Leszek Lindner & Leszek Marks

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae (2013), vol. 83: 29–36.

OR I GIN AND AGE OF PLEIS TO CENE ‘MIXED GRAV ELS’

IN THE NORTH ERN FORE LAND OF THE CARPATHIANS

Leszek LINDNER & Leszek MARKS

Uni ver sity of War saw, De part ment of Cli mate Ge ol ogy, ¯wirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 War saw, Po land; e-mail: l.lindner@uw.edu.pl, leszek.marks@uw.edu.pl

Lindner, L. & Marks, L., 2013. Or i gin and age of Pleis to cene ‘mixed grav els’ in the north ern fore land of the Carpathians. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 83: 29–36.

Ab stract. Ac cu mu la tions of peb bles in the north ern fore land of the Carpathians in Ukraine and Po land, com posed

mostly of Carpathian sand stones, but with a small ad mix ture of Scan di na vian rocks, have been known for many years as the ‘mixed grav els’. The oc cur rence of these grav els in the San–Dnistr and Vistula–Odra interfluves proves that they are of flu vial or i gin and were de pos ited by rivers that flowed north wards dur ing the Podlasian (Martonosha and Shirokino) and Ferdynandovian (Lubny) Interglacials. The Scan di na vian ma te rial was de rived from eroded gla cial de pos its of Nidanian (Turskian) and Sanian 1 (Vyzhivskian, equiv a lent to Donian) Glaciations.

Key words: flu vial inter gla cial de pos its, Carpathian and Scan di na vian er rat ics, early Mid dle Pleis to cene,

nort-h ern fore land of Carpatnort-hians, Ukraine and Po land

Manu script re ceived 28 March 2013, ac cepted 3 July 2013

IN TRO DUC TION

The or i gin and age of the so-called ‘mixed grav els’ is among the more im por tant prob lems of re search on the Qua -ter nary in the north ern fore land of the Carpathians. The term was in tro duced into geo log i cal lit er a ture about 130 years ago in Aus trian Galicia (Hilber, 1882; Tietze, 1883; Uhlig, 1883) for ac cu mu la tions of clastic ma te rial, do minated by grav els of Carpathian der i va tion, but with an ad mix -ture of Scan di na vian rocks. In the ‘mixed grav els’ type area of the San–Dnistr and Vistula–Odra interfluves (Fig. 1) the per cent age of Scan di na vian er rat ics is 5–10% (Stupnicka, 1962; £anczont, 1997). The mixed grav els have been gen er -ally iden ti fied ei ther south wards of the ex ten sive till area of the youn gest South Pol ish Gla ci ation (Sanian 2 = Okanian) or be neath/above this till (£anczont et al., 2011).

The oc cur rence of the mixed grav els be neath the till seems ob vi ous, be cause of the ero sion of them by the youn -ger Carpathian rivers. How ever, their lo ca tion be yond the ex tent of the till is more prob lem atic. The lat ter is even more in ter est ing if a pos si ble ad vance of the Scan di na vian ice sheet dur ing the Mid dle Pleis to cene gla ci ation (Nidanian?, Sanian 1, equiv a lent to Donian?) is con sid ered (cf. Lindner, 2001; Boguckyj et al., 2004; Gozhik et al., 2012). In the pres ent pa per, a dis cus sion of the or i gin and lo ca tion of the mixed grav els is based mainly on an anal y sis of youn ger inter gla cial de pos its that oc cur in the north ern fore land of the Carpathians.

HIS TORY OF IN VES TI GA TIONS

AND PRES ENT STATE OF KNOWL EDGE

Knowl edge of the or i gin of the mixed grav els in di cates (cf. £anczont 1997; £anczont et al., 2011) that they can be treated as gla cial, re de pos ited gla cial, dam-lake or flu vial de pos its.

