Œl¹czka, A. & Morycowa, E., 2007. Professor Marian Ksi¹¿kiewicz – Carpathian geologist. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 77: 105–115.
Pro fes sor Mar ian Ksi¹¿kiewicz was no tice able among nu mer ous Car pa thian ge olo gists by ver sa til ity of his geo -logi cal achieve ments, scru pu los ity, and abil ity to cre ate new syn the ses. He not only pre pared geo logi cal maps, but also worked on lithos tra tigra phy, sedi men tol ogy, pa lae on tol ogy, tec ton ics, palaeo geog ra phy, and geo dy nam ics. In all these top ics he ob tained out stand ing re sults, rec og nised both in Po land and abroad.
Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz con sid ered geo logi cal map ping as a prin ci ple geo logi cal task that al lowed to un der stand prop -erly not only static geo logi cal struc tures, but also geo logi cal pro cesses. He cre ated a spe cific school of geo logi cal map -ping and edu cated a number of ex cel lent field ge olo gists. He car ried out geo logi cal map ping mainly in the West ern Car pa thi ans, and as a re sult pre sented sev eral out stand ing maps. Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz also stressed the im por tance of geo logi cal trips to other ar eas and coun tries to broaden geo -logi cal knowl edge. He of ten trav elled out side the North ern Car pa thi ans to study other flysch ba sins, for in stance, in Wienerwald and Cau ca sus, and usu ally pub lished in ter est -ing de duc tions and com para tive pa pers (Ksi¹¿kiewicz & Soko³owski, 1934a; Ksi¹¿kiewicz & Skoczylas-Ciszew-ska,1937; Ksi¹¿kiewicz & Leško, 1959a; Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1962, 1973).
Mar ian Ksi¹¿kiewicz started geo logi cal re search al ready dur ing his uni ver sity edu ca tion and car ried out geo logi cal map ping in the area of Wadowice (West Car pa thi -ans) be tween Radziszów and An drychów (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1929, 1930, 1931b, 1932a and c). Later on, his re searches in cluded the whole sheet Wadowice and ad ja cent ar eas, up to the Olza River to wards the west (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1931b, 1932b, 1959a, 1964), and up to the Babia Góra Range to -wards the south (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1935d).
As an ef fect of his map ping, sev eral new mod ern maps were pre sented, for ex am ple the map of the north ern most part of the West ern Car pa thi ans be tween Ci eszyn and Biel -sko (Bur tan et al., 1938), the map of a part of the Ma gura Nappe in the Be skid Œredni Mts. (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1935a, 1958b), and of the Babia Góra Range (Bieda &
Ksi¹¿kie-wicz, 1963). Par ticu larly fa mous was his map of the Wado-wice sheet, scale of 1: 25,000, fin ished be fore the World War II, which was il le gally printed by Ger mans dur ing the war (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1941). For a long time it was the best geo logi cal map of the Car pa thi ans. Dur ing his field work, Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz not only very pre cisely lo cal ised ex po -sures, but also, first of all, stud ied litho logi cal suc ces sions, their mu tual re la tion ships and age based on analy sis of mi -cro- and mac ro fau nal spe cies, sedi men to logi cal pro cesses, and tec ton ics. He de served the credit for the dis tinc tion of sev eral new lithos tra tigraphic units and re am bu la tion of some older units within the West ern Flysch Car pa thi ans. He dis tin guished, among oth ers, geize sand stones (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1936, 1938, 1951a) within the Lower Cre ta ceous se -quences and proved that they are re plac ing a part of the Grodziszcze and Lgota beds, cherty marls be tween the mid- Cretaceous varie gated shales and Go dula sand stones, and cor re lated them with simi lar de pos its from the East Car -pa thi ans (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1951a). He also dis tin guished the Up per Cre ta ceous Jas trzêbia Marls, Gor zeñ beds, Szyd³o-wiec Sand stones, and the Eo cene Przy bradz beds (Ksi¹¿kie- wicz, 1951a). With co- workers, he dis tin guished the Cretaceous ra dio laritic layer (Bur tan et al., 1933) bear ing dis tinct re sem blance to the de scribed later “Bonar elli ho ri -zon” of Cen tral Ap en ni nes. He proved that the thick- bedded Ciê¿kowice Sand stones could be re placed by varie gated shales and marls (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1932c), and the Go dula Sand stones by red shales (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1936). Later on (Geroch et al., 1967), he pre sented a model of fa cies changes in the West ern Flysch Car pa thi ans (Fig. 1).
