ɇɂɄɈɅȺɃ ȽɈȽɈɅɖ ȼ ɄɍɅɖɌɍɊɇɈɆ ɄɈɇɌȿɄɋɌȿ ɗɉɈɏɂ (ɇȺ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅȿ ɉɈȼȿɋɌɂ Ⱥ. ɉɈɅɌɈɊȺɐɄɈȽɈ ȼ ɉȿɌȿɊȻɍɊȽȿ)
NIKOLAI GOGOL IN THE CULTURAL CONTEXT OF THE EPOCH (ON THE NOVEL IN PETERSBURG BY A. POLTORATSKY)
ɅɘȾɆɂɅȺ ɊɈɆȺɓȿɇɄɈ
ABSTRACT. In the article based on the story In Petersburg by Alexei Poltoratsky, N. Gogol's personality in the cultural context of Russian empire capital is considered. Special attention is paid to creative relations of N. Gogol with prominent cultural personalities of that time: Pushkin, Jukovsky, Delvig, Maximowich and others. Except that the author reconsiders some stereotypes of appraisals touching these historical persons.
Ʌɸɞɦɢɥɚ Ɋɨɦɚɳɟɧɤɨ, ɑɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɑɟɪɤɚɫɫɵ – ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ. ȼ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɞɶɛɟ ɇ. Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨ--ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬ-ɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɡɚɭɪɹɞɧɨɦɭ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɭ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ Ɋɟ-ɜɢɡɨɪɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɟɣ Ⱥ. ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ ȼ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ, ɜɨɲɟɞɲɚɹ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡ-ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɧɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ. Ⱥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪ-ɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ) ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɞɢɨɡɧɵɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ. ɂɦɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ (1905–1977) – ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɚ, ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɪɨɦɚɧɨɜ, ɩɨɜɟɫɬɟɣ, ɨɱɟɪɤɨɜ, ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ – ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɛɵɬɨ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɨ ɧɟɦ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ, ɬɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɜ ɩɟɪ-ɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɭɥɶɝɚɪɧɨ-ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ. ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɟɤɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɜɵɩɚɞɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚ-ɰɢɢ, ɢɧɤɪɢɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ „ɚɩɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɪɭɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢ-ɤɨɜ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ”1 , ɱɬɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ________________ 1 ȿɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɿɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɚ, ɝɨɥ. ɪɟɞ. ȼ. Ʉɭɛɿɣɨɜɢɱ, Ʌɶɜɿɜ 1996, c. 2214.
Ⱦɢɥɨɝɢɹ ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɟ (1984) ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 2 ɤɧɢɝ (ȼ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ, Ⱦɚɥɶ-ɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɢɹ) ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟȾɚɥɶ-ɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɟɣ ɨ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɸɧɨɲɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ – Ⱦɟɬɫɬɜɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ (1954), ɘɧɨɫɬɶ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ (1957). ɇɚɞ ɞɢɥɨɝɢ-ɟɣ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – 1 ɤɧ.: 1936–1957, 2 ɤɧ.: 1964–1971 ɝɨɞɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɸɠɟɬɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɨ ɩɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɠɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɞɚɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟ-ɥɹ, ɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞ ɧɚɞ Ƚɚɧɰɨɦ Ʉɸɯɟɥɶɝɚɪɬɟɧɨɦ, ȼɟɱɟɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɯɭɬɨɪɟ ɛɥɢɡ Ⱦɢɤɚɧɶɤɢ, ɩɶɟɫɨɣ Ɋɟɜɢɡɨɪ. ɋɵɧ ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɢɤɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɢɱ ɩɪɢɛɵɥ ɜ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ ɫ ɜɵɫɨ-ɤɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ – ɞɚɬɶ ɜɫɟɦ „ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɢ ɞɭɲɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɧɢɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ – ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɛɥɚɝɭ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɭ, ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɶ ɤ ɧɟ-ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ”2 . ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɵɜɵ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟ-ɧɢɹɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ Ƚɚɧɰɚ Ʉɸɯɟɥɶɝɚɪɬɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧ-ɧɨɣ ɩɨɷɦɵ (ɢɧɬɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɣ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɩɟɫɬɪɢɬ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ). ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɦ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɤɨɣ, ɧɟɫɦɟɥɨ ɢɳɭ-ɳɢɦ ɞɨɪɨɝɭ ɤ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɫɚɥɨɧɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɟ „Ɍɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ Ʉɚɪɥɚ”. ɇɨ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɧ ɭɜɟɪɟɧ-ɧɨ ɡɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɭɜɟɪɟɧ-ɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɨɦɨɧɞ – ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ: ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ, ɤɪɢ-ɬɢɤɢ, ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɢ, ɚɤɬɟɪɵ. ɉɚɜɟɥ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱ ɋɜɢɧɶɢɧ – ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ „Ɉɬɟ-ɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɤ”, ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤ, ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬ, ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮ, ɢɫɬɨ-ɪɢɤ, ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ, ɩɨɷɬ, ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɟɪ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɥɢɰɟ. Ɉɧ ɩɟɪ-ɜɵɣ, ɫ ɤɟɦ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɥɫɹ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɜ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ Ⱥ. ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɢɣ (ɜɡɹɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɧɢɤɢ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ) ɢɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɧɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ-ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɸɛɨɜɶɸ ɤ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ ɜɵɞɭɦɤɚɦ: „ɉɚɜɥɭɲɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɫɨɥɝɚɬɶ” (ɫ. 72). ɋɜɢɧɶɢɧɭ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɟɱɟɪɚ ɧɚ-ɤɚɧɭɧɟ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ʉɭɩɚɥɚ, ɧɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɛɟɫɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶ-ɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɧ ɞɨ ɧɟɭɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥ Ƚɨɝɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɞɚɜ ɬɨɦɭ „ɧɟɫɬɟɪɩɢɦɨɣ ɮɚɥɶɲɢ” (ɫ. 76). Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɨɟɜɨɥɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɬɢɥɨ ɦɨ-ɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ: ɉɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ Ƚɨɝɨɥɸ – ɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤ, ɚ ɧɨɜɵɣ Ȼɚɫɚɜɪɸɤ, ɫɨ ɳɟɬɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɛɪɨɜɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɢɤɢɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɦ, ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɶ ɞɭɲɭ ɡɚ ɦɟɲɤɢ ɱɟɪɜɨɧɰɟɜ (ɫ. 77). ________________ 2Ɉ. ɉ ɨ ɥ ɬ ɨ ɪ ɚ ɰ ɶ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɉɨɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ: ɍ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɡɿ; Ⱦɚɥɶɧɿ ɦɚɧɞɪɢ, Ʉɢʀɜ 1984, ɫ. 9. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɫɟ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɫ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ – ɧɚɲ.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɤ ɋɜɢɧɶɢɧɚ (ɟɦɭ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɢɦɩɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ!) ɩɨɞ-ɬɨɥɤɧɭɥ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɤ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɫ ɚɥɶɦɚɧɚɯɨɦ „ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɰɜɟɬɵ”, ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢ-ɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɛɚɪɨɧɨɦ Ⱦɟɥɶɜɢɝɨɦ. ɇɟɜɡɢɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɨɛɪɨɞɭɲ-ɧɵɣ Ⱥɧɬɨɧ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɢɱ ɜɫɹɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɭɦɟɥ ɥɨɜɤɨ ɨɛɨɣɬɢ ɰɟɧɡɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɨɝɚɬɤɢ – ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɢɥ ɞɨɪɨɝɭ Ƚɨɝɨɥɸ ɤ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɵɦ ɡɧɚ-ɤɨɦɫɬɜɚɦ ɢ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɫɚɥɨɧɚɦ. ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɞɨɛɪɨɞɟɬɟɥɟɦ, „ɜɫɟɥɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɚɧɝɟɥɨɦ-ɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ” (ɫ. 84), ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ Ⱦɟɥɶɜɢɝɚ, ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɢɱ ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɠɢɡ-ɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɪɟɞɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ – ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɲɭɬɢɥ ɉɭɲɤɢɧ, ɜ ɟɝɨ „ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɱɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɭɯɭ ɭɛɢɬɶ” (ɫ. 86). Ⱦɚɠɟ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɚɹ ɥɸ-ɛɨɜɶ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɥɸɛɢɦɨɣ Ɇɚɲɢ Ɇɨɣɟɪ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɨɡɥɨɛɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ, ɚ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɭɝɥɭɛɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ. ȼɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɧɚɬɭɪɵ (ɞɨɛɪɨɬɚ, ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɦ) ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚ: Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɦ ɯɚɥɚɬɟ, ɫ ɮɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ, ɜ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɩɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɩɨɱɤɚɯ. Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɭɡɧɚɥ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɱɚɬɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ, ɪɟɞɤɢɟ, ɛɟɥɨɤɭɪɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɵ, ɡɚɱɟ-ɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɥɵɫɢɧɭ. Ƚɥɚɡɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɟ – ɱɭɞɟɫɧɵɟ, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɱɟɪɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ȼɨɫɬɨ-ɤɚ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ – ɩɥɟɧɧɢɰɵ-ɬɭɪɱɚɧɤɢ (ɫ. 86). ɂɥɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ: ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɢɱ... ɛɟɠɚɥ ɜ ɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɦɹɝɤɢɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ, ɩɟɪɟɜɚɥɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ (ɫ. 87). ɗɩɢɬɟɬ „ɦɹɝɤɢɣ” ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɛɪɨɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɧɪɚɜ ɝɟɪɨɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɞɧɨ-ɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ-ɬɭɪɱɚɧɤɟ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɥɨɫɶ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɦɭ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞ-ɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɰɢɣ (ɝɟɧɢɣ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɤ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ ɤ ɧɟɝɪɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɟ). ɍɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɣ, ɞɟɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɣ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɢɱ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɥ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɢɫɬɨɜ, ɟɝɨ ɭɠɚɫɚɥɢ ɤɪɚɦɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɨ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɬɚɤ ɭɜɥɟɤɚɥɢɫɶ ɉɭɲɤɢɧ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɢ. ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɱɟɪɬɚ, ɢɦɩɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɟ ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɨ-ɝɨ, – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɜɢɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɞɪɭ-ɝɨɣ ɬɚɥɚɧɬ. ȼ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɪɟɜɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɧ ɛɟɡɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞ-ɫɬɜɨ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ: ɉɨɛɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɥɟɞɢɥ ɡɚ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɵɦ, ɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɜɨɢɦ, ɫɨ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɵɦ ɢɫ-ɩɭɝɨɦ ɤɭɪɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɫɢɞɟɥɚ ɥɟɛɟɞɹ (ɫ. 87). Ɇɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɛɚɫɧɨɩɢɫɰɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ʉɪɵɥɨɜɚ, „ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ” ɜ ɧɟ-ɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɚɯ (ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ, ɢɛɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ). ɉɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ – „ɬɨɥɫɬɵɣ ɞɟɞ”, ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɟɫɬɶ, ɜ ɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ „ɜɟɫɟɥɵɣ, ɨɠɢɜ-ɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɯɢɬɪɵɣ ɨɝɨɧɟɤ” (ɫ. 87). Ɉɧ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɪɵɦɢ ɲɭɬɤɚɦɢ, ɞɨɧɢ-ɦɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɠɟɧɭ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, ɠɟɦɚɧɧɭɸ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɤɭ. ȿɞɜɚ ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɵɦ
ɩɪɟɞ-ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡ ȼɢɫɫɚɪɢɨɧɚ Ȼɟɥɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ, ɤɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɥɭɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ. ȼ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɢɬɵ A. ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɢɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢ ɡɟɦ-ɥɹɤɨɜ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢɱɚ – ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɚ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ (ɩɨɡɠɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɄɢɟɜɆɨɫɤɨɜ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ, ɬɚɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɜ „ɷɦɛɪɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ” ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɣ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɢɱɚ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ Ɍɚɪɚɫɚ Ȼɭɥɶɛɵ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚ-ɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɥɫɹ ɫ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢɱɟɦ ɜ „ɩɟɪɜɨɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɶɧɨɣ”, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɚ ɢɯ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɤ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, ɟɟ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɭ, ɝɟɪɨɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɚɡɚɰɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦɭ. Ʉɨ-ɧɟɱɧɨ, ɷɬɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-ɥɨ ɜɵɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ, ɜɟɞɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɛɵɜɚɥ ɜ ɭɫɚɞɶɛɟ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢɱɚ ɜ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɤɟ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɚ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɜɟɤɨɜɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɟɧ, ɨɧ ɦɟɱɬɚɥ, ɡɚɝɥɹ-ɞɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɪɟɤɭ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɫɦɟɪɬɢɜ ɟɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɯ („ɑɭɞɟɧ Ⱦɧɟɩɪ ɩɪɢ ɬɢɯɨɣ ɩɨɝɨɞɟ...”). ɏɨɬɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɋɨɫɫɟɬ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ „ɛɥɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɚ” ɦɧɨ-ɝɢɯ ɬɨɝɞɚɲɧɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɉɫɢɩɨɜɧɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɦɟɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɦɨɦ, ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɡɚ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɜɥɸɛɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚ-ɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ. ɍɠɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ Ɋɨɫɫɟɬ ɢɦɩɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ Ƚɨɝɨɥɸ ɤɚɤ ɡɟɦɥɹɱɤɚ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɨɣ, ɜɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɭ, ɟɟ ɹɡɵɤ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ, ɨɛɵɱɚɢ. ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɩɪɨ-ɧɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. ȼɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ȼ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ ɨɛɪɚɡ Ⱦɨɧɶɢ ɋɨɥɶ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ Ɋɨɫɫɟɬ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɉɟɬɪ ȼɹɡɟɦɫɤɢɣ) ɟɞɜɚ ɜɵɪɢɫɨɜɵɜɚ-ɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ Ⱦɚɥɶɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɢɹ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ-ɧɢɹɦ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɢ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɓɟɩɤɢɧɚ – ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɸ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɛɵɜ-ɲɟɝɨ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɢ ɓɟɩɤɢɧɚ ɨɛ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ, ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɤɚɤ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ. ɋɥɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɋɟ-ɦɟɧɨɜɢɱɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɵ. ɓɟɩɤɢɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɞɢɬ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɨ (ɞɥɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɨ ɤɪɟ-ɩɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ). ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɭɫɬɚɦɢ ɓɟɩɤɢɧɚ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɞɟɸ ɞɪɭɠɛɵ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɷɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢ-ɬɢɤɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ ɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɟ „ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɞɭɯɟ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɢ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨ-ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɞɪɭɠɛɵ”3 . ________________ 3 ȿɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɿɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɚ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 2213.