The mixed grav els were treated as gla cial de pos its by £oziñski (1909), who an a lyzed gla cial phe nom ena at the edge of the de pos its cov er ing the Pleis to cene along the Carpathians and the Sudetes, and by Friedberg (1906), who iden ti fied them in the interfluves of San and Dnistr where they were con sid ered to de mar cate the south ern limit of the Scan di na vian glaciations. Romer (1907) also found large Scan di na vian boul ders to the south-east of Przemyœl and con sid ered them to be ev i dence for the ad vance of the Scan -di na vian ice sheet in this area. Laskowska-Wysoczañska and Wysoczañski-Minkowicz (1992) in ter preted the mixed grav els as an age equiv a lent of a till of the Cracovian (i.e. South Pol ish) Gla ci ation. These grav els con tained not only flysch ma te rial, but also red and gray gran ites, gneiss es, por phy ries and Scan di na vian quartzitic sand stones (Uhlig, 1883, 1884, 1888). They were found to rep re sent di rectly a till, de pos ited by gla cial lobes that en tered the Carpathian val leys from the north.

Halicki (1951) and Stupnicka (1962) found the mixed grav els to have been a prod uct of re de pos ited gla cial de pos -its. There fore, they con sid ered their or i gin and de po si tion to

be not fully con nected with the di rect pres ence of the Scan -di na vian ice sheet in the interfluves of the Vistula and the Odra, es pe cially in the Cieszyn Fore land and south-west ern Oœwiêcim Ba sin. They as cribed these grav els in this area to youn ger river ter races and to al lu vial fans.

Other sci en tists con nected the or i gin of the mixed grav -els with deltaic de po si tion in dammed res er voirs. Ac cord ing to Przepiórski (1938), the wa ters of the Carpathian rivers flooded a rel a tively thin ice body dur ing the ad vance of the Scan di na vian ice sheet to the north ern edge of the Carpa-thians, spread ing both flysch and Scan di na vian ma te ri als that were fi nally de pos ited in vast dammed res er voirs. Also Teisseyre (1938) found that the grav els, de pos ited in such res er voirs in the vi cin ity of Sambor, were de rived both from the Carpathians and from the gla cial tills.

These opin ions are close to the view that de po si tion of the mixed grav els oc curred in var i ous flow ing wa ters, ei ther flu vial, glaciofluvial or fluvio-periglacial (£omnicki, 1900; Szajnocha, 1901). There fore, the grav els men tioned could be chan nel de pos its of lat eral rivers, sup plied with both Car- pathian and gla cial meltwaters. The de po si tion of these gra-vels could oc cur, not only dur ing ice sheet ad vance (Paw-³owski, 1920), but also dur ing its time of max i mum ex tent and the deglaciation that fol lowed (Ksi¹¿kiewicz, 1935).

PALAEO GEO GRAPHI CAL

RE CON STRUC TION

Most stud ies of the San–Dnistr and Vistula–Odra interfluves found the mixed grav els to have been ev i dence of a Scan di na vian gla ci ation dur ing the late Early and early Mid dle Pleis to cene (cf. Lindner et al., 2013). How ever, tak ing such a gen eral view into con sid er ation, there is the ques tion of whether these grav els re ally rep re sent a gla cial ep i -sode and if so, which one of the three pos si ble (Nidanian, Sanian 1 or Sanian 2). Al ter na tively, per haps, they rep re sent a re sid uum of gla cial de pos its that were eroded by the Car-pathian rivers. There fore, they should in di cate an ero

sional-30

Fig. 1. Age and ex tents of Scan di na vian ice sheet and main sites of inter gla cial de pos its in north ern fore land of the Carpathians (mod i -fied af ter Lindner, 2001)

Fig. 2. Oc cur rence of Qua ter nary de pos its in Vistula val ley be -tween Ustroñ and Skoczów (sim pli fied, af ter Stupnicka, 1962)

depositional ep i sode dur ing the ter mi nal part of the gla ci -ation and partly also dur ing the inter gla cial that fol lowed.

To an swer these ques tions, the prob lem of the or i gin of the mixed grav els and also their palaeo geo graphi cal set ting should be dis cussed first. The most re li able ex pla na tion seems to be the de po si tion of these grav els in the Vistula val ley and in its trib u tar ies in the interfluves of the Vistula and the Odra in the bor der area of the Cieszyn Fore land and the Oœwiêcim Ba sin. Ac cord ing to Stupnicka (1962), the mixed grav els, also ex am ined in this area by Ksi¹¿kiewicz (1935), were lo cated mainly on the west ern side of the Vis-tula val ley and its trib u tary, the Radoñ, be tween Ustroñ in the south and Skoczów in the north (Fig. 2). These grav els, de scribed at sev eral ex po sures, were up to 30 m thick and were un der lain by lower sands, de fined by Ksi¹¿kiewicz (1935) as the ‘gla cial sands’ de pos ited dur ing the max i mum ex tent of the Scan di na vian ice sheet. They should rep re sent de pos its formed ‘in re sult of mix ing of wa ters with gla cial ma te rial and the Carpathian wa ters with flysch peb bles’. In the north ern part of the area, they oc curred at the land sur -face, build ing a dis tinct ter race at both sides of the Vistula val ley. They were over lain in the south by the Late Pleis to -cene al lu vial clays of ‘the Ustroñ fan’ (Fig. 3; Stupnicka, 1962).

Ac cord ing to the pres ent au thors, these mixed grav els at Koñczyce (about 12 km to the west of Skoczów) pre sum ably cor re spond with the su pratill grav els of the ‘up per flu vial se ries’ and with the inter gla cial ‘lower se ries of the or -ganic silts’ at the bot tom (Koñczyce C af ter Wójcik et al., 2004). These grav els are up to 6 m thick and are com posed

mainly of peb bles of Carpathian sand stones, among which ‘there were sin gle grav els of crys tal line Scan di na vian rocks’. Their oc cur rence was con nected with the ero sion of gla cial de pos its (Wójcik et al., 2004). The age of these grav els (Fig. 4) can be de ter mined on the ba sis of ref er ence to the over ly ing ‘up per se ries of or ganic silts’ of the Ferdynan-dovian Inter gla cial, with the Brunhes/Matuyama bound ary (780 ka BP) at the bot tom. The lat ter proves that de po si tion of grav els of ‘the up per flu vial se ries’ at Koñczyce could have been ini ti ated at the ter mi na tion of the older gla ci ation (Nidanian in Fig. 6) and con tin ued dur ing the youn ger inter -gla cial. There fore, it seems pos si ble that the mixed grav els of the Vistula and Odra interfluves could rep re sent flu vial de pos its, de pos ited mainly dur ing an inter gla cial pe riod in this part of Po land af ter the first, more ex ten sive Scan di na -vian gla ci ation.

In the case of the San and Dnistr interfluves (Fig. 5), the mixed grav els were de pos ited, ac cord ing to the opin ions of all of the au thors cited, also dur ing or af ter the first ad vance of the Scan di na vian ice sheet. The ques tion is: was it the same ice sheet as in the Oœwiêcim Ba sin? Such a di lemma could be solved by re fer ring to the geo log i cal set ting of the site with inter gla cial de pos its at Krukienichi (Figs 1, 5). This site has been re cently re-ex am ined and lake-marshy de pos its of the Mazovian (Likhvin) Inter gla cial were found above a till of the Sanian 2 (Okanian) Gla ci ation (£anczont

et al., 2003). It is to be em pha sized that be low this till there

are sands, un der lain by thick (8–10 m) Carpathian grav els with crys tal line ma te rial of Scan di na vian der i va tion (Boguckij et al., 1980; Nowak, 2000), in ter preted as flu vial de

-OR I GIN AND AGE OF PLEIS TO CENE ‘MIXED GRAV ELS’

