A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T l S L O D Z I E N S I S
F O L IA C A U C A S IC A 2, 1987
Jo an na K o tlic k a
THE C A U CA SU S IN TH E PO LISH G EOG RA PH IC AL LITERATURE
T h e a r tic le c o n ta in s a re v ie w of th e P o lish g eo g ra p h ica l p u b lic a -tio n s d e a lin g w ith th e C a u c a sia n re g io n . T h e a u th o r e s s h a s m ad e an a tte m p t to d e te rm in e p o ssib ilities of stu d y in g th is g e o g r a p h ic a l re g io n o n th e b a sis of th e P olish lite r a tu re . T h e re v ie w c o n tain s th e g e o g r a p h ica l l ite r a tu r e an d th e li te r a tu r e from o th e r d iscip lin es r e la te d to g e o -g r a p h y . T h ese d isc ip lin e s in c lu d e am on -g o th e r s -geo lo-g y , h isto r y , a r c h ite c tu r e an d to w n p lan n in g , e th n o g r a p h y a n d fo lk lo re . T h e r e a r e p r e -sen ted h e r e all p u b licatio n s, w h ic h a r e v a lu a b le in co g n itiv e -sense. T h e e v a lu a tio n an d p r e s e n ta tio n en c o m p a ss scien tific co n trib u tio n s p u -b lish e d in th e P olish jo u r n a ls a n d co m p a ct e d itio n s ir re s p e c tiv e of the a u t h o r 's n a t io n a li ty a n d la n g u a g e in w h ic h a g iv e n w o rk is w r itte n .
T h e te rm C a u ca su s is u n d e rs to o d h e r e to co v e r th e g eo g r a p h ica l r e g io n ly in g b e tw e e n th e B lack S ea a n d th e S ea of A zov in th e W est a n d th e C a s p ia n S ea in th e East, a n d b e tw e e n th e K u m sk -M a n y c k D e-p re ssio n in th e N o r th an d th e s ta te b o u n d a r y of th e S o v ie t U n ion w ith T u r k e y an d I r a n in th e S o u th 1. Th u s, th is r e g io n in c lu d e s s e v e r a l m o r -p h o lo g ica l u n its a n d s e v e ra l -p o litic a l-a d m in is tra tiv e u n its of th e S o v iet U nion.
T h e p r e s e n t p u b lic a tio n co m p rises in p r in c ip le th e l ite r a t u r e of th e la st fo r ty y e a rs alth o u g h in som e p ro b le m s it r e a c h e s to item s p u b li-sh ed e a r l ie r on.
T h e s tru c tu r e of th e w o r k is c h a ra c te r istic for g eo g ra p h ic al r e g io -n al ap p ro a ch e s. It b egi-ns w ith a re v ie w of the li te r a tu re d e v o te d to th e n a tu ra l p ro b lem s, follow ed b y item s on eco n o m ic an d so cial su b -je cts, a n d b y o th e r p ro b lem s d isc u ss e d in th e li te r a tu r e b e lo n g in g to d iscip lin e s r e la te d to g e o g ra p h y .
1 S ł o w n i k g e o g r a f i i ś w i a t a [D ic tio n a ry of th e w o rld g e o g r a p h y ], vo l. 1, A-M , W a rs z a w a 1977, p. 496.
T h e P o lish g eo g ra p h ica l li te r a t u r e d o e s n o t p o ssess e x h a u s tiv e and c o m p re h en siv e w o rk s d e alin g w ith th e C a u c asia n reg io n an d th e e x i -stin g p u b lic atio n s p r e se n t in a fr a g m e n ta ry w a y so m e ch o se n p ro b lem s c o n c e r n in g v a r io u s p a r ts of th is re g io n . In th e field of n a tu r e stu d ies it is e sp e c ia lly w o rth m e n tio n in g th e w o rk s of E. R ühle, w h o c a rr ie d o u t g eo m o rp h o lo g ica l a n d g la c io lo g ic a l stu d ie s p u b lish in g th e ir r e su lts in se v e r a l a r tic le s 2. T h e a r tic le s d ev o te d to q u a te r n a ry of th e C au c asu s w e r e b a sed o n th e r ic h li te r a tu r e of th e s u b je c t in m an y la n g u a g e s. T h e a u th o r re v ie w e d in th em d e v e lo p m e n t of v ie w s c o n c e rn in g g la c ia tio n of th e C au c a su s q u o tin g c o n clu sio n s d ra w n b y n u m e ro u s r e s e a r c h e s and p re se n te d his o w n o p in io n s ab o u t them . T h e d iscu ssio n c o n -tain ed in th e a r tic le s is foc u ssed m ain ly on th e n u m b er of g la ciatio n s, th e ir c o v e r a g e , a n d a c co m p a n y in g p h en o m e n a . T h e f in d in g s of h is ow n stu d ies w e r e p re s e n te d in th e str a tig ra p h ie sch em e of th e C a u ca su s g la c ia tio n s co m p a re d w ith th e s tr u c tu r e of th e A lp in e g lac ia tio n s. T h ese a r tic le s an a ly ze , m o re o v e r , th e p r e se n t d is tr ib u tio n of g la cie rs an d th e ir c h a ra c te ristic s . O n th e o th e r h and , th e fin d in gs of d etaile d s t u -d ies on g la c ie r s an -d th e se -d im e n ta tio n p r o c e ss a r o u n -d th em ca n be fou nd in th e w o rk of A. K arcz ew sk i, A. K o strzew sk i, a n d P. K ow alew , w h ich w as p r e p a re d follo w in g th e stu d ie s on th e g la c ie r s of B ashk ar a n d J a n k u a t co n d u c te d in 19783. A c o m p re h e n siv e n a tu r a l d e scrip tio n of th e d ra in a g e -b a sin of th e B alk arsk i T c h e re k is c o n ta in e d in th e w o rk of Riihl, in w h ich th e a u th o r a n a ly z e s all e le m e n ts of th e e n v i -ro n m e n t s ta rtin g w ith a sh o r t p r e s e n ta tio n of th e lan d c o n fig u ra tio n
a n d g e o lo g ica l s tr u c tu r e a n d e n d in g w ith a d e ta ile d m o r p h o lo g ica l d e sc r ip tio n of e a c h v a lle y in this d ra in a g e b a s in 4. T h is w o r k w a s a r e
-su lt of th e P o lish A lp in e E x p ed itio n to th e C a u c a s u s in 1935.
