Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae (2006), vol. 76: 315–319.
DZI ADZIO P. S., GAZDZICKA E., PLOCH E., SMO LEÑ J.,
BI OS TRA TIGRA PHY AND SE QUENCE STRA TIGRA PHY
OF THE LOWER CRE TA CEOUS IN CEN TRAL AND SE PO LAND –
DIS CUS SION
Syl wester MAREK, Anna RAC ZYÑSKA & Krzysz tof LESZC ZYÑSKI*
Pañst wowy In stytut Geo logic zny, ul. Ra kow iecka 4, 00- 975 Warszawa; *e- mail: krzysz tof.leszc zyn ski@pgi.gov.pl
Dzi adzio et al. (2004) made a re vi sion of the up per most Ju ras sic and Lower Cre ta ceous stra tigra phy in bore holes drilled along the south- western bound ary of the P³ock and Lublin Trough and in the Car pa thian Fore land, us ing the se quence stra tigraphic method. These authors sug gest a dif -fer ent model of the geo logi cal struc ture of the re gion from that pre vi ously as sumed for the north- eastern slope of the Giel niów – Holy Cross Mts. area bounded by deep fault zones of Nowe Mi asto – I³¿a (SW–NE) and Nowe Mi asto – Grójec (NW–SE) (Hak en berg & Œwidrowska, 1977; ¯eli -chowski, 1972, 1979; Fig. 1).
Ac cord ing to the pre vi ous views on the geo logi cal struc ture of the mar gins of the Holy Cross Mts and the ad -join ing Lublin re gion (be tween Mag nuszew and Ra dom), an ele va tion in to pog ra phy, show ing up lift ing trends from Ber ria sian (late Vol gian) through early Valang in ian times, ex isted in this area at the Ju ras sic/Cre ta ceous tran si tion (Marek, 1968, 1983a, b, c; Niemc zycka, 1976a, b). The Ra -dom – Mag nuszew area was sub jected to strong ero sion dur ing the Ber ria sian and early Valang in ian, which re sulted in the re moval of part of Kim me ridgian, Ti tho nian, Ber ria -sian and Lower Valang in ian de pos its (Niemc zycka & Brochwicz- Lewiñski, 1988; Gutowski, 1998; Kutek, 1994). The late Valang in ian sea trans gressed north east wards onto a flat Up per Ju ras sic sur face, reach ing the line Wilga – Izdebno – Cie pielów (Fig. 1). The Hau terivian sea con tin -ued the trans gres sive trend. Sub se quently, the Ra dom area be came up lifted and the Mid dle Al bian sea trans gressed onto the Lower Hau terivian, Valang in ian and even Kim me -ridgian base ment (Cieœli ñski & Po¿aryski, 1970). Such a his tory of the evo lu tion of the Ra dom – Mag nuszew area dur ing late Ju ras sic and early Cre ta ceous times is in ferred from both analy ses of drill cores and a cor re la tion of well logs from sev eral tens of deep bore holes and a number of shal low ones drilled in the NE mar gin of the Holy Cross Mts (Ma li nowska, 1970; Krassowska (ed.), 1973, 1977; Niemc zycka (ed.), 1974, 1975; Wit kowski, 1966; D¹bro-wska, 1957).
Ac cord ing to Dzi adzio et al. (2004), bore hole sec tions from the north of the Lublin re gion in di cate stra tigraphic con ti nu ity, span ning the Up per Ju ras sic and Lower Cre ta
ceous in ter val, and thus the lack of stronger di as tro phism re sult ing in de nu da tion pro cesses af fect ing up per most Kim me ridgian through Lower Valang in ian rocks. The spec tacu -lar ex am ple of the con cept is stra tigra phy from the Bia³obrzegi IG 1 bore hole. Part of the sec tion, pre vi ously con sid -ered the Lower Kim me ridgian, was as signed by these authors to the Ti tho nian, Ber ria sian, Valang in ian and Hau terivian, whereas Up per Valang in ian and Hau terivian de -pos its were iden ti fied as Bar re mian and Ap tian–Al bian (Fig. 2).