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Fig. 3. Sche matic geo log i cal sec tions A–B and C–D across the Up per Vistula val ley (sim pli fied, af ter Stupnicka, 1962); for lo ca tion, see Fig. 2

32

Fig. 4. Frag ment of geo log i cal sec tion across Qua ter nary de pos its in vi cin ity of Koñczyce (mod i fied af ter Wójcik et al., 2004); the palaeomagnetic Brunhes/Matuyama bound ary is in di cated

Fig. 5. Sites with mixed grav els in the San and Dnistr interfluves (sup ple mented, af ter £anczont, 1997). A – site with the mixed grav -els, in di cated are: al ti tude of the top (nu mer a tor), bot tom (de nom i na tor) and height above val ley bot tom (in brack ets)

pos its of the Ferdynandovian Inter gla cial (Lindner, 1992). Pre sum ably, their de po si tion could be a re sult of the ero sion of older de pos its, that is, of the Sanian 1 (Donian) Glaciation (Gozhik et al., 2012). Such an in ter pre ta Glaciation makes ge -netic and age cor re la tion of these grav els with the mixed grav els in this area pos si ble (Fig. 6). They were con sid ered by £anczont (1997) and £anczont et al. (2011) as the ‘pri -mary (transgressive) mixed grav els’.

The oc cur rence of a till of the Sanian 1 Gla ci ation at the north ern edge of the Carpathians was in di cated by the lower till in the Zarzecze brickyard (Fig. 1; cf. Malata and Wójcik, 1999). This till was not iden ti fied by £anczont et al. (2000), whereas the up per till and un der ly ing sands, varved clays and a lag con cen trate were cor re lated with the Sanian 2 Gla -ci ation. How ever, this site was in di cated by £anczont et al. (2000) and £anczont and Wojtanowicz (2005) in the cross-sec tion Zalesie–Zarzecze, where pres ence of the ice sheet of the Sanian 1 Gla ci ation seems to be rep re sented by the lo-wer till in the Zalesie bore hole and, af ter the ero sion of it, by a lag con cen trate iden ti fied in the Zarzecze sec tion, mentio-ned above.

Pos si ble ad vances of the Scan di na vian ice sheet (Sa-nian 1 equiv a lent to Do(Sa-nian and Sa(Sa-nian 2 equiv a lent to Okanian) in this area are also in di cated in the key sec tion at Dubanievichi (Fig. 5). A till of the Sanian 2 Gla ci ation, with a gravel and boul der lag at the bot tom, is un der lain by loesslike de pos its with pock ets of a till of the Sanian 1 Gla -ci ation (Boguckij et al., 2004). It is as sumed in other pa pers con sid er ing this area that a till or a relic lag to the south of the Dnistr-Stryvihor val ley sys tem should rep re sent the Sambor Phase and to the north of it, the Krukienichi Phase of the same Sanian 2 Gla ci ation (Bogucki et al., 2000, 2009; Boguckij and £anczont, 2011; Jacyszyn et al., 2011).