In te r e stin g th e o rie s a b o u t d ev e lo p m e n t of th e relie f on th e a re a b e tw e e n th e S ea of A zo v an d th e C asp ian S ea w e re p r e s e n te d by T. B a rtk o w sk i5. T h e c o n f ig u ra tio n of th is a r ea co n stitu te s a d e n se n et-* E. R ü h l e , M o r l o l o g i a g l a c j a l n a d o r z e c z a C z e r e k u B a i k a r s k i e g o w ś r o d k o -w y m K a u k a z i e [G la c ia l m o r p h o l o g y of th e C zc r o k B a lk a r s k i r i v e r -b a s in in t h e c e n tr a l C a u c a s u s ] , „ P r z e g lą d G e o g r a fic z n y " 1938, N o . 18, p. 1— 62; i d e m , C z w a r t o -r z ę d K a u k a z u w ś w i e t l e o s t a t n i c h b a d a ń [Q u a te -r n a -r y of t h e C a u c a s u s in th e li g h t of r e c e n t s t u d i e s ] , „ C z a s o p is m o G e o g r a fi c z n e " 1939, N o . 17/1, p. 3— 16; i d e m , P r z e -g l ą d b a d a ń c z w a r t o r z ę d u K a u k a z u [ R e v ie w o f s tu d ie s o n t h e q u a te r n a r y o f t h e C a u c a s u s ], „ B iu le ty n I n s ty tu t u G e o lo g ii" 1955, N o . 70, p. 321— 330. 3 A. K a r c z e w s k i , A. K o s t r z e w s k i , P. K o w a l e w , G l a c i a l s e d i m e n t a -r y e n v i -r o n m e n t as -r e p -r e s e n t e d b y g l a c i e -r o f t h e C a u c a s u s " , „ Q u a e s t io n s G e o g -r a - p h ic a e " 1982, N o . 8, p. 121— 1835. 4 R ü h l e , M o r f o l o g i a g l a c j a l n a . . . 5 T. B a r t k o w s k i , R z e ź b a „ l i n e a r n a " M i ę d z y m o r z a A z o w s k o - K a s p i j s k i e g o [L in ea r r e l ie f of L a n d s b e t w e e n t h e S e a o f A z o v a n d t h e C a s p ia n S e a ] , „ S p r a-w o z d a n i a P o z n a ń s k ie g o T o a-w a r z y s t a-w a P r z y ja c ió ł N a u k " 1968, N o . 2(81), p. 365— 368.
w o rk of p a ra lle l v a lle y s a n d d a le s w ith in te r v a lle y rid g e s s e p a r a tin g them . T his n e tw o rk h as th e sam e o r ie n ta tio n W N W -ES E o n th e e n t ir e a r e a an d it b elo n g s to th e d e w ate r in g sy ste m of th e C a u casu s. Th is c h a r a c te r is tic lay - o u t of th e r iv e r a n d v a lle y n e tw o r k w a s a tt r a c tin g a tte n tio n of sc h o la rs a n d re s e a r c h e rs fo r a lo n g tim e. B a rtk o w sk i q u o -tes d iff e re n t v ie w s c o n ce rn in g the g en e sis of su ch la n d c o n fig u ratio n a n d n e x t p r e s e n ts his ow n th e o ry re g a rd in g e v o lu tio n of th e la n d r e -lief.