In the Ra dom – Mag nuszew area, Up per Ju ras sic de -pos its are rep re sented by marls and lime stones, com monly oo lithic and or gan ode tri tal with con glu ti nates of shells and co qui nas com posed of mol luscs and gas tro pods with sub or -di nate cri noids and echi noids. Con glu ti nates of Ex ogyra,
Lo pha and Cu cul lea oys ter shells are es pe cially im por tant
as stra tigraphic in di ca tors. Ac cord ing to Pu gac zewska (1971), Ex ogyra vir gula (Detr.) is known from the Kim me ridgian and Ti tho nian; how ever, it is most fre quent in Kim -me ridgian de pos its of both Po land and Europe (Karc zewski, 1965; Karc zewski in: Krassowska (ed.), 1977). In the more com plete Up per Ju ras sic sec tions from the mar gins of the Holy Cross Mts, simi lar de pos its are docu mented by Kim -me ridgian guide am mon ites (Kutek, 1968, 1969; Malino-wska, 1970; Ma li nowska (ed.), 1988). Apart from macro-fau nal evi dence, Kim me ridgian age of the de pos its has also been proved by mi cro fau nal data; drill core sam ples from the Bia³obr zegi IG 1 bore hole (depth in ter val 1061.3– 1062.7 m) con tain fo ra mini fers and os tra cods of early Kim me -ridgian age (Bielecka, in: Krassowska (ed.), 1977).
The over ly ing Up per Valang in ian de pos its from the depth of 958.0–933.0 m (25- m- thick cored in ter val; Fig. 2) are rep re sented by clay stones and marly mud stones with oc -ca sional sand stone in ter beds. The rocks con tain abun dant mol lusc shells and frag ments of am mon ites found at the depths of 952.1 m, 952.5 m and 952.0 m (Marek, in: Krassowska (ed.), 1977; Marek, 1983c). These are guide am -mon ites of the ge nus Di choto mites (Fig. 3A–G). It is worth not ing that Up per Valang in ian am mon ites of Saynoceras
ver ru co sum d’Or bigny and Pro di choto mites com pla na tus
-kowski, 1966). Fo ra mini fers and oc tra cods from Bia³o-brzegi IG 1, ana lysed by Sztejn (Krassowska (ed.), 1977), and rep re sented by speci mens such as Epis tomina cre tosa Ten Dam, Epis tomina cara colla cara colla (Roe mer), Len
-ticulina no dosa (Re uss), Con or boi des hofkeri (Bart & Brand), Vag inu lina medi cari nata Ten Dam, Pro to cythere
hechti Trie bel and Man do cythere frankei Trie bel, also in di
cate early Valang in ian age. The lat ter spe cies is very char ac -ter is tic of Up per Valang in ian de pos its.
A simi lar mi cro fau nal as sem blage is also cited by Smo -leñ (Dzi adzio et al., 2004; fig. 13) from the Bia³obr zegi IG 1 bore hole. How ever, it is ac com pa nied by Gave li nella bar re
-mi ana Bet tenstedt in di cat ing, ac cord ing to that author, that
the de pos its are of Bar re mian–Ap tian age.
The over ly ing se ries from the depth of 933.0–921.0 m (12 m thick), origi nally in cluded in the Lower Hau terivian,
is rep re sented by clay stones and mud stones with an in ter ven ing sand stone bed (Fig. 2). In fre quent and poorly pre -served bi valves were found in the up per por tion of this cored in ter val. How ever, the most im por tant are am mon ite speci mens from the depths of 924.8 m, 925.5 m and 925.9 m, which most likely rep re sent the ge nus En demo ceras (Fig. 3H–L; Marek, in: Krassowska (ed.), 1977). From that in ter val, Smo leñ (Dzi adzio et al., 2004) cited the fo ra mini fers of Gy roidi noi des aff. in fracre ta ceus, Hed ber gella in
-fracre ta cea and Gave li nella bar re mi ana, typi cal in cited
author’s opin ion, of the Bar re mian and Ap tian. Also nan no -plank ton zones (Zones 10–13) prove, ac cord ing to GaŸ-dzicka (Dzi adzio et al., 2004), Bar re mian–Ap tian age of these rocks.
