȂ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱ
(33) ǯǯȱǻŗşşşǼǯȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱěǯȱȱȱȱ ǰȱŘřȱǻŗǼǰȱśśȬŜŚǯ Nicolás, J.M., Catafau, A.M., Estruch, R., Lomeña, F.J., Salamero, M., Herranz, R., ǰȱǯȱǰȱǯǰȱȬ£ǰȱǯȱǻŗşşřǼǯȱȱȱȱ Ě ȬȱȱȱDZȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ
(34) ȱȱȱDZȱĜȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱřŚȱǻşǼǰȱŗŚśŘȬ -1459. ¡ǰȱǯ
(35) ǯǰȱ ¢ǰȱǯȱǻŗşşŜǼǯȱȱȱȬȱĜ¢ȱęȱȱȱ episodic learning task. DZȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱŘŖȱǻŗǼǰȱŘŗȬ -24. strona 304.
(36) ǰȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ
(37) Ù ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ £ȱ ȱ £ £¢ȱȱà ȱ£Č¢ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱǻśǼǰȱ 693-702. ǰȱǯ
(38) ǯǰȱ ĵǰȱ ǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱformance. Ĝȱ ¢ȱǰȱśȱǻřǼǰȱŗŞśȬŗşŞǯ Ȭǰȱǯǰȱ ¢ǰȱǯǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱȱȱ ěȱȱȬ ěȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱfrontal Brain Functioning. DZȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱŘŞȱǻŚǼǰȱ 667-675. ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŗşŞŝǼǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ¢ȱ ȱȮȱȱ ǯȱDZȱǯȱǰȱȱǯȱĴǰȱǯȱȱǻǯǼǰȱ¢¢ȱȱDZȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻǯȱŗśřȬŗŝřǼǯȱ ȱDZȱ ǯ Raichle, M.E., MacLeod,A.M., Snyder,A.Z., Powers, W.J., Gusnard, D.A., Shulman, G.L. ǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱşŞȱǻŘǼǰȱŜŝŜȬŜŞŘǯȱ Ĵǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŘǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱDZȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱǵȱȱȱ, ŗŖśȱǻŚǼǰȱŘŝŜȬŘŞŗǯ ĴȱǯȱǻǯǼȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱ¢ȱ¢£¢ȱÚȱ à ǯȱ£ DZȱ ¢tut Transportu Samochodowego. Rzepecki-Smith, C.I., Meda, S.A., Calhoun, V.D., Stevens, M.C., Jafri, M.J., Astur, R.S., Pearlson, G.D. ǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǯȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ , 34 ǻřǼǰȱŚŝşȬŚŞŝǯ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ·ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ
(39) ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯ ǯȱ ǻŗşşřǼǯȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚ ȱȱǯȱ
(40) ȱȱȱȱǰȱśŚȱǻřǼǰȱřŜşȬřŝŜǯȱ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŗşŞŝǼǯȱ ȱ¢DZȱ ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ
(41) ȱȱ¡ȱ¢¢DZȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱǰȱŗřȱǻřǼǰȱśŖŗȬśŗŞǯ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ûȬǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ £ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱǯȱ¢¢ǰȱŗśŚȱǻŗǼǰȱŜŗȬŜşǯ £ǰȱǯǯǰȱȬĴǰȱǯǰȱǰȱ
(42) ǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǯ ǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢¢, 31 ǻŜǼǰȱŗřŖŗȬŗřŖşǯ ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱ
(43) ǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱ¡ǰȱǯ
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