T h e p ro b le m s c o n n e cted w ith la n d co n f ig u ratio n , d y n am ics of land re lie f e v o lu tio n , an d p o st- g la c ia tio n p ro c e ss e s a r e su p p le m e n ted in th e P olish l ite r a tu r e by th e w o rk s of G e o rg ian an d A rm e n ia n researchers® . O f spec ia l in te re st h e re is th e w o rk of J. S aja dian , in w h ich the a u th o r d es c rib e s rh y th m ic ity of c h a n g e s in th e n a tu r a l e n v iro n m e n t a r o u n d th e S ew an Lake a n d d e v e lo p m e n t of c u ltu r e s in te r r e la te d w ith th ese ch an g es.
R e la tiv e ly little a t te n ti o n in th e l it e r a tu r e d ea lin g w ith th is re g io n h as b e en paid to clim atic issu es. It w as o n ly E. M ichn a w ho c h a r a c te -rized clim atic co n d itio n s of G eo rg ia in his long a rtic le p re se n tin g all c h a r a c te r is tic s of th e clim ate p re v a ilin g in this reg io n an d fa c to rs affe-cting it7.
O th e r n a tu r a l p ro b le m s of th is re g io n h a v e also re c e iv e d r e la tiv e ly little a tten tio n , alth o u g h the ra n g e of th e se p u b lic atio n s is q u ite big. It is n e c e ss a ry to list h ere, first of all, n u m ero u s w o rk s c o n c ern in g th e T eb e rd iy sk N a tio n a l P a rk in th e W e s te r n C au ca su s8, a w ork d e v o ted to th e p la n t c o v e r o n th e C a u c a s ia n c o a s t9, o r su ch u n iq u e n a tu r a l w o n d er as C h e ta g G ro v e 10. A sig n ifica n t co n trib u tio n to o u r b e tte r
fa-6 C h . P. D j a n e l i d z e , O n t h e d y n a m i c s of r e l i e l a n d n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t ot t h e C a u c a s u s in Hie H o l o c e n e , „ S tu d ia G i-o m o r p h o lo g ic a C a r p a th o -B a lc a n ic a " 1974, N o . 8, p. 61— 67; J. S a j a d i a n , P o s t g l a c i a l t i m e s in A r m e n i a a n d a d j a c e n t r e g i o n s (as e x e m p l i f i e d b y L a k e S e w a n ) , „S tu d ia G e o m o r p h o lo g ie n C a r p a th o -B a l- t a n ic a " 1978, N o . 12, p. 77— 93. 7 E. M i c h n a , O k l i m a c i e G r u z j i [O n G e o r g ia 's c l im a t e ], „ W s z e c h ś w ia t" 1967, N o. 9, p. 218— 222. 8 J. C z e r w i ń s k i , T e b e r d y ń s k i P a r k N a r o d o w y n a K a u k a z i e [T h e T e b er - diyw k N a tio n a l P ark in th e C a u c a s u s ] , „ C h ro ń m y p r z y r o d ę o j c z y s t ą ” 1959, N o. 5, p. 48— 52; A . M a g i e r a , T i e b i e r d a ń s k i P a r k N a r o d o w y [T h e T e b e r d iy s k N a -tio n a l P a r k ], „ W ie r c h y " 1959, p. 246— 251; M . S a w i c k a , T e b e r d y j s k i P a r k N a -r o d o w y w Z a c h o d n i m K a u k a z i e [T h e T e b e r d iy s k N a t i o n a l P a rt in th e W e s te r n C a u c a s u s ] , „ W s z e c h ś w ia t" 1968, N o . 1, p. 156— 160. 9 J. D o b o s z y ń s k a , R o ś l i n n o ś ć w y b r z e ż a k a u k a s k i e g o [P la n t c o v e r o t th e C a u c a s ia n c o a s t ], „ B io lo g i a w S z k o le " 1965, N o . 1, p. 39— 44. ,n N . I. B u r c z a k - A b r a m o w i c z , W . I. N a n i e w , „ S w i ę l y " g a j C h e t a g [„H oly" g r o v e ot C h e t a g ], „ C h ro ń m y p r z y r o d ę o jc z y s t ą " 1961, N o . 5, p. 34— 37.
m ilia rity w ith the C a u ca su s n a tu re is a w o rk of R. W o jtu s ia k 11, a m em -b er of th e scien tific e x p e d itio n to th e C a u c asu s in 1935. D uring th a t e x p e d itio n th e au th o r c a r rie d o u t n u m e ro u s zoo log ica l stu d ies a lth o u g h th e m ain e m p h asis in this p a rtic u la r w o rk w as laid on n atu r a l p ro b
-lem s, an d m a in ly on th e p la n t c o v e r a n d lan d sc ap e.
