Contents
Contents 10
Introduction 11
1 Future Linear Colliders and High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments 15
1.1 Future Linear Colliders. . . 16
1.1.1 Physics at Linear Colliders . . . 17
1.1.2 International Linear Collider (ILC) . . . 19
1.1.3 Compact Linear Collider at CERN (CLIC) . . . 21
1.2 Overview of the detector system . . . 23
1.2.1 Vertex detectors . . . 26
1.2.2 Tracking system . . . 27
1.2.3 Calorimetry system . . . 28
1.2.4 Muon system . . . 32
1.3 Forward region of International Large Detector (ILD) . . . 32
1.3.1 Principia of luminosity measurements . . . 34
1.3.2 Overview of Beam Calorimeter (BeamCal) . . . 36
1.3.3 Overview of Luminosity Calorimeter (LumiCal) . . . 37
1.4 Development of the LumiCal readout system . . . 40
1.4.1 LumiCal readout architecture . . . 40
1.4.2 First LumiCal readout prototype . . . 48
2 Testbeam of LumiCal multi-plane prototype 55 2.1 Overview of testbeam instrumentation . . . 56
2.1.1 Mechanical framework . . . 56
2.1.2 Testbeam instrumentation . . . 60
2.2 Analysis components . . . 64
2.2.1 Telescope alignment and tracking . . . 64
2.2.2 Time and amplitude reconstruction . . . 73
2.3 Testbeam results. . . 86
2.3.1 Initial data processing and noise performance . . . 86
2.3.2 Board gain calibration. . . 89
2.3.3 Position reconstruction . . . 92
2.3.4 Shower development . . . 93
3 Development of new readout electronics 99 3.1 Technology comparison . . . 100
10 Contents
3.1.2 Digital circuits . . . 102
3.2 Frond-end electronics (FE) . . . 103
3.2.1 Amplifiers design. . . 105
3.2.2 Front-end electronics measurements . . . 108
3.2.3 Pulse shape considerations . . . 112
3.3 Successive Approximation Register (SAR) ADC . . . 114
3.3.1 Basics of SAR architecture . . . 114
3.3.2 Capacitive DAC in SAR ADC . . . 115
3.3.3 Chosen SAR ADC architecture . . . 123
3.3.4 Measurements of prototype SAR ADCs . . . 129
Summary 143 Acronyms 147 Bibliography 159 List of Figures 164 List of Tables 165 A Detail testbeam analysis results 167 A.1 System noise performance. . . 167
A.2 Board gain calibration by the muon peak Most Probable Value (MPV) . . . 173
A.3 Energy spectra . . . 177