Put ting aside the prob lem of stra tigraphi cal dat ing of the G³owac zów For ma tion (lack ing of am mon ites;
czycka, 1976a, b; 1978), which is con sid ered Kim me ridgian in the Bia³obr zegi IG 1 bore hole, the most con tro ver sial is -sue is the sug gested stra tigraphic po si tion of the over ly ing Bia³obr zegi and W³oc³awek for ma tions con tain ing frag -ments of am mon ites (Marek & Rac zyñska, 1979; Marek, 1983a, 1988; Leszc zyñski, 1997; Marek & Pajchlowa (ed.), 1997). A con sid er able ob jec tion should be raised as to in -clud ing of de pos its con tain ing frag ments of Di choto mites am mon ites to the Bar re mian–Ap tian, on the ba sis of mi cro -fau nal and nan no plank ton de ter mi na tions. So, there is an ob vi ous dis crep ancy be tween the re sults of mi cro fau nal and
mi cro plank tonic stud ies and the ammonite based stra tigra -phy whose im por tance seems to be ir refu ta ble (Fig. 3A–G).
Also con tro ver sial is the con cept that the over ly ing se quence with poorly pre served frag ments of am mon ites, rep -re sent ing most likely the ge nus En demo ceras in dica tive of early Hau terivian age, be longs to the Ap tian and Al bian. Not only mi cro fau nal and nan no plank ton de ter mi na tions were the ba sis for such a con clu sion; fur ther more, the am mon ite found at the depth of 925.9 m (Fig. 3I–L) and re -ported as En demo ceras (ex gr. noricum- enode) was now re- identified to be Lower Ap tian De shaye sites sp. (Dzi adzio
LOWER CRE TA CEOUS IN CEN TRAL AND SE PO LAND – DIS CUS SION
317
et al., 2004). The state of pres er va tion of the speci men, in
par ticu lar of its ven tral sur face, pre vents un am bi gu ous iden -ti fi ca -tion. How ever, re lief of its side, es pe cially sig moi dally curved ribs (not ob served in De shaye sites speci mens), sug -gests that this is a Lower Hau terivian am mon ite of the ge nus
En demo ceras. In ad di tion, the pres ence of ven tral knobs
and thus of a ven tral fur row is more prob able than the lack of the fea tures. Hau terivian age of this se quence is also in di -cated by its po si tion im me di ately above Up per Valang in ian de pos its con tain ing Di choto mites fauna. It is worth not ing that sin gle am mon ite speci mens of pre sumed Ap tian–Al -bian age were found in much younger beds of the Gop³o
Mem ber (Mro zek, 1975; Marek, 1977, 1983c; Rac zyñska, 1979; Marek & Rac zyñska, 1979).
The se quence stra tigraphic method, em ployed by Dzia-dzio et al. (2004) and based on in ter pre ta tion of well logs sup ported by bi os tra tigraphic data, un doubt edly pro vides a more re li able cor re la tion scheme of se quence bounda ries, es pe cially higher- order ones, and thus pro duc ing a model of sedi men tary ba sin evo lu tion over large ar eas. How ever, if the sedi men tary ba sin is lo cally sub jected to stronger tec tonic ac tiv ity and vari able sub si dence rate, there is an in -creased risk of cor re lat ing se quences of dif fer ent ages. It should also be borne in mind that, on the one side, vari ous
Fig. 3. Lower Cre ta ceous ammonites from the Bia³obrzegi IG 1 bore hole. A – Dichotomites sp., PGI Mu seum 1652.II.291 (195), Bia³obrzegi IG 1 (952.1 m), Up per Valanginian; B – Dichotomites sp. (ex gr. bidichotomus-crassus Kemper 1978), PGI Mu seum 1652.II.276 (180), Bia³obrzegi IG 1 (952.5 m), Up per Valanginian; C – Dichotomites sp. (ex gr. bidichotomus-crassus Kemper 1978), PGI Mu seum 1652.II.277 (181), Bia³obrzegi IG 1 (952.5 m), Up per Valanginian; D – Dichotomites sp. (cf. bidichotomus Leymerie 1814), PGI Mu seum 1652.II.278 (182), Up per Valanginian; E – Dichotomites sp. (cf. bidichotomus Leymerie 1814), PGI