T h e so cio-econ o m ic p ro b lem s of th e C au c asu s h a v e b ee n d iscu ssed in m an y in te re stin g p u blica tio n s. T h ese p u b lic atio n s, h o w ev er, te nd to c o v e r a n ar r o w ra n g e of pro blem s. T h e in d u stry in th is re g io n w a s d escrib ed , am on g o th ers, in th e ar tic le s of B. K o rtu s12 d ea lin g w ith the in d u stry of A p sh ero n ; S. P ącz k a an d A. R o n d e li13 on ch a n g e s in the te x tile in d u stry ; and a sh o rt r e p o r t w r itte n b y L. S tr asz ew icz 14 ab o u t R u stav ia, th e b ig g e st m e tallu rg ic a l c e n tre of G e orgia. A n in ter e stin g a p p ro a ch to th e su b jec t w a s u sed by K o rtu s w ho an a ly z e d th e in d u -str ia l c e n tr e of A p sh er o n ap p ly in g a m e th o d of in d u -strial co m p lex
a n a ly s is . T h e a r tic le b eg in s w ith p r e s e n ta ti o n of d e v e lo p m e n t of this in d u s tr ia l c e n tr e an d fo r m a tio n of in ter n a l re la tio n sh ip w ith in it, w h ic h p ro v id e s a b a sis for c o n s tru c tio n of d e v e lo p m e n t sch em es of th is co- plex. T h e a n a ly sis en c o m p a sse s n ex t its c o n te m p o r ary p ro d u c tio n -te r-rito r ia l stru c tu re . In th e fina l p a rt of th e article , th e a u th o r d iscu sses th e ro le an d sig n ifica n ce of th e reg io n u n d e r stu d y for th e ec o n o m y of A z e r b a ija n and th e S o v ie t U nion. T h e in d u str ia l com p lex of A p sh -e ro n , w ith its p r-e d o m in a n c -e of oil, p o w -er -e n g in -e -e rin g , and ch -em ical
in d u stries, is p r e s e n t e d as a sy stem of v e r tic a l and h o rizo n ta l i n te r r e -latio n sh ip s, w ith e a c h in d u strial g ro u p sho w ing su ch r e la tio n sh ip s b ein g s y n th e tic a lly c h a ra c te riz ed . T h e a r tic le d es er v e s so m e m ore a tte n tio n d u e to th e fa ct th a t in d u s r tia l co m p lex es of th is kind* a r e — a c co rd in g to th e a u th o r — a u n iq u e p h e n o m e n o n on th e w o rld scale.
T h e a r tic le of P ączka a n d R o nd eli is e q u a lly in te re stin g an d rich in info rm atio n. T h e a u th o r s a n a ly ze h e re tra n sf o r m atio n s in th e tex tile in d u s try of th e e n ti r e T r a n s c a u c a s ia n re g io n , in c lu d in g ra w m a te r ia ls base, e m p lo y m e n t and p ro d u c tio n s tru c tu r e in th e p er io d of 1940— 1978 in e a c h rep ub lic.
11 R. W o j t u s i a k , W s e r c u K a u k a z u . D z i e n n i k p r z y r o d n i k a p i e r w s z e j p o l -s k i e j w y p r a w y w g ó r y W y -s o k i e g o K a u k a z u [T o th e h ou rt of t h e C a u c a -s u -s . D iar y
o f a n a tu r a li s t p a r t ic ip a tin g in t h e firs t P o lis h e x p e d it io n l o th e m o u n ta in s o f th e h i g h C a u c a s u s ], L w ó w 1937. >* В. K o r t u s, K o m p l e k s p r z e m y s ł o w y A p s z e r o n u [I n d u str ia l c o m p l e x o f A p -s h e r o n ] , „ P r z e glą d G e o g r a f ic z n y ' 1963, N o . 4, p. 569— 589. 13 S. P ą c z k a , A. R o n d e l i , C h a n g e s in t e r r i t o r i a l a n d b r a n c h s t r u c t u r e ol t e x t i l e i n d u s t r y i n G e o r g i a , A r m e n i a , a n d A z e r b a i j a n , „ A c ta U n i v e r s ita t is L o d z ie n -s i-s " 1983, F o lia c a u c a -s ic a 1, p. 107— 131. u L. S t r a s z e w i c z , R u s t a w i — c e n t r u m g r u z i ń s k i e j c z a r n e j m e t a l u r g i i [Ru- 6'tavia - c e n tr e of th e G e o r g ia n b la c k m e t a ll u r g y ], „ C z a s o p is m o G e o g r a fic z n e " 1977, N o . 1, p. 6&— 61.
A m o ng p u b lic atio n s d e v o ted to th e a g r ic u ltu r e , th er e sh o u ld be m en tio n ed th e a r tic le of T. L an k am er c o n c e rn in g A rm e n ia 15. T h e au th o r d e scrib e d h e r e in big d e tail v a rio u s p ro b lem s co n n e c te d w ith a g r ic u l-tu re b eg in n in g w ith co n d itio n s for its d ev e lo p m e n t su ch as soils, c lim ate, lan d c o n f ig u r atio n a n d irr ig a tio n , w h ich is fo llo w e d b y p r e s e n -ta tio n of th e s tr u c tu r e of la n d use, ty p e s of cro p s a n d th e ir size. This is a cco m pa n ied by a n a ly sis of an im al b re e d in g an d o w n e rsh ip s tr u c -ture. T h e a r ti c le e n d s w ith p r e se n ta tio n of d e v e lo p m e n t p ro sp e c ts of th e A rm en ia n a g r ic u ltu r e.