ɓɟɩɤɢɧ ɫɬɚɥ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɦ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɨɦ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ-ɞɪɚɦɚɬɭɪɝɚ, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ-ɨɛɥɚɱɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɰɚɪɫɤɨ-ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɧɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɤɚɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɧɚɝɪɨ-ɦɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ: ɉɭɫɬɶ ɡɚɡɜɟɧɢɬ ɜ ɜɚɲɢɯ ɤɧɢɠɤɚɯ ɩɟɫɧɹ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ... ɉɭɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɚɤ.... ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɡɜɟɪɢɧɭɸ ɦɨɪɞɭ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ... ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɢɤɚ... ɉɭɫɬɶ ɡɥɨɛɚ ɢ ɩɟ-ɱɚɥɶ ɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɟɪɨɦ ɜɚɲɢɦ (ɫ. 154). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɜɵɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɫ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɦ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɵɦ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɩɢɟɬɟɬɨɦ. „ȼɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ” Ƚɨ-ɝɨɥɹ ɫ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ Ɇɢɤɨɲɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ Ȼɟɥɨɭɫɨɜɚ ɭɜɥɟɤɫɹ ɟɝɨ „ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɥɸɛɢɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ”. ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɟɡɞɚ ɜ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɣ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɫɬ, ɚ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ – ɱɟɬɵɪɧɚɞɰɚɬɨɝɨ – ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ, ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ (ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɨ!) ɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɉɭɲɤɢ-ɧɵɦ. ɗɬɚ ɫɰɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟɧɚ ɤɨɦɢɡɦɚ. Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ, ɩɪɟɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɫɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɵɯ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ Ƚɚɧɰɚ Ʉɸɯɟɥɶɝɚɪɬɟɧɚ, ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɭ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱɚ. ɇɨ ɫɥɭɝɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɬ ɨɬɞɵɯɚɟɬ. Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɷɬ ɜɫɸ ɧɨɱɶ ɧɟɭɬɨɦɢɦɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ. ɇɨ ɢɡ ɭɫɬ ɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɟɨ-ɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɭɫɥɵɲɚɥ ɭɩɪɟɤ: „Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ! ȼ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɢɝɪɚɥ!” (ɫ. 16). ɗɬɚ ɢɪɨ-ɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɪɟɩɥɢɤɚ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɝɟɧɢ-ɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɷɬɚ, ɢɛɨ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɛɟɫɧɵɣ ɨɪɟɨɥ, ɧɚɞɟɥɹɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢ-ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɹ ɝɟɧɢɹ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, ɚ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, „ɨɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ” ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɞɟ-ɥɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ „ɡɟɦɧɵɦ”. ɗɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɱ-ɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɵɦɢ, ɦɚɥɨɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ-ɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ „ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɪɚɫɚɜɢɰɚ” Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɇɚɬɚɥɶɹ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɧɚ (ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɩɪɚɜɧɭɱɤɚ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɬɦɚɧɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɲɟɧɤɨ), ɠɟ-ɦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɞɚɦɚ, ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɣ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɢɰɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɥ „ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɷɬ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ”. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ, ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɹ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ ɚɧɬɢ-ɰɢɩɚɰɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɫɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɛɪɚɤɚ: Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ ɭɩɭɫɬɢɥ ɜɟɧɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɫɬɟɧɶ, ɤɪɟɫɬ ɢ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ ɭɩɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥ, ɭ ɠɟɧɢɯɚ ɩɨɝɚɫɥɚ ɫɜɟɱɚ, ɢ ɰɵɝɚɧɤɚ ɧɚɝɚɞɚɥɚ ɩɨɷɬɭ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ ɨɬ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ (ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ). ɉɨ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɞɪɭɠɛɚ ɫ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-ɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɨɦ, ɩɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɦ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ – ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɸɠɟɬ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɢ Ɋɟɜɢɡɨɪ (ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ, ɢ ɫɸɠɟɬ Ɇɟɪɬɜɵɯ ɞɭɲ4). ________________ 4Ƚ. Ⱥ ɞ ɵ ɝ ɟ ɡ ɚ ɥ ɨ ɜ, „Ɇɢɪ ɦɟɪɬɜɟɰɨɜ” ɇ.ȼ. Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɢ Ⱦɠ. Ɇɚɦɟɞɤɭɥɭɡɚɞɟ (ɩɨ ɦɚ-ɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ „Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧɚ”), [ɜ:] Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ȱȱȱ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ
ɧɚ-ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɚɧɬɢɩɨɞɚ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ – ɇɟɫɬɨɪɚ Ʉɭɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ. ɋɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɢ ɟɳɟ ɫ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ, ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ-ɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɤɨɪɵɫɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɇɟɫɬɨ-ɪɨɜɚ ɦɭɡɚ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ ɜɨɫɩɟɜɚɥɚ ɧɟɩɨɤɨɥɟɛɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɢɹ, ɚ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɹɫɶ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɥɟɣɦɢɥ ɭɪɨɞɥɢɜɵɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ-ɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɣ, ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɧɭɸ ɟɦɭ „ɝɚɞɤɭɸ Ɋɭɫɶ”. ɇɟɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɦɚɹ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɨɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚɦɢ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɪ-ɫɤɢɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɦ: Ʉɚɤ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɥɚɦɹ ɧɟɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɦɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɇɟ-ɫɬɨɪɨɜɚ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɹ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ (ɫ. 166). Ʉɨɪɵɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɨɝɨ „ɩɢɫɚɤɢ” ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ („ȼ ɷɬɨ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɨɧ [Ʉɭɤɨɥɶɧɢɤ – Ʌ. Ɋ.] ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɛɚɪɵɲɧɢɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɫɹ ɨ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɞɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɶ…” [c. 163]), ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵ („ɇɟɜɵɪɚɡɢɦɨ ɝɚɞɤɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɫɟɛɟ ɇɟɫɬɨɪɚ, ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞ-ɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɜɰɚ ɱɢɧɨɜ, ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ ɢ ɨɪɞɟɧɨɜ” [c. 169]). ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜ ɩɨ-ɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɢ Ʉɭɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɨɡɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: Ʉɭɤɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɩɪɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɵ. ȼ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɲɚɛ-ɥɨɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡ Ɏɚɞɞɟɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ. ɇɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɦɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚ-ɪɢɧɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɮɢɫɤɚɥɶ-ɫɬɜɨɦ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɲɬɚɦɩɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ: ɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɡɧɶ ɤ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɭ ɢ Ƚɨɝɨɥɸ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ȱȱȱ Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɢɢ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ Ɏɚɞɞɟɹ „ɮɢɝɥɹ-ɪɨɦ” (ɲɭɬɨɦ), „ȼɢɞɨɤɨɦ”, ɧɚɦɟɤɚɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɪɚɮɭ Ȼɟɧɤɟɧɞɨɪɮɭ („ȼɢ-ɞɨɤ” – ɢɦɹ ɩɚɪɢɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ), ɩɢɫɚɥ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ: ɉɭɲɤɢɧ – ɤɚɤ „ɫɨɥɧɰɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ”, „ɧɚɲɟ ɜɫɟ”, ɢ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ – „ɧɨɱɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ”, „ɧɚɲɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ”5 . ɗɬɭ ɠɟ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɢɣ. ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɢɟɬɟɬɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɟ, ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɬɢɪɵ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɨɦɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɤɪɭ-ɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ. Ɏɚɞɞɟɣ – „ɦɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɝɚɞɸɤɚ”, „ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɞɨɧɨɫɵ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪ-ɧɵɯ ɜɪɚɝɨɜ” (c. 97); „ɩɨɞɥɚɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ „ɧɟɧɚɜɢɞɢɬ ɝɟɧɢɹ” (c. 100); „ɤɥɹɬɵɣ ȼɢɞɨɤ Ɏɢɝɥɹɪɢɧ”, „ɛɟɡɞɚɪɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬ ɢ ɲɩɢɨɧ”, ɨɰɟ-ɧɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɚɫɫɢɝɧɚɰɢɣ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ (ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰ-________________ ɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ „ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ: ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɯ”, Ȼɚɤɭ 2008, ɫ. 10. 5 Ⱥ. Ɋ ɟ ɣ ɬ ɛ ɥ ɚ ɬ, ȼɢɞɨɤ Ɏɢɝɥɹɪɢɧ (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɢ), „ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ” 1990, ʋ 3, ɫ. 73.