An other achieve ment of Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz was the dis tinc tion of the WoŸniki Unit (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1936a) and its suc ces sion, that later pro vided the ba sis for the dis tinc -tion by him of a new Outer Car pa thi ans unit, the Silesian Unit (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1951b, 1953 ed.) It should be stressed that, al ready in 1936, Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz sug gested that a part of the varie gated marls in the Wadowice area could be of Late Cre ta ceous age, but un for tu nately later he re signed from this opin ion. How ever, af ter suc ces sive in
-ves ti ga tions, es pe cially mi cro pa lae on to logi cal ones, and the dis cov ery of Glo botrun cana sp., he re turned to the pri mary opin ion (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1950a). He was also the first who de scribed in the West ern Car pa thi ans the Eo cene green ish marls be low the Menil ite beds (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1932c, 1967), an equiva lent of the Glo bi gerina Marls from the Cen tral and East ern Car pa thi ans. An other achieve ment of Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz was the sys tema ti sa tion of the Ma gura Nappe suc -ces sion and the dis tinc tion of the Eo cene Osielec Sand -stones, Sub- Magura, and Supra- Magura beds (Ksi¹¿kie-wicz, 1935a, 1948b, 1958b, 1967a, Bieda et al., 1968).
The re sults of his stud ies con ducted be fore and di rectly af ter the Word War II were pre sented in the above men -tioned unique ex plana tory text to the Wadowice sheet (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1951). In this mono graphic pa per, he pre sented and thouroughly dis cussed sev eral prob lems, rang ing in scale from in di vid ual ex po sures up to the palaeo geog ra phy and geo dy namic prob lems of the West ern Flysch Car -pa thi ans.
Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz de voted much of his in ter est to the ge ol ogy of cal care ous klip pen within the outer part of the Flysch Car pa thi ans, in the An drychów area (Fig. 2) known
Fig. 1. Model of change of lithofacies from the in ner (Silesian Se ries) to outer (Sub-Silesian Se ries) part of the West ern Carpathian Flysch Ba sin, pre sented by Ksi¹¿kiewicz (Geroch et al., 1967)
Fig. 2. Sche matic sec tion across Inwa³d Klippen (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1935a) and sub se quent sec tions drawn af ter drill ing of two bore holes (Ksi¹¿kiewicz & Liszkowa, 1972)
from the 19th cen tury. He es tab lished their geo logi cal set -ting and es pe cially lithos tra tigra phy (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1935a, b, c; Ksi¹¿kiewicz & Lisz kowa,1972), and re garded them as the rem nants of a cor dil lera “Ur an tik li nale von Inwa³d” within the West Car pa thian ba sin.
Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz also ex am ined in de tail a pre vi ously un known sec tion of the shallow water Ju ras sic and Cre ta -ceous se ries from the ex otic rocks in the Bachowice vil lage area, situ ated north of An drychów (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1955, 1956b). These stud ies al lowed to re con struct the Ju ras sic and partly Cre ta ceous se quences, dif fer ent both from the fore land and from those known in the Car pa thi ans. It was a strong proof that a sig nifi cant part of the de pos its of the Car -pa thian ba sin could have com pletely dis ap peared from the sur face dur ing later tec tonic move ments. Prof. Ksi¹¿kie-wicz re lated the sedi men ta tion of the Bachowice ex otic rocks with vol canic ac tiv ity in the West ern Car pa thian ba sin dur ing the Pa laeo cene. He also pub lished sev eral pa pers on other vol canic ac tivi ties in the Car pa thi ans, but not all of them are still valid (Ksi¹¿kiewicz & Gawe³, 1936; Ksi¹¿-kiewicz & Wie ser, 1954a, b; Ksi¹¿Ksi¹¿-kiewicz, 1958).
Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz sup ple mented his lithos tra tigraphic stud ies by de ter mi na tion of macro- and mi cro fauna. The most im por tant pa pers re lated to this topic re fer to the macro- and mi cro fauna (Fig. 3) from Bachowice (Ksi¹¿kie-wicz, 1956b), Early Cre ta ceous fauna from Lanck orona
(Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1938), Early Cre ta ceous am mon ites from the Grodziszcze beds at WoŸniki (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1963b),
Glo botrun cana from the up per varie gated lime stones of Bachowice (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1956a) and from varie gated marls in the West Car pa thi ans (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1950a).