D em og rap h ic p ro b lem s in th eir h isto r ic a l a sp e c ts w e r e d iscu ssed in a c o m p re h e n siv e s u r v e y m ad e b y J. K. J a n c z a k 16. It c o n ta in s a d e m og rap h ic a n a ly sis of th e e n t ir e T ra n sc a u c a sia a t th e e n d of 19th c e n -tu r y in a sp atia l ap p ro ac h . A. W o źn iak p e rfo rm ed a s-tu d y of th e e th n ic s tr u c t u r e of G e o rg ia on th e b a sis of th e R u ssian a n d G e o r g ia n li t e -r a tu -r e 17. T h e a u th o -r a n a ly z e d c h a n g es in th e e th n ic s t-r u c tu -r e of th is c o u n try in tw o tim e cro ss-sec tio n s. T h e fir st of th em en co m p a sses the p erio d from the b e g in n in g of th e G e o rg ia n n atio n till 19th c e n tu ry , an d th e se co n d — the p r e se n t tim e, in w h ich th e re ta k e p la ce c h an g es in th e e th n ic s tru c tu r e q u ite sig n ific an t for th e G eo rg ian s. In th e w h o le a r tic le , th e a u th b r s tr iv e s to p re s e n t th e p ro c e s s of fo r m a tio n of th e h o m o g en eo u s G e o rg ian n atio n a fte r a p er io d of p o litica l split-u p. W e c a n g e t an in sig h t in to th e p r e s e n t- d a y so cio -d e m o g ra p h ic p ro c e ss e s o w ing to th e tw o a r tic le s w ritte n b y G. P ic ch elau ri an d c o -a u th o r s18. T h ey c o n c ern o n ly o ne p o p u latio n g ro u p i.e. e l d e r ly p e o p le b u t th is g ro u p is c h a r a c te riz e d b y th e a u th o rs fro m m an y p o in ts of view . G. P ic ch elau ri an d A. A g a d za n o v h a v e p ro v e d th a t th e T ra n s c au c a s ia n re p u b lics a r e a d e m o g ra p h ic e p ic e n tre of lo n g ev ity in th e S ov iet
U n ion. T he a n th o r s see k r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n lo n g e v ity a n d v a r io u s o th e r e lem e n ts in c lu d in g g eo g r ap h ic a l situ atio n of th e se a re a s ab o v e the sea lev el. In th e ir con clu sio ns, th e y claim th at lo n g e v ity is affected by m an y g eo g rap h ic al-clim atic, so cio -eco no m ic co n d itio n s, n atio n a lity ,
15 T. L a n k a m e r , R o l n i c t w o A r m e n i i [A g r ic u l tu r e of A r m e n ia ], „ G e o g r a fia w S z k o le " 1974, N o . 1, p. 12— 20. 16 J. K. J a n с z a k, P o p u l a t i o n r e l a t i o n s in t h e T r a n s c a u c a s i o n a r e a at t h e e n d o l t h e X I X c e n t u r y , „ A c ta U n iv u r s i ta ti s L o d z ie n s is ” 1983, F o lia c a u c a s ic a 1, p. 23— 49. 17 A . W o ż n i a k , S t r u k t u r a e t n i c z n a w s p ó ł c z e s n e j G r u z j i i j e j h i s t o r y c z n e u w a r u n k o w a n i a [E th n ic s tr u c tu r e o f c o n te m p o r a r y G e o r g i a a n d its h i s to r i c a l d e -t e r m in a n -ts ] , „ E -tn o gr a fia P o ls k a" 1971, N o . 1, p. 285— -301. 18 G. P i c c h e l a u r i , D. D z о r b e n a d z e, S p o ł e c z n o d e m o g r a i i c z n a c h a r a k t e -r y s t y k a l u d n o ś c i w s t a -r s z y m w i e k u w G -r u z i ń s k i e j S S R [ S o c i o d e m o g r a p h ic c h a r a c -t e r i s -tic s o f -th e e ld e r y p o p lu la -tio n in -th e G e o r g ia n S S R ], „ S -tu d ia D e m o g r a fic z n e ' 1971, N o. 26, p. 21— 30; G. P i c c h e l a u r i , A . A g a d z a n o w , L u d z i e s t a r z y i d ł u g o
-w i e c z n i -w G r u z i ń s k i e j S S R [O ld a n d o ld -o ld p e o p l e in th e G e o r g ia n S S R ], „Stu* (Jia D e m o g r a f ic z n e 1974, N o . 37, p. 93— 104.
liv in g co n d ition s, etc. T h e a n a ly sis h a s b e en p e rfo rm ed in tw o ag e g ro u p s: ab o v e 60 y e a r s a n d ab o v e 90 y e a rs of age. It e n c o m p a sse s such e le m e n ts as e.g. size of ag e g ro up s, sex s tr u ctu re , p lac e of d w e l-ling, social se cu rity , liv in g co n dition s, e d u c a tio n s tr u c tu r e , a n d o th ers. T h e su b je ct is a p p r o a c h e d d y n a m ic a lly for d iffe ren t tim e cr o ss-se ctio n s b eg in n in g w ith 1897 an d e n d in g w ith th e sev e n ties.