Such a gen eral pat tern of the Scan di na vian ice sheet lim its, inter gla cial de pos its and mixed grav els in the inter-fluves of the Vistula–Odra (e.g. in the Oœwiêcim Ba sin) and of the San–Dnistr was re con sid ered and cor re lated with inter gla cial palaeobotanic se quences and ice sheet lim its in the Sandomierz Ba sin (Fig. 6). The last re-ex am i na tion of pre vi ous in ves ti ga tions (Gozhik et al., 2012) proved that a subtill fos sil flora from the site £owisko rep re sented the Kozi Grzbiet (Domuratovian) Inter gla cial (Malopolanian af ter Stuchlik and Wójcik, 2001), whereas supratill or ganic de pos its at Bukowina (Granoszewski, 1999) cor re sponded to the Ferdynandovian Inter gla cial. Pre sum ably, it ex cludes a pos si ble ice-sheet ad vance of the Sanian 2 Gla ci ation to the north ern edge of the Carpathians. The subtill or ganic de -pos its at Jasionka, con nected with the lgod warm ing in Denmark (cf. D¹browski (1967), should cor re spond with the Kozi Grzbiet Inter gla cial (cf. G³azek et al. 1976). The older grav els with crys tal line ma te rial and Lower Tri as sic (Werfenian) quartzites in this sec tion were found to have been de rived from the Tatra Moun tains (cf. Laskowska-Wysoczañska, 1967a, b). The over ly ing till in turn is older than the lake de pos its at Adamówka that rep re sent the Ma-zovian Inter gla cial (Biñka et al., 1987) and quite eas ily could be cor re lated with the sites of this inter gla cial in the Odra drain age ba sin at Goœciêcin, Stanowice and Katowice (Nita, 2009) and with inter gla cial de pos its at Krukienichi, in west ern Ukraine (£anczont et al., 2003).

FI NAL RE MARKS AND CON CLU SIONS

All of the data pre sented sug gest most con vinc ingly that the mixed grav els are mostly of flu vial, partly

fluvio-peri-OR I GIN AND AGE OF PLEIS TO CENE ‘MIXED GRAV ELS’

33

Fig. 6. Age and ex tent of Scan di na vian ice sheets against inter gla cial sites with fos sil flora and lo ca tion of the mixed grav els in the north ern fore land of the Carpathians; MIS – ma rine iso tope stages

gla cial and partly inter gla cial or i gin. De po si tion of these grav els oc curred usu ally to the north of the ar eas with in situ oc cur rences of rocks of the Carpathian flysch, that is, to the north of the Carpathian nappes (Fig. 5). Pre dom i nance of Carpathian over Scan di na vian ma te rial in these grav els proves un equiv o cally the pre vail ing role of the Carpathian rivers. When flow ing from the south north wards, they first eroded flysch rocks and then the ac cu mu la tions of freshly de pos ited gla cial de pos its.

In the interfluves of the Vistula and the Odra, these rivers shaped the val ley bot toms, in clined from 350–340 m a.s.l. near Ustroñ and Skoczów to about 270–260 m a.s.l. near Koñczyce. Also in the case of the interfluves of the San and the Dnistr, the val ley bot toms oc curred from 350–337 m a.s.l. near Dubrivka and Susidovichi to 280–275 m a.s.l. near Przemyœl (Fig. 6) and about 260 m a.s.l. near Krukienichi. These facts prob a bly sup port the idea of the oc cur -rence of bur ied val ley sys tems that are slop ing north wards in both interfluves. There fore, they sup port a flu vial or i gin for the grav els de scribed.

The de po si tion of the mixed grav els in the interfluves of the Vistula and the Odra fol lowed the in ci sion of a till that was older than the Brunhes/Matuyama bound ary (780 kyrs BP). This gla ci ation was named the Olza Gla ci ation or the Carpathian Gla ci ation and was cor re lated with the Narevian Gla ci ation in the Pol ish Low land (Wójcik et al., 2004). The pres ent state of knowl edge sug gests (Lindner, 2009; Gozhik

et al., 2012) that this till should be cor re lated with the Nidanian Gla ci ation (Fig. 6). Re cent re-ex am i na tion of the Pol ish stra tig ra phy (Lindner et al., 2013) proved that the warm ing, cor re spond ing to the ac tiv ity of rivers that eroded gla cial de pos its of this gla ci ation, should be re ferred to the ter mi nal part of the youn ger, triop ti mal Podlasian Inter gla -cial. This inter gla cial com prises the over lap ping pe ri ods of warm ing, rep re sented by Augustovian and Domuratovian pol len suc ces sions, the lat ter be ing an age equiv a lent of the Kozi Grzbiet Inter gla cial (Fig. 6).