Mu seum 1652.II.278a (182a), Bia³obrzegi IG 1 (952.9 m), Up per Valanginian; F – Dichotomites sp., PGI Mu seum 1665.II.77, Bia³obrzegi IG 1 (952.5 m), Up -per Valanginian; G – Dichotomites sp. (ex gr. bidichotomus Leymerie 1814), PGI Mu seum 1652.II.78, Bia³obrzegi IG 1 (952.5 m), Up -per Valanginian; H – Endemoceras sp., PGI Mu seum 1665.II.306, Bia³obrzegi IG 1 (924.8 m), Lower Hauterivian; I – Endemoceras sp., PGI Mu seum 1665.II.307, Bia³obrzegi IG 1 (924.8 m), Lower Hauterivian; J – Endemoceras sp., PGI Mu seum 1665.II.308, Bia³obrzegi IG 1 (925.5 m), Lower Hauterivian; K – Endemoceras sp., PGI Mu seum 1665.II.308a, Bia³obrzegi IG 1 (925.5 m), Lower Hauterivian; L – Endemoceras sp. (ex gr. noricum-enode), PGI Mu seum 1665.II.111, Bia³obrzegi IG 1 (925.9 m), Lower Hauterivian
li tholo gies may gen er ate simi lar rec ord on well logs but, on the other side, simi lar li tholo gies can re peat edly ap pear along the sec tion. The prin ci pal prob lem is the sharp dis -crep ancy be tween the stra tigra phy based on am mon ites typi cal of the Bo real Prov ince and the re sults of in ves ti ga tions of cal care ous nan no plank ton dis tinc tive of the Te thyan stra tigraphic schemes. It should be stressed that pe lagic and free swimming am mon ites al ways have an ad van tage over pas sive and sea current transported nan no plank -ton.
REF ER ENCES
Cieœliñski, S. & Po¿arski, W., 1970. Cre ta ceous. In: The stra tig ra -phy of the Me so zoic in the mar gin of the Góry Œwiêtokrzyskie. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Prace Instytutu Geologicz-nego, 56: 185–231.
D¹browska, Z., 1957. Pro file of beds on the bound ary of the Ju ras sic and Cre ta ceous at Krzy¿anowice near I³¿a (Mid dle Po -land). (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Biuletyn Instytutu Geo-logicznego, 105: 205–216.
Dziadzio, P. S., GaŸdzicka E., Ploch E., Smoleñ J., 2004. Biostra tig ra phy and se quence Biostra tig ra phy of the Lower Cre ta -ceous in Cen tral and SE Po land. Annales Societatis Geolo-gorum Poloniae, 74: 125–196.
Gutowski, J., 1998. Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian of the north-east ern mar gin of the Holy Cross Moun tains, Cen tral Po land. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 42: 59–72.
Hakenberg, M. & Œwidrowska, J., 1997. Prop a ga tion of the southeast ern seg ment of the Pol ish Trough con nected with bound -ing fault zones from the Perm ian to the Late Ju ras sic. Com-ptes rendus de l’Académie des Sci ences Paris, Serie Iia, 324: 793–803.
Karczewski, L., 1965. Fauna and stra tig ra phy of the Malm in the vi cin ity of Radomsko. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 192: 97–145.
Krassowska, A. (ed.), 1973. Pro file g³êbokich otworów wiertni-czych Instytutu Geologicznego. Magnuszew IG 1. (In Pol ish). Zeszyt 4, Warszawa.
Krassowska, A. (ed.), 1977. Pro file g³êbokich otworów wiertni-czych Instytutu Geologicznego. Bia³obrzegi IG 1. (In Pol ish). Zeszyt 38, Warszawa.
Kutek, J., 1968. The Kimmeridgian and up per most Oxfordian in the SW mar gins of the Holy Cross Mts (Cen tral Po land). Part I – Stra tig ra phy. Acta Geologica Polonica, 18: 493–586. Kutek, J., 1969. The Kimmeridgian and up per most Oxfordian in
the SW mar gins of the Holy Cross Mts (Cen tral Po land). Part I – Paleogeography. Acta Geologica Polonica, 19: 222–321. Kutek, J., 1994. Ju ras sic tec tonic events in south-east ern cratonic
Po land. Acta Geologica Polonica, 44: 167–221.
Leszczyñski, K., 1997. The Lower Cre ta ceous depositional ar chi -tec ture and sed i men tary cyclicity in the Mid-Pol ish Trough. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 41: 509–520.