T h e se ttle m en t n etw o rk h as b e e n d e sc rib e d in th e P o lish li te ra tu r e b y th e G eo rg ian s, an d th a t is w h y w e p o ssess o n ly a p ic tu re of G e o r-gia in this sp h ere. W . G u jab id z e h as an aly z e d eco n o m ic and cu ltu ra l ties b e tw e en the sm all G e o rg ia n tow n s and th eir e n v ir o n s in th e lig h t of co m m u ting to w o r k 19. O n th e b asis of stu d ie s on m e an s of tra n sp o rt, fun c tio n a l s tru c tu r e of tow ns, sig n ifica n ce and in te n sity of com m uting, and s tru c tu r e of com m u tin g, th e a u th o r h as p r e p a r e d a ty p o lo g y of th e tow n u n d e r su rv e y . G. L ash k h i g iv e s u s an in sig h t in to p ro b lem s of th e fu n ctio n in g an d ro le of sm all to w n s as c e n tr e s of se rv ic e s for th e ru r al po pu latio n . F u n ctio n al c h a r a c te r istic s p ro v id e d a b asis for ty p o -lo g y of tow n s -lo cated in th e w e ste rn p a r t of G e o rg ia20.
It is also w o rth n oting th e fact th a t th e r e can b e fou nd in tere stin g a r tic le s d e v o ted to re c r e a tio n co n d itio n s an d to u ristic re g io n a liz atio n of T ra n sc au c as ia in th e P olish lite r a tu re . R. M. K asu m ow 21 p re se n ts in o n e of h is w o r k s th e A z e rb a ija n i m eth o d s of e v a lu a tio n of th e g e o g r a p h ica l e n v ir o n m e n t for to u r istic p u rp o s e s, m eth o d s of s tu d ie s on r e c r e a -tio n co n d i-tio ns, an d sta g es of stu d ies le ad in g to reg io n a liz a-tio n . The sam e au th o r, in a n o th er w o rk of his, d esc rib es p r in c ip le s of delim itin g to u ristic re g io n s22. To s ta r t w ith , h e p re s e n ts a th e o r etic a l sLudv d e v o ted to fo u n d atio n s of re g io n a liz atio n , w h ich is follo w ed b y d iv i-sion of th e c o u n try in to to u ristic reg io ns. T h e to u ristic re g io n aliz atio n in A z er b a ija n is b a sed on th e b asic prin cip le , ac co rd in g to w h ich to u ristic re g io n s sho uld b e id en tica l w ith a d m in istr a tiv e and eco no m ic reg ion s. T his e n su e s from th e fact in o rd e r to c r e a te and e n su r e a to u -ristic b ase th e r e a r e in d isp e n sab le econ om ic con d itio n s, w h ich can
11 W . G u j a b i d z e , J o u r n e y - t o - w o r k i n t h e s m a l l a n d m e d i u m t o w n s of G e o r g i a , „ Z e s z y ty N a u k o w e U n i w e r s y te tu Ł ó d zk ie g o " 1978, s e r. II, N o. 15, р. 67— 80 211 G. L a s h k h i , T h e r o l e of t o w n s in t h e s e r v i c e s y s t e m f or t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l p o p u l a t i o n in t h e s u b t r o p i c a l z o n e o f t h e G e o r g i a n S S R , „ A c ta U n i v e rs ita tis L o-d z ie n s is " 1983, Fo lia c a u c a s ic a 1, p. 81—87. 21 R. M. K a s u m o w , W a r u n k i r e k r e a c y j n e A z e r b e j d i a ń s k i e j S o c j a l i s t y c z n e j Re p u b l i k i Z w i ą z k o w e j i i c h o c e n a z p u n k t u w i d z e n i a t u r y z m u [R e c re a tio n c o n d itio n s in th e A z e rb a ija n i SSR a n d th e i r e v a l u a ti o n fro m th e v ie w p o in t of to u ris m ), „ P rz e -g lą d G e o -g ra fic z n y ” 1973, No. 1, p. 147— 151.