Very im por tant and of ten pio neer stud ies car ried out by Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz were de voted to trace fos sils (Fig. 4)
Fig. 3. Draw ings of fauna by Ksi¹¿kiewicz from cal car e ous exotics from Bachowice: A – ammonite lobe-line Calliphylloceras disputabile, B – Globotruncana lapparenti (1963b)
Fig. 4. One of new ichnosp. (Desmograpton fuchsi) de scribed by Ksi¹¿kiewicz (1977)
within the flysch ba sin (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1958b, 1960a, 1961b, 1968a, 1970, 1977c). His col lec tion is one of the larg est in the world. He de scribed 57 ich no genera and 147 ich no spe cies (see Uch man, 1998). He also was a pro mo tor of re searches on life con di tion in flysch ba sins (Ksi¹¿kie-wicz, 1959a, 1961a). He docu mented an im por tant role of
re de po si tion of fauna, the in flu ence of ma rine cur rents for the dis tri bu tion of mi cro fauna, and the de pend ence of mi -cro fau nal as sem blages on the type of sedi ments. He also gave some ex pla na tions of un fa vour able life con di tions in the flysch ba sins. On the ba sis of fau nal as sem blages, trace fos sils and sedi men tary struc tures, Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz made
Fig. 6. De vel op ment of the idea of tec ton ics of the Wadowice re gion. A – map from year 1932 (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1932); B – map from year 1951 (Ksi¹¿kiewicz 1951a), C – cross-sec tions through the Wadowice area (West ern Flysch Carpathians): up per af ter Ksi¹¿kiewicz (1932c), lower – af ter Ksi¹¿kiewicz (1952)
an analy sis of the changes of ba thyme try within the Car pa -thian flysch ba sins (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1975, 1976). Ac cord ing to him, the Car pa thian flysch was de pos ited mostly in epi-and meso- bathyal zone, but some ho ri zons could have been de pos ited at infra- bathyal and abys sal depths in proxi mal ar eas. Moreo ver, a part of flysch could have been de pos ited in shal low-wa ter, neritic con di tions (Fig. 5 ).
Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz was the ini tia tor and co- author of mono graphs dedi cated to litho- and bi os tra tigra phy of the Pol ish Flysch Car pa thi ans (Bieda et al., 1963; Geroch et al., 1967), in which – on the ba sis of de tailed data and the de vel op ment of li tho fa cies – their se quences and ages were de -fined. These mono graphs are valid up to now, al though new nan no plank ton data de fined the age of some li tho fa cies more ac cu rately.
The next im por tant con tri bu tion of Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz to the knowl edge of the Car pa thi ans is the elu ci da tion of the tec ton ics of the Pol ish West ern Car pa thi ans. On the ba sis of care ful analy sis of lithos tra tigra phy and tec tonic struc tures, he pro posed a new tec tonic sub di vi sion of the area. His ear -lier stud ies dem on strated a long and la bo ri ous way to find a proper re la tion be tween lithos tra tigraphic units, their age and tec tonic af filia tion. An ex am ple of this can be the de vel -op ment of Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewi cz’s ideas on the tec ton ics of the Wadowice sheet (Fig. 6). Bas ing on pri mary con cep tions of Jan Nowak (1927), he re garded the outer flysch as auto chthonous or parauto chthonous (Fig. 6), and only more in -ter nal units (Ci eszyn, Go dula and Ma gura units) as nap pes (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1929, 1930, 1932c). Later on, he dis tin -guished the next over thrust WoŸnice Unit, in front of the Go dula Unit. Sub se quently, af ter the dis cov ery of tec tonic win dows within the Go dula Nappe (1936), that showed sim i lar Up per Cre ta ceous de pos its as in the WoŸnice Nappe, he in tro duced and de fined a new Sub- Silesian Unit
(Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1951a, 1953). Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz, af ter join ing sev eral subunits, dis tin guished and de fined the Sile -sian Nappe (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1951a, 1953) and proved that this nappe con tin ues into the East ern Car pa thi ans (Fig. 7) be tween the Skole and more in ter nal, Dukla and Ma gura, nap pes. There fore, Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz can be re garded as the founder of a mod ern tec tonic model of the West ern Flysch Car pa thi ans (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1952c, 1953). He also at tempted to ex plain the ori gin of Flysch Car pa thi ans. Im por tant fac tors, be sides un der thrust ing of the fore land be
-Fig. 7. Tec tonic map of the Carpathians (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1956)
Fig. 8. Or i gin of overthrusting in the ax ial zone of the outer flysch ba sin (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1956)
low the Car pa thi ans, were litho logi cal dif fer ences across the flysch ba sin (Fig. 8). He de vel oped his tec tonic model in later pa pers (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1956a, 1960–1963), and es pe -cially in the mono graph on the tec ton ics of the en tire Pol ish Car pa thi ans (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1972). In the Eng lish ver sion of this mono graph (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1977b) and in a spe cial pa
-per (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1977a), he pre sented new plate tec tonic ideas on the geo dy nam ics of the Car pa thi ans; pos tu lat ing, for in stance, that sub duc tion dur ing the Ju ras sic and Early Cre ta ceous was di rected to wards the north and only later on to wards the south (Fig. 9). How ever, he gen er ally stated ”that is very dif fi cult in a sim ple way to ap ply the con cept of plate tec ton ics to the ori gin of the Car pa thi ans”. This opin ion was con firmed in part by re cent re sults of the deep seis -mic pro file CEL05 (Grad et al., 2006).
Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz was also in ter ested in tec tonic mesostruc tures and was a pio neer of sys tem atic stud ies of joints in the Car pa thian flysch (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1968b). He sug gested that the de vel op ment of all joints was gen er ally con nected with oro genic move ments, but in sev eral in -stances he showed that in the cases where fold ing took place twice, the sec ond set of joints is cut ting the rocks al ready de formed. He also sug gested the in flu ence of neo tec tonic move ments in cases of ab nor mally pref er en tial strike of joints.
Very de tailed knowl edge of the Carpathian ge ol ogy ob tained by Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz dur ing his field works, ex cel -lent ori en ta tion in in ter na tional geo log i cal pa pers, and the abil ity to cre ate syn thetic mod els en abled him to pre pare sev eral mono graphs, pub lished both in Pol ish (Ksi¹¿kie-wicz, 1951b, 1953, 1972; Ksi¹¿kiewicz & Samsono(Ksi¹¿kie-wicz, 1952) and Eng lish (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1956a, 1977b).
Very im por tant and fruit ful were the works of Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz on sedimentology and palaeo ge ogra phy. Al -ready af ter re turn ing from abroad in 1945, he cre atively com bined the stud ies of sedimentological pro cesses and the struc tures of flysch de pos its (turbidites). He was one of the first who no ticed fre quent oc cur rences of cross-bed ding in the flysch (turbiditic) rocks (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1948b), though in that pe riod it was be lieved that the cross-bed ding rarely oc curs in geosynclinal bas ins (Pettijohn, 1943). He de -scribed, for the first time from the flysch rocks of the Carpa- thians, the oc cur rence of se quences (Fig. 10) ex hib it ing fea -tures from par al lel lam i na tion, through cross lam i na tion, to once again par al lel lam i na tion (1948b), and from graded to
Fig. 9. A – Spread ing and subduction in the Carpatho-Bal kan
area dur ing Ju ras sic–Early Cre ta ceous times (A. Bal kan area, B. Carpathian area, F. Carpathian Flysch Ba sin); B – Underthrusting and or i gin of mag mas in the Carpathians (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1977)
Fig. 10. A – Types of graded bed ding in the de pos its of the flysch Carpathians; B – Re la tion of cross bed ding to graded and lam i nated
lam i nated bed ding (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1954b). He sug gested (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1950) that some con torted lami na tions within the sandy lay ers could have re sulted from creep ing, and that the di rec tion of creep ing of de pos ited ma te rial was not al ways show ing the gen eral in cli na tion of the sea bot -tom, but could be a re sult of lo cal up lift of the lat ter. In the quoted pa per, he for first time con sid ered flysch as a deepwa ter sed i ment and stated that the oc cur rence of shal lowwa ter fauna within flysch strata was caused by sub ma rine slumps. The fol low ing pa pers were de voted to the ex -pla na tion of the or i gin of flat tened sedimentary structures (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1950) and slump deposits (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1958c) (Fig.11).
Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz also paid at ten tion to the im por tance of microfacies anal y sis of cal car e ous turbidites (Ksi¹¿kie-wicz, 1971c) and ex otic lime stones (Ksi¹¿kie(Ksi¹¿kie-wicz, 1971d), in or der to de ter mine shal lowwa ter fa cies around cor dil -leras. He con cluded that ex otic lime stones could be re garded as Bahamitetype sed i ments, and that clastic ma te -rial for the Late Ju ras sic Cieszyn Lime stones was de rived from the sed i ments of shoals and banks bor der ing the ba sin. In his opin ion, the con di tions of de po si tion could be com -pared with cal car e ous turbidite sed i men ta tion in a deep basin adjoining to the Bahama Banks.
