SURVEY OF LITERATURE 1951- 1952 275
Fritz Schulz, Classical Roman Law. Oxford, At the Claren-don Press 1951.
This b o o k — in c o n t r a s t t o m o s t m o d e r n t e x t books of R o m a n P r i v a t e L a w — is concerned only w i t h Classical L a w i. e. t h e pri-v a t e law of t h e period f r o m A u g u s t u s till Diocletian. I t aims t o declinate t h e b r o a d outlines of t h a t l a w ; t o describe t h e legal insti-t u insti-t i o n s a n d insti-t o r e n d e r insti-t h e m u n d e r s insti-t a n d a b l e as sociological pheno-m e n a . As t h e b o o k quotes t e x t s a n d sources s u p p l e pheno-m e n t e d w i t h full also w i t h papyrological bibliographies it will be not only for t h e r o m a n i s t s b u t also f o r t h e papyrologists of t h e highest impor-t a n c e .
M a x K ä s e r , Römische Rechtsgeschichte. Göttingen 1950. I n this t e x t - b o o k § 35 is d e v o t e d t o t h e n a t i o n a l laws. T h e a u t h o r emphasizes t h a t also a f t e r t h e C. A. in t h e f r o n t i e r districts of t h e R o m a n E m p i r e t h e r e was applied a law which d e v i a t e d in a con-siderable m a n n e r f r o m t h e law practised in t h e v e r y R o m e a n d it a p p e a r s t h a t t h e local laws of various n a t i o n s in t h e provinces o p e r a t e d s t r o n g l y even a f t e r t h e g r a n t of citizenship a n d t h a t t h e R o m a n law slowly gained g r o u n d in these provinces. This peculiar p h e n o m e n o n is chiefly observed in E g y p t . As t o t h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e p a p y r i t h e reference is also given on p. 66, 144, 185. 11. T a u b e n s c h l a g , Introduction to the Law of the Papyri
(Archi-ves du droit o r i e n t a l vol. V I ) .
W o l f g a n g K u n k e l , Herkunft und soziale Stellung der rö-mischen Juristen ( F o r s c h u n g e n z u m r ö m i s c h e n R e c h t hg. v o n Max K ä s e r , H a n s Kreller u n d W o l f g a n g K u n k e l ) 1952. This s t u d y in R o m a n L a w is also for t h e p a p y r o l o g i s t s of high i n t e r e s t . Chiefly of a c c o u n t are t h e lists of j u r i s t s on p . 269/70 a n d t h e discussion on t h e activities of νομικοί a n d t h e R o m a n juris-p r u d e n c e in E g y juris-p t (juris-p. 355 f f ) . T h e a u t h o r establishes on t h e g r o u n d of a carefully collected m a t e r i a l t h a t in E g y p t d u r i n g t h e second a n d t h e t h i r d centuries A. D . a pair of h u m b l e lawyers professio-nally m a d e use of t h e i r k n o w l e d g e of t h e R o m a n law a n d t h a t a m o n g s t t h e suite of t h e g o v e r n o r t h e r e were R o m a n s learned in law. One can h a r d l y s p e a k of a n indigenous R o m a n provincial j u r i s p r u d e n c e . This is n o t r e m a r k a b l e because E g y p t , which u p t o t h e C. A. h a d only a v e r y small n u m b e r of R o m a n citizens in c o m p a r i s o n t o o t h e r
276 JOURNAL OF PAPYROLOGY
provinces a n d possessed a highly developed n a t i o n a l law of a n a l m o s t i n d e s t r u c t i b l e v i t a l i t y , was c e r t a i n l y a p a r t i c u l a r l y u n f a -v o u r a b l e c o u n t r y for a n e x p a n s i o n a n d good knowledge of t h e R o m a n law. I t seems t h a t even in t h e postclassical epoch it h a s n e v e r played a n y i m p o r t a n t p a r t in t h e h i s t o r y of t h e R o m a n juris-p r u d e n c e , in sjuris-pite of t h e f r a g m e n t s f r o m t h e Gaius i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d other legal works w h i c h were f o u n d t h e r e .
G i u s e p p e I g n a z i o L u z z a t t o , Ricerche suWapplica-zione delle costituzioni imperiali nelle provincie (estr. dagli Scritti di diritto r o m a n o in onore di C. F e r r i n i p u b b l . dalla Regia U n i v e r s i t a di P a v i a 1943).
A careful s c r u t i n y of imperial c o n s t i t u t i o n s ascertains t h e f a c t t h a t each province r e p r e s e n t e d an a u t o n o m o u s legislative c o m m u -n i t y . To u -n d e r s t a -n d t h e rôle a -n d sig-nifica-nce of t h e R o m a -n L a w in t h e whole E m p i r e i t is necessary t o d e t e r m i n e t h e local laws e n a c t e d in each R o m a n province. These conclusions c o r r e s p o n d t o those I h a d r e a c h e d 20 years ago in m y ,,Geschichte der Reze-ption des römischen Privatrechts" for E g y p t .
R . T a u b e n s c h l a g , The Roman authorities and the Local Law in Egypt before and after the С. A. ( J o u r n a l of j u r . p a p . V 121-142).
R . T a u b e n s c h l a g , Die römischen Behörden und das Volksrecht vor und nach der C. A. (Sav. Z. 69, 102-127).
F e r n a n d d e Y i s s c h e r , La cittadinanza romana (Ann. Sem. giur. U n i v . di C a t a n i a I I I , 1949 p. 17 f f ) .
This article c o n t a i n s on p. 15/16 i n t e r e s t i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e C. A.
W . L . W e s t e r m a n n , Concerning Urbanism and Anti-Ur-banism in Antiquity ( F a r o u k I U n i v e r s i t y Rull, of t h e F a c u l t y of A r t s vol. I V 1949 p . 81 - 95).
I n this essay j u r i s t s will be i n t e r e s t e d in t h e a u t h o r ' s r e m a r k s on p . 15/16: , , R y Caracallas decree m o s t of t h e f r e e i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e metropolies a n d villages t h r o u g h o u t t h e E m p i r e b e c a m e R o m a n citizens. This r e s u l t e d in these places in t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of Councils, selected b y c o m p u l s o r y a p p o i n t m e n t f r o m t h e r a n k s of t h e local well-to-do. Privileges a n d social a d v a n t a g e s which