In the case of the San and Dnistr interfluves, the mixed grav els to the south of the Dnistr-Stryvihor val ley sys tem quite com monly oc cur be neath ae olian de pos its (Bogucki et

al., 1999). There fore, they seem to be a relic of the eroded

de pos its of the older gla ci ation, con sid ered by the au thors cited to rep re sent the older Sambor Phase of the Sanian 2 Gla ci ation, and by oth ers (cf. Gozhik et al., 2012; Lindner et

al., 2013) the Sanian 1 Gla ci ation. Such an opin ion strongly

con firms the sug ges tion of Przepiórski (1938), who found two boul der ho ri zons in the mixed grav els at Pikulice, near Przemyœl, that they are ev i dence of two ad vances of the Scandinavian ice sheet. The ev i dence pre sented here in di cates that these grav els are youn ger than the Sanian 1 Gla ci -ation and rep re sent mainly the Ferdynandovian Inter gla cial (Lubny).

The ma te rial pre sented and the at tempt to in ter pret its palaeo ge ogra phy sug gest that the area of the interfluves of the Vistula and the Odra, which was more open north wards, was oc cu pied by the Scan di na vian ice sheet al ready dur ing the Nidanian Gla ci ation (MIS 22). In the re main ing part of the north ern fore land of the Carpathians, in clud ing the interfluves of the San and the Dnistr, the ice sheet was at its most ex ten sive later, dur ing the Sanian 1 Gla ci ation (MIS 16). There fore, this was much ear lier than sug gested by Mojski (2005), but in agree ment with the in ves ti ga tions of Zimnal and Marciniec (2005). The ex tent of the ice sheet dur ing the youn ger Sanian 2 Gla ci ation (MIS 12) was smaller (Figs 1, 7). It reached the Lower Nida drain age ba sin (Lindner, 1988), the north ern part of the Sandomierz Ba -sin and the San–Dnistr interfluve (Gozhik et al., 2012).

There fore, de po si tion of the mixed grav els as a flu vial ac cu mu la tion, re sult ing from the ero sion of the gla cial se -ries of the Nidanian and Sanian 1 Glaciations by the Carpa-thian rivers, oc curred in the whole north ern fore land of the Carpathians (Fig. 7). These grav els are best pre served within the Vistula–Odra and San–Dnistr interfluves, ow ing to their wa ter shed lo ca tion and re lated mi nor

post-deposi-34

Fig. 7. Palaeo geo graphi cal sketch of val ley pat tern, mak ing ac cu mu la tion of the mixed grav els pos si ble in the north ern fore land of the Carpathians, and lim its of Scan di na vian glaciations

tional ero sion. Such gravel ac cu mu la tions must have oc -curred also at the mouths of most Carpathian rivers. Dur ing the Podlasian and Ferdynandovian interglacials the Vistula, So³a and Skawa Rivers flowed north-west wards to the Odra val ley. The wa ters of the Raba, Dunajec, Wis³oka, Wis³ok and San en tered the Fore-Carpathian chan nel (among oth ers £oziñski, 1909; Teisseyre, 1938; Laskowska-Wysoczañ-ska, 1971, 1995; Wojtanowicz, 1978; Nitychoruk, 1991; Zimnal, 2001) and flowed eastwards to the pres ent Dnistr val ley.

The palaeo geo graphi cal de vel op ment of a flu vial pat tern in the north ern fore land of the Carpathians, as pre -sented above, cor re sponds to the val ley sys tem of Starkel (1984), de vel oped dur ing both the Tiglian Inter gla cial in the Odra drain age ba sin and the South Pol ish Gla ci ation in the Dnistr drain age ba sin.

Ac knowl edge ments

The valu able com ments of Petro Voloshyn (Lviv Uni ver sity, Ukraine) and the anon y mous re viewer were of great help in im -prov ing the manu script. Spe cial thanks are given to the Ed i tor-in-Chief, Al fred Uchman, for his ed i to rial re marks.

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