Very im por tant and mas terly was his ba sin anal y sis of flysch of the Carpathians. Al ready in his early pa pers he stressed on im por tance of the study of oc cur rence and dis tri -bu tion of ex otic rocks for palaeogeographic anal y sis and for the re con struc tion and po si tion of source ar eas re garded by him as preCarpathian moun tain chains. In a pa per pub -lished in 1931, he pre sented a map of dis tri bu tion of ex otic rocks in the West ern Carpathians and con nected them with intrabasinal is lands. In Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz’s opin ion, the de tailed study of ex otic rocks and klippen, with in ter pre ta -tion of lithofacies changes, was a key to un der stand ing the palaeo ge ogra phy of the West ern Carpathians. On the ba sis of these early in ves ti ga tions, he pre sented in 1951 the first model (Fig. 12) of de vel op ment of the West ern Carpathians flysch ba sin (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1951b). He al ready ac cen tu ated the sim i lar ity of sed i ments within the whole ba sin dur ing the Early Cre ta ceous and di ver si fi ca tion of sed i ments af ter mid-Cre ta ceous. It was caused by sud den up lifts of source ar eas, both mar ginal and intrabasinal ones (Silesian, Andrychów and Bachowice ridges) (Figs 13, 14 A). As an ef fect, sev eral subbasins (Magura, Silesian, Sub-Silesian, Skole) were de vel oped in dif fer ent lithofacies. Sub se quent in ves ti ga tions car ried out by Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz, in clud ing de tailed mea sure ments of trans port of clastic ma te rial, al
-Fig. 11. A – Flat ten ing of flute casts ow ing to the sub si dence of the sand beds (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1961); B – Ex am ples of struc tures de vel
-oped dur ing slid ing and roll ing up of sand stone lay ers (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1958)
Fig. 12. 3D model of the West ern Carpathian Flysch Ba sin (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1951a); M – Magura sub-Ba sin, is lands: Gl – "Silesian", A – Andrychów, B – Bachowice
Fig. 13. Prin ci pal source ar eas of the Carpathian Flysch (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1956)
Fig. 14. Suc ces sive palinspastic sketches of the Carpathian Flysch Ba sin, elab o rated by Ksi¹¿kiewicz: A – fa cies of the Late Cre ta ceous (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1956); fa cies of the Late Senonian: B – Ksi¹¿kiewicz (1960), C – Ksi¹¿kiewicz, Ed. (1962)
tion of palaeo ge ogra phy of orogenic bas ins and showed that the tur bid ity cur rents were flow ing both along the axis of the ba sin and obliquely to it, down mar ginal slopes. In some of these maps it is al ready pos si ble to re cog nise sub ma rine fans, al though he did not use this term (Fig. 14C). The best ex am ple of this kind of map was, ini ti ated by him, un -equalled Palaeogeographic At las of the Flysch Carpathians (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, Ed., 1962). It contains 13 facies maps with palinspastic sketches, practically for every stage of the Cretaceous and Palaeogene.
His anal y sis of turbiditic sed i men ta tion in deep wa ter bas ins brought him an in ter na tional rec og ni tion and con se -quently a num ber of sedimentologists from abroad vis ited him to learn his meth ods of ba sin anal y sis. Among them was the out stand ing sedimentologist Ph. F. Kuenen. As a re -sult of this visit, a joint trea tise (also with Stan D¿u³ynski) on turbidites in flysch of the Pol ish Carpathian Moun tains (D¿u³yñski et al., 1959) was pre pared, where among oth ers, the or i gin of structureless sand stones within turbidite se -quences was pre sented and the term “fluxoturbidites” was pro posed for them. Even re cently, his palaeogeographic re -con struc tions are cited (see Okada & Kenyon-Smith, 2005) as an ex cel lent ex am ple of basin analysis of that period.
Dur ing the 1950s and 1960s, Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz grouped his stu dents in ter ested in sed i men tary struc tures as -so ci ated with turbidites and ba sin anal y sis, what led to the for ma tion of the world wide rec og nized ”Kraków Flysch School ( see the pa per of Kelling et al., this vol ume).
The above pre sen ta tion of the achieve ments of Prof. Ksi¹¿kiewicz shows clearly the out stand ing role, which he played in the prog ress of Carpathian ge ol ogy and turbidite sedimentology. It ought to be un der lined that he al ways re garded as his duty to pres ent new ideas for dis cus sion dur -ing nu mer ous lec tures and field conferences.
REF ER ENCES
Bieda, F. & Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1958. On the age of the Babia Góra sand stone. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Kwartalnik Geolo-giczny, 2: 841–853.
Bieda, F., Geroch, S., Koszarski, L., Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M. & ¯ytko, K., 1963. Stratigraphie des Karpates externes po lo naises. Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 181: 5–174.