** R. M. K a s u m o w , R e g i o n a l i z a c j a t u r y s t y c z n a A z e r b e j d i a ń s k i e j S o c j a l i s t y c z -n e j R e p u b l i k i R a d z i e c k i e j [T o u ris tic re g io n a liz a tio n of th e A z e rb a ija n i SS R ], „R u ch T u r y s ty c z n y " 1970, N o. 2, p. 67— 73.
b e c r e a te d b y th is id e n tic a l c h a r a c te r of p a r tic u la r reg io n s. K asu m o w claim s th a t it is n e c e ss a r y to e n su re , f irs t of all, c o n c e n tr a tio n of p o -p u la tio n an d -p ro d u c tio n ac tiv itie s, w h ich allo w s to e n s u r e -p ro v isio n
of a p p ro p r ia te s e rv ic e s for to u rists . L a nd sc ap e, h is to r ic a l a n d a r c h it e c -tu r a l c o n s id e r a tio n s a r e f u r th e r f a cto rs of to u ris tic r e g io n a liz atio n . T o u ristic a ttr a c tiv e n e ss of G e o rg ia h a s b e e n e v a lu a te d b y S. L iszew ski on th e basis of th e P o lish m e th o d s28. A p p ly in g a n a ly sis of th e a t tr a c ti -v e n e ss co e fficien t -v a lu e s, w h ic h is a s y n th e tic m e a s u r e of th e n a tu r a l e n v ir o n m e n t an d c u ltu r a l co n d itio n s, an d p r o v isio n of to u r istic f a c ili-ties, the a u th o r h as d istin g u ish e d a r e a s c h a r a c te riz e d w ith d iffe re n t d e g r e e s of a ttr a c tiv e n e s s. T h e p e rf o rm ed s tu d ie s h a v e r e v e a le d d is p ro -p o r tio n s b e tw e e n e x tr e m e ly f a v o u r a b le n a t u r a l c o n d itio n s a n d th e ir u tiliza tio n for to u ristic p u rp o se s in G eo rg ia.
R e la tiv e ly m a n y p u b lica tio n s in th e P o lish li te r a t u r e a r e d e v o ted to a r c h ite c tu r e a n d to w n - p la n n in g of T ra n sc a u c a sia , a n d e sp e c ia lly to th e a r c h ite c tu r e of A z e rb a ija n . M an y of th em c an a r o u s e th e i n t e r e st of g e o g ra p h e rs sp ec ializ in g in stu d ie s o n g e o g r a p h y of to w n s. M o st of th e se p u b lic a tio n s a r e tr a n s la tio n s in to P olish. A r e m a r k a b le c o n tr i-b u tio n in th is field h a s i-b ee n m ade i-b y S zam il S ejfu łła F atu łła je w , w h ic h h as an a ly z e d th e a r c h ite c tu r e of A z e r b a ija n sta rtin g fro m 12th c e n tu ry , w ith m o st of h is a tte n tio n b e in g fo c u sse d on th e a r c h i te c tu r e of 19th an d 20th c e n tu r ie s 24. T h e a u th o r d e sc rib e s d iff er en t a r c h ite c tio n ic s t y -les, b u ild in g m ater ia ls, o rn a m e n ts, etc. Q u ite a g r e a t d e a l of a tte n tio n h a s b e e n d e v o ted to to w n -p la n n in g a n d sp a tial d is trib u tio n of b u ild ing s, w h ic h is fu r th e r e n r ic h e d b y d ra w in g s a n d p h o to g ra p h s. W h ile an a li- zing th es e p ro b lem s, th e a u t h o r p la ce d em p h a sis on c o n trib u tio n s of th e a r c h ite c ts of P o lish o rig in to th e b u ilt-u p of A z e rb a ija n i tow ns, w hich w as d o n e e sp e c ia lly for th e P o lish re a d e r . T h is fo u n d its r e f le c -tio n in a se r ie s of a r tic le s d e v o te d to th e P o lish a rc h ite c ts c r e a tin g th e ir w o rk s an d w o rk in g in th is c o u n tr y 25. T h es e a r tic le s p ro v id e us in d ir e c tly also w ith a p ic tu r e of a r c h ite c tu re of th o se tow ns, m od es
23 S. L i s z e w s k i , T h e t o u r i s t a t t r a c t i o n s o l G e o r g i a in t h e l i g h t o l P o l i s h r e s e a r c h m e t h o d s , „ A c ta U n iv o rs it a tis L o d z ie n s is" 1983, F o lia c a u c a s ic a 1, p. 89—-105.
*4 Sz. F a t u 11 a j e w , A r c h i t e k t u r a A z e r b e j d ż a n u w o k r e s i e k a p i t a l i z m u [A z e r
-b a ija n 's a r c h i te c t u r e in th e c a p it a lis t p e rio d ), „ T e k a K o m is ji U r-b a n is ty k i i A r c h
i-te k t u r y " 1976, vo l. 10, p. 157— 170. !5 Sz. S. F a t u 11 a j e w , P o l s c y a r c h i t e k c i w B ak u . A r c h i t e k t J. P l o s z k o [Po lish a rc h i te c t s in B aku. A rc h ite c t J. P lo s z k o ], „ A r c h i te k t u r a " 1967, N o. 11, p. 464— 465; i d e m , I n ż y n i e r m i e j s k i J. G o s l a w s k i [T o w n e n g in e e r — J. G o s la w s k i], „ A r c h i-t e k i-tu ra " 1969, N o. 6, p. 225— 226; i d e m . T w ó r c z o ś ć a r c h i t e k t ó w — P o l a k ó w w A z e r b e j d ż a n i e ( w o k r e s i e k a p i t a l i z m u ) [C re a tiv e o u tp u t of a rc h i te c t s — P o le s in A z e rb a ija n (d u rin g th e c a p ita lis t p e rio d )], „ T e k a K o m is ji U rb a n is ty k i i A r c h i te k tu r y " 1973, vo l. 7, p. 119— 138; i d e m , T w ó r c z o ś ć K a z i m i e r z a S k ó r e w i c z a w B a k u [C r ea -t iv e o u -tp u -t of K a z m ie rz S k ó re w ic z in B a k u ], „ A r c h i-t e k -t u r a " 1975, N o . 3, p. 99.