ɤɢɣ ɢɦɟɥ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɮɚɤɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɜɡɹɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɞɚɥɚ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɭ ɛɚɛɭɲɤɚ Ʌɟɪ-ɦɨɧɬɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɸ ɧɚ ɪɨɦɚɧ Ƚɟɪɨɣ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ6 . Ɉɧ (Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ – Ʌ. Ɋ.) ɩɟɪɟɝɪɵɡ ɛɵ ɝɨɪɥɨ ɢ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɭ Ɇɢɰɤɟɜɢɱɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵ ɡɧɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ (ɫ. 98). Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ ɢ Ƚɪɟɱ – „ɫɨɛɚɤɢ-ɢɳɟɣɤɢ”, „ɭɛɢɣɰɵ”. Ɉɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɥɹɞɧɚɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ: Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ ɩɢɫɚɥ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ, ɩɪɢɳɭɪɢɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɹ ɜɫɥɭɯ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɜ ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɫ ɝɪɹɡɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ – Ʌ. Ɋ.). ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɭɛɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɤɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɫɭɧɭɥɚɫɶ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ. ȼɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɪɧɨɟ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɧɨɫɨɦ, ɩɭɱɟɝɥɚɡɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ, ɫ ɡɚɱɟɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɤɚɯ ɛɟɥɨɤɭɪɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɹɜ-ɥɹɥɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ... (ɫ. 190). Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɬɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ „ɩɪɨɞɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɤɢ” ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-ɡɭɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɢ: ɫ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ („ȼ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ” [c. 188]), ɟɝɨ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɦɦɵ: ɇɟ ɬɨ ɛɟɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɬɵ ɩɨɥɹɤ: Ʉɨɫɬɸɲɤɨ ɥɹɯ, Ɇɢɰɤɟɜɢɱ ɥɹɯ! ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɛɭɞɶ ɫɟɛe ɬɚɬɚɪɢɧ, – ɂ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɜɢɠɭ ɹ ɫɬɵɞɚ; Ȼɭɞɶ ɠɢɞ – ɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɟɞɚ; Ȼɟɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɬɵ ȼɢɞɨɤ Ɏɢɝɥɹɪɢɧ (c. 188). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɢɧɬɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ: ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢɡ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɟɧ, ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, ɀɭ-ɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ʉɭɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ., ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫ-ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɧɚɦ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɦɟɠɞɭ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɵɦ-ɚɧɬɢɝɟɪɨɟɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɨɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ. Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩ – ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɚɹ ɮɢɝɭɪɚ. Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ „ɲɩɢɨɧɨɦ ɨɬ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ”, ɛɟɡɞɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɢɫɚɤɨɣ, ɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ „ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢ-ɜɵɦ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɦ”7 . ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɢ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɰɟɧɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɚɥɚɧɬ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ, ɪɨɦɚ-ɧɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɚ. Ɋɢɥɟɟɜ ɩɨɫɜɹɬɢɥ ɟɦɭ ɬɪɢ ɞɭɦɵ, ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ ɤ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɭ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɥɢ Ɏ. Ƚɥɢɧɤɚ, Ƚɧɟɞɢɱ, Ȼɚɪɚɬɵɧɫɤɢɣ. Ⱥ. Ɇɢɰɤɟɜɢɱ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ „ɥɸɛɢɦɵɦ”, ɚ ɫɟɛɹ – ɟɝɨ „ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ”8 . Ⱦɚɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ – Ȼɟɥɢɧɫɤɢɣ – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɟɧ-ɧɵɣ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɚɣɡɚɫɥɭɠɟɧ-ɧɵɣ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɂɜɚɧɚ ȼɵɠɢɝɢɧɚ, ɚ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɭɹ ȼɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɡ-________________ 6 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 75. 7 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 77. 8
ɧɚɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ „ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɝɨ, ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɠɢɜɨ ɢ ɭɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧo”9 . ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɨ-ɥɨɝɢɹɯ ɢ ɯɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɹɯ, ɜɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɢ, ɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ: ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ, ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦ, ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ. ɇɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɭɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɡɚɛɜɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɥɚ ɪɭɫɢɫɬɨɜ ɋɒȺ10 . ȼ 1978 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɵɲɥɚ ɦɨɧɨ-ɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ɂ. Ɇɟɣɲɭɬɨɜɢɱ11 . ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɇ. Ⱥɤɢɦɨɜɚ12 , ɂ. Ɂɨɥɨɬɭɫɫɤɢɣ13, Ⱥ. Ɋɟɣɬɛɥɚɬ14 , Ⱥ. əɧɨɜ15, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ cɬɚɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɧɹɬɶ ɫ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ ɧɟɝɨ-ɞɹɹ ɢ ɩɚɫɤɜɢɥɹɧɬɚ16 . Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ Ⱥ. ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚɰɤɨɝɨ ɇ. Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ-ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɹɯ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɚɤɬɟ-ɪɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɭɥɶ-ɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ, ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɟɳɟ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ ȼ ɉɟɬɟɪ-ɛɭɪɝɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɦ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɦɚɥɨɜɵɪɚɡɢ-________________ 9ȼ. Ȼ ɟ ɥ ɢ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɬ. 10, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1956, ɫ. 86. 10
G. A l k i r e, Historical Novels of Faddej Bulgarin, unpublished dissertation, Berkeleɭ 1966; V.N. F a d d e j, V. Bulgarin. His Contribution to Nineteenth Century Russian Proze,
unpublished dissertation, Harvard 1966; F. M o c h a, Tadeusz Bulgarin (Faddej V.
Bulga-rin) 1789–1859. A study in literary maneuver, Rzym 1974. 11
Z. M e j s z u t o w i c z, PowieĞü obyczajowa Tadeusza Bulgaryna, Wrocław–War-szawa–Kraków–GdaĔsk 1978. 12 ɇ.ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɢ ɦ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ɏ. Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɏȱɏ ɜɟɤɚ. Ⱦɢɫ. …ɞ-ɪɚ ɮɢɥɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2003; ɇ. Ⱥ ɤ ɢ ɦ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧ ɢ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ (ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɹ), „Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭ-ɪɚ” 1996, ʋ 3, ɫ. 3–18. 13ɂ. Ɂ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɬ ɭ ɫ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɇɟɢɫɬɨɜɵɣ Ɏɢɝɥɹɪɢɧ, „ɇɨɜɵɣ ɦɢɪ” 1996, ʋ 2, ɫ. 194–204. 14Ⱥ. Ɋ ɟ ɣ ɬ ɛ ɥ ɚ ɬ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ. 15Ⱥ. ə ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɚ Ɏɚɞɞɟɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ, „ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ” 1991, ʋ 9–10, ɫ. 98–125. 16ɋɤɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɟ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɭ-ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɸ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɚ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɤ. ɋɦ.: Ʌ. Ɋ ɨ ɦ ɚ ɳ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ ɟe ɝɟɪɨɢ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ Ɏ. Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ (ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ „Ɇɚɡɟɩɚ”), [ɜ:] Elm vɷ Cɷmiyyɷt, Baki 2005, ʋ 2, c. 97–103; Ɋɨɦɚɧ „Ɇɚɡɟɩɚ” Ɍɚɞɟɭɲɚ Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɿɧɚ ɹɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɿɡ ɩɟɪ-ɲɢɯ ɡɪɚɡɤɿɜ ɪɨɫɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɭ, „Warszawskie Zeszyty Ukrainoznawcze” 2006, c. 21–22; ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɬɦɚɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ɇɚ-ɡɟɩɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, [ɜ:] Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ȱȱȱ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧ-ɰɢɢ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., c. 97–101 ɢ ɞɪ.
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɭɯɨɜɚɬɵɦ ɫɬɢɥɟɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɂ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɦ ɤɚ-ɠɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɭɸ ɚɭɪɭ Ƚɨɝɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɹɦ ɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɟ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚ-ɳɢɦ ɩɟɪɭ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɫ-ɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɯ.