Bieda, F., Jednorowska, A. & Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1967. Stra tig ra phy of the Magura Se ries around Babia Góra. (In Pol ish, Eng -lish sum mary). Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 211: 293– 320.
Burtan, J., Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M. & Soko³owski, S., 1933. Über das Auftreten der Radiolaritschiefer in der mittleren Kreide der
Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 12: 569–611. Geroch, S., Jednorowska, A., Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M. & Liszkowa, J.,
1967. Stra tig ra phy based upon micro fauna in the West ern Pol ish Carpathians. Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 211: 185–282.
Grad, M., Guterch, A., Randy Keller, G., Janik, T., Hegedus, E., Vozar, J., Œl¹czka, A., Tura, T. & Yliniemi, J., 2006. Lithospheric struc ture be neath trans-Carpathian transect from Pre cam brian plat form to Pannonian ba sin: CEL E BRA TION 2000 seis mic pro file CEL05. Jour nal of Geo phys i cal Re -search, 111, BO3301: 1–23.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1929. Spostrze¿enia nad budow¹ geologiczn¹ wschodniego Beskidu Ma³ego. (In Pol ish). Sprawozdania Komisji Fizjograficznej PAU, 63: 151–153.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1930. Geologische Untersuchungen in den Wadowicer Karpathen. I Teil. Stratigraphisch-tektonische Verhältnisse. Bul le tin del’Académie Po lo naise des Sci ences et des Let tres, Serie A: 112–144.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1931a. Beobachtungen über das Auftreten der Gerölle der urkarpathischen Gesteine in der Wadowicer Karpathen. (In Pol ish, Ger man sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 7: 319– 329.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1931b. Sprawozdanie z badañ geologicznych wykonanych w 1930 r. w pó³nocnej czêœci arkusza Wado-wice. (In Pol ish). Posiedzenia naukowe Pañstwowego Insty-tutu Geologicznego, 30: 48–50.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1931c. Tektonika po³udniowej czêœci strefy cieszyñskiej miêdzy Olz¹ a Wis³¹. (In Pol ish). Sprawozdania Komisji Fizjograficznej PAU, 36: 40.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1932a. Sprawozdanie z badañ geologicznych wykonanych w 1931 r. na arkuszu Wadowice. (In Pol ish). Posiedzenia naukowe Pañstwowego Instytutu Geologicz-nego, 33: 35–37.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1932b. Der Bau des südlichen Teiles der Teschener Zone zwischen der Olsa and der Weichsel. Bul le tin del’Académie Po lo naise des Sci ences et des Let tres, Serie A: 132–206.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1932c. Der Bau der randlichen Wadowicer Beskiden und ihr Verhältnis zum Vorlande. (In Pol ish, Ger -man sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicz-nego, 8: 49–91.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1933. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mittleren Kreide der Godula-Decke in der West-Karpaten (In Pol ish, Ger man sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 9: 88–95.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1934a. Zones des Klippes carpathiques aux en -vi rons d’Andrychów. I. Klippes d’lnwa³d et de Roczyny. C. R. Acad. Pol., 2: 7.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1934b. Zones des Klippes carpathi¹ues aux en -vi rons d’Andrychów. II. Klippes de Pañska Góra et de Targa-nice. C. R. Acad. Pol., 3: 5.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1935a. Sur la struc ture des masses marginales de la nappe de Magura en tre Su³kowice et Sucha (In Pol ish,
French sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geolo-gicznego, 11: 104–120.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1935b. Die äussere Karpathische Klippenzone bei Andrychów. I. Die Klippen von Inwa³d und Roczyny. Bul le tin del’Académie Po lo naise des Sci ences et des Let tres, Serie A: 92–106.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1935c. Die äussere Karpathische Klippenzone bei Andrychów. II. Die Klippen in Pañska Góra und Targa-nice. Bul le tin del’Académie Po lo naise des Sci ences et des Let tres, Serie A: 209–220.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1935d. Die äussere Karpathische Klippenzone bei Andrychów. III. Die Stratigraphie der Klippenserie und ihre Stellung im Bau der West-Karpaten. Bul le tin del’Aca-démie Po lo naise des Sci ences et des Let tres, Serie A: 221– 233.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1936. La struc ture de la zone de Lanckorona. Bul le tin del’Académie Po lo naise des Sci ences et des Let tres, Serie A: 299–314.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1938. Fauna górnoneokomska z Lanckorony. (In Pol ish). Sprawozdania Komisji Fizjograficznej PAU, 72: 223–261.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1941. Geologische Karte des General-gouvernements, Bl. 19-29. Wadowice, 1: 50.000. Amt für Bodenforschung, Krakau (printed with out knowl edge of the au thor). Map ping con ducted in 1926–1937 years.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1948a. Cur rent bed ding in Carpathian Flysch. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzy-stwa Geologicznego, 17: 137–152.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1948b. Stra tig ra phy of the Magura se ries north of the Babia Góra (West ern Carpathians). (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Biuletyn Pañstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 48: 1–35.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1950a. On the age of var ie gated marls in the flysch on the West ern Carpathians. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum -mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 19: 315–338.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1950b. Slip-bed ding in the Carpathian Flysch. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzy-stwa Geologicznego, 19: 493–501.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1951a. Objaœniena arkusza Wadowice. Ogólna mapa geologiczna Polski 1: 50 000. (In Pol ish). Pañstwowy Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa, 283 pp.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M. (Ed.), 1951b. Regionalna geologia Polski, T. 1. Karpaty, Z. 1. Stratygrafia. (In Pol ish). Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne, Kraków, 206 pp.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M. (Ed.), 1953. Regionalna geologia Polski, T. 1. Karpaty, Z. 2. Tektonika. (In Pol ish). Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne, Kraków: 207–453.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1954a. Evo lu tion of the Carpathian Flysch geosyncline. C. R. XIX Ses sion, Congrés géologique in ter na -tional, Alger 1952, 14: 9–15.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1954b. Graded and lam i nated bed ding in the Carpathian Flysch. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 22: 399–438. Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1954c. Zagadnienia stratygrafii Karpat na tle
paleogeografii (in Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Przegl¹d Geologiczny, 4: 445–455.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1955. Stra tig ra phy of the Ju ras sic and Cre ta -ceous of Bachowice. Bul le tin de l’Académie Po lo naise des Sci ences, Cl. III, 3: 503–508.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1956a. Ge ol ogy of the north ern Carpathians. Geologische Rundschau, 45: 369–411.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1956b. The Ju ras sic and Cre ta ceous of
Bachowice (West ern Carpathians). (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum -mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 24 (1954): 117–303.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1958a. Sed i men ta tion in the Carpathian Flysch sea. Geologische Rundschau, 41: 418–425.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1958b. Stra tig ra phy of the Magura se ries in the Œredni Beskid (Carpathians). (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 135: 43– 82.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1958c. Sub ma rine slump ing in the Carpathian Flysch. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 28: 123–150.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1958d. Ther mal con tact with vol ca nic rock at Kamionna near Bochnia (Carpathians). (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 24: 706–709.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1959a. Life con di tion in Flysch bas ins. Ab -stracts, 1st In ter na tional Ocean og raphi cal Con gress. New York: 280–281.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1959b. The Cre ta ceous of the Pol ish Carpa-thians. In: El sistema cretacico. Un sym po sium sobre el cretacio en el hemisfere oc ci den tal y su correlatión mundial, T. 1: 171–197, Congreso Geol. In tern. XX Sesión – Ciudad de Mex ico 1956.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1960–1963. Évolution structurale des Carpa-thes po lo naises. In: Livre á la mémoire du Professeur Paul Fallot, 2: 529–562, Paris
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1960a. On some prob lem atic or ganic traces from the Flysch of the Pol ish Carpathians. Part. I. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 4: 735–744. Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1960b. Out line of the paleogeography in the
Pol ish Flysch Carpathians. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 30: 209–239.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1960c. Pre-orogenic sed i men ta tion in the Carpathian geosyncline. Geologische Rundschau, 50: 8–31. Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1961a. Life con di tions in flysch bas ins. (In Pol
-ish, Eng lish sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geo- logicznego, 31: 4–21.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1961b. On some prob lem atic or ganic traces from the Flysch of the Pol ish Carpathians. Part II. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 5: 882–887. Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1961c. On some sed i men tary struc tures on the
Carpathians Flysch. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 31: 23–36.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1962. Sur quelques anal o gies lithostratigraphiques en tre les Carpates roumaines et po lo naises. Bul le -tin de l’Académie Po lo naise des Sci ences, Sér. Sc. géol. géogr., 10: 11–17.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M. (Ed.), 1962. Geo log i cal At las of Po land, Strati -graphic and fa cial prob lems. Fasc.13 – Cre ta ceous and Early Ter tiary in the Pol ish Ex ter nal Carpathians, 1:600 000. Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1963a. Evo lu tion structurale des Carpathes po -lo naises. In: Livre a la memoire du Professeur Paul Fal-lot, II: 529–562. Soc. Geol. France, Paris.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1963b. La faune tithonique de WoŸniki (Carpa-thes Po lo naises Occidentales). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzy-stwa Geologicznego, 33: 265–272.
.Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1964. On the tec ton ics of the Cieszyn zone. A re in ter pre ta tion. Bul le tin de l’Académie Po lo naise des Sci -ences, Sér. Sc. géol. géogr., 12, 4: 251– 259.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1965. Les cordilleres dans les mers cretacées et paléogens des Carpathes du Nord. Bul le tin Soc. Géol. France, Sér. 7, 7: 443–455.
Carpathians. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Rocznik Pols-kiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 38: 335–384.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1970 Ob ser va tions of the ichnofauna in the Pol -ish Carpathians. In: Crimes, T. P. & Harper, C. (eds), Trace Fos sils. Geo log i cal Jour nal, Spe cial Is sue, 3: 283–322. Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1971a. Con tri bu tions to the ge ol ogy of the
Wadowice re gion. Part II. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 40: 369– 375.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1971b. Ge ol ogy of Sidzina near Jordanów (West ern Carpathians). (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 40: 377– 391.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1971c. On the or i gin of the Cieszyn Lime stone in the Carpathian F³ysch. Bul le tin de l’Académie Po lo naise des Sci ences, Ser. Sc. Terre, 19, 2: 131–135.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1971d. On the or i gin of the Inwa³d Lime stone (Outer Carpathian Klippes). Bul le tin de l’Académie Po lo -naise des Sci ences, Ser. Sc. Terre, 19, 2: 91–98.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1972. Karpaty. In: Budowa geologiczna Polski, T. 4. Tektonika, Czêœæ 3. (In Pol ish). Wydawnictwa Geolo-giczne,Warszawa, 228 pp.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1973. On some anal o gies be tween the Cau ca -sian and Carpathian Flysch. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 43: 131– 149.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1974. Con tri bu tion a l’étude de la faune du Tithonique de WoŸniki (Carpathes Po lo naises Occidentales). Acta Geologica Polonica, 24: 437–456.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1975. Bathymetry of the Carpathian Flysch Ba -sin. Acta Geologica Polonica, 25: 309–367.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1976. La profondeur du bassin du flysch carpathique. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, Ser. 7, 18, 1: 191–196. Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M., 1977a. Hy poth e sis of Plate Tec ton ics and the
Or i gin of the Carpathians. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 47: 329– 353.
talnik Geologiczny, 3: 91–101.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M. & Liszkowa, J., 1972. On the beds un der ly ing the Andrychów Klippen (West ern Carpathians). (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geolo-gicznego, 42: 239–269.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M. & Liszkowa, J., 1979. Fa cies changes of the Lgota Beds (Albian) in the Wadowice area (West ern Carpathians). (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Rocznik Pols-kiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 49: 23–42.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M. & Samsonowicz, J., 1952. Zarys geologii Polski. (In Pol ish). Pañstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa, 212 pp.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M. & Skoczylas-Ciszewska, K., 1937. Ein Vergleich des Wienerwald-Flysches mit dem Karpaten-Flysch. Bul le tin del’Académie Po lo naise des Sci ences et des Let tres, Serie A: 493–507; Spraw. PAU, 42: 170; C. R. Acad. Pol., 6: 11.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M. & Soko³owski, S., 1934. Remarques sur la géo-logie des montagnes de Czywczyn (Carpathes Orientales). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 10: 506– 518.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M. & Wieser, T., 1954a. Occurence of tuffites in the Krosno beds of Carpathian Flysch. Bul le tin de l’Académie Po lo naise des Sci ences, Cl. III, 2: 295–297.
Ksi¹¿kiewicz, M. & Wieser, T., 1954b. Up per Cre ta ceous vol ca -nism in the Carpathian Flysch geosyncline. Bul le tin de l’Académie Po lo naise des Sci ences, Cl. III, 2: 199–201. Nowak, J., 1927. Esquisse de la tectonique de la Pologne. (In Pol
-ish, French sum mary). II Zjazd S³owiañskich Geografów, Kraków: 5–160.
Pettijohn, F. J., 1943. Archean sed i men ta tion. Bul le tin of the Geo -log i cal So ci ety of Amer ica, 54.
Uchman, A., 1998. Tax on omy and ethol ogy of the flysch trace fos sils: re vi sion of the Mar ian Ksi¹¿kiewicz col lec tion and stud ies of com ple men tary ma te rial. Annales Societatis Geo-logorum Poloniae, 68: 105–218.