Malinowska, L., 1970. Up per Ju ras sic. In: The stra tig ra phy of the Me so zoic in the mar gin of the Góry Œwiêtokrzyskie. (In Pol -ish, Eng lish sum mary). Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 56: 135–184.
Malinowska, L. (Ed.), 1988. Ge ol ogy of Po land. At las of guide and char ac ter is tic fos sils. Me so zoic, Ju ras sic. Part 2b. Wy-dawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa, 476 pp.
Marek, S., 1968. Out line of the Lower Cre ta ceous stra tig ra phy in the mar ginal trough. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Kwar-talnik Geologiczny, 12: 345–368.
Marek, S., 1977. Kreda dolna. In: Marek, S. (ed.), Geo log i cal struc ture of the east ern part of the Mogilno-£ódŸ Trough. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 80: 83–99.
Marek, S., 1983a. The Neocomian in the War saw – Radom area (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 27: 287–297.
Marek, S., 1983b. Lithological-strati graphic char ac ter is tics of the Lower Cre ta ceous in the zone of the Grójec Fault. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 344: 111–117.
Marek, S., 1983c. Lower Cre ta ceous. In: Marek, S. (ed.), The geo log i cal struc ture of the War saw (P³ock) Trough and its base -ment. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Prace Instytutu Geolo-gicznego, 103: 161–177.
Marek, S., 1988. Palaeothickness, lithofacies and palaeotectonics of the epicontinental Lower Cre ta ceous in Po land. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 32: 157–174. Marek, S. & Raczyñska, A., 1979. Lithostratigraphic sub di vi sion
of epicontinental Lower Cre ta ceous in Po land and pro pos als for its re ar range ment. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Kwar-talnik Geologiczny, 23: 631–637.
Marek, S. & Pajchlowa, M. (Eds.), 1997. The epicontinental Per-mian and Me so zoic in Po land. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Prace Pañstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 153, 452 pp. Mrozek, K., 1975. Budowa geologiczna struktur wg³êbnych w
po³udniowej czêœci synklinorium ³ódzkiego. (In Pol ish). Wy-dawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa, 61 pp.
Niemczycka, T. (ed.), 1974. Pro file g³êbokich otworów wiertni-czych Instytutu Geologicznego. Ciepielów IG 1. Zeszyt 20, Warszawa.
Niemczycka, T. (ed.), 1975. Pro file g³êbokich otworów wiertni-czych Instytutu Geologicznego. Zeszyt 26. B¹kowa IG 1. Warszawa.
Niemczycka, T., 1976a. Up per Ju ras sic rocks of the east ern Po land area (be tween the Vistula and the Bug Rivers. (In Pol ish, Eng -lish sum mary). Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 77: 1–99. Niemczycka, T., 1976b. Lithostratigraphy of Up per Ju ras sic de
-pos its in the Lublin – Radom area (SE Po land). (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Acta Geologica Polonica, 26: 569–601. Niemczycka, T., 1978. The Mid dle Ju ras sic and Lower Oxfordian
lithofacies in the Lublin – Radom area. Acta Geologica Polo-nica., 28: 485–501.
Niemczycka, T. & Brochwicz-Lewiñski, W., 1988. Evo lu tion of the Up per Ju ras sic sed i men tary ba sin in the Pol ish Low lands. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 32: 137–155.
Pugaczewska, H., 1971. Ju ras sic Ostreidae of Po land. Acta Pala-eontologica Polonica, 16: 195–311.
Raczyñska, A., 1979. The stra tig ra phy and lithofacies de vel op ment of the youn ger Lower Cre ta ceous in the Pol ish Low -lands. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Prace Instytutu Geolo-gicznego, 89: 1–78.
Witkowski, A., 1966. Re marks on the NE Lower Cre ta ceous mar -gin of the Œwiêty Krzy¿ Mts. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Przegl¹d Geologiczny, 12: 517–521.
¯elichowski, A. M., 1972. Evo lu tion of the geo log i cal struc ture of the area be tween the Góry Œwiêtokrzyskie and the River Bug. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicz-nego, 263: 7–95.
¯elichowski, A. M., 1979. Geo log i cal struc ture of the Mar ginal Ba sin base ment at the bound ary of its War saw and Lublin sec tions. (In Pol ish, Eng lish sum mary). Kwartalnik Geolo-giczny, 23: 125–139.