a n d d ir ec tio n s of th e ir d ev e lo p m e n t. T h e sec o n d h a lf of 19th c e n tu r y w itn es sed a r a p id d e v e lo p m e n t of in d u str y and, g e n e ra lly , ec on o m ic a c tiv ity in T r a n sc a u c a sia , w h ich w as also re f lec te d in ra p id g ro w th of tow n s. Som e of them , am o n g o th e rs — Baku, w e r e la r g e ly re b u ilt, a n d th is re fe rs e s p e c ia lly to th e c e n tr a l p a r t of th e to w n . T h e c h a r a c te r of th is c e n tr a l d is tr ic t is d e te rm in e d b y c o n c e n tra tio n of p ub lic u tility b u ild in g s. T h e d e s ig n of re b u ild in g w a s p re p a r e d b y a P o le — J. Go- sław sk i, w ho w a s a n u rb a n a rc h itec t.
T h e p r e s e n t u r b a n - p la n n in g p ro b lem s of T bilisi a r e p r e s e n te d in tw o w o rk s of th e G eo rg ia n a u t h o r s i.e. I. C iciszw ili28 a n d G. G e g e lija 27. T h e fir st of th em em p h asize d th e n e c e s si ty of p r e s e r v in g a n d u tilizin g th e to w n p la n n in g a n d a r c h ite c to n ic la n d m ar k s lo c a te d in th e o ld d is tr i c t of Tb ilisi, an d th e n e e d for in te r lin k in g th e old a n d n ew a r c h ite c -tu r e alo n g w ith d e v e lo p m e n t of th e to w n. T h e o th e r o n e d esc rib e s to w n -p la n n in g an d a rc h ite c to n ic so lu tio n s ad o p ted in th r e e n ew d istric ts of th e G e o r g ian c a p ita l b ein g b u ilt in its old c e n tre a n d its im m e d ia te v ic in ity . M. B o k e ria p o in ts a t an in te r e stin g p ro b lem of in t e r r e la t io n ships b e tw e e n h o u sin g c o n s tr u c tio n a n d clim atic c o n d itio n s 28. T h e a u th o -re s s a n a ly z e s d if fe r e n tia tio n of c o n str u c tio n ty p e s in d iff e -ren t -re g io n s of th e C a u c a su s str e ssin g a d a p ta tio n of r u r a l b u ild in g s to lo c al clim a-tic a n d p h y sio g r a p h ic a l c o n d itio n s.
T h e g e o g r a p h e r w ish in g to g e t a c q u a n ite d w ith ca u ses of m an y c o n te m p o r a r y p ro c e ss e s a n d fin d e x p la n a tio n for p o litic a l a n d so cia l p h en o m e n a re ac h e s for th e h isto r ic a l lite r a tu r e . T h e a v a ila b le p u b lic a -tio n s c o n c er n in g th is r e g io n d es c rib e its h is to r y from th e a n c ie n t tim es till th e p r e s e n t d ay. F o rem o st am o n g th em a r e tw o ite m s fro m th e h is to r y of A rm e n ia 29 an d tw o item s d e alin g w ith th e h is to r y of G e o r g ia 30. D. M ar sh a ll in his w o r k s fo c u sse d h is m ain a t te n tio n on th e a n c ie n t tim es, b u t h e also d e v o te d a g r e a t d ea l of h is a t te n tio n to th e M id d le A g es a n d to th e p re s e n t tim e. M. Z ak r ze w sk a D u b a so w a p ro v id e d a s y n -th e tic a p p r o a c h to -th e h is to ry of A rm en ia s ta rtin g w i-th -th e e r a of
26 I. C i c i s z w i l i , R e k o n s t r u k c j a h i s t o r y c z n y c h d z i e l n i c T b i l i s i [R e c o n s t r u c tio n o t h i s t o r ic a l d is t r ic t s in T b i l is i ], „ A r c h ite k tu r a " 1972, N o . 12, 1972, p. 4 38 — 441. « g . G e g e l i j a , T r z y p r z y k ł a d y w s p ó ł c z e s n e j a r c h i t e k t u r y g r u z i ń s k i e j [T h re e e x a m p l e s o f m o d e r n G e o r g ia n a r c h it e c t u r e ] , „ A r c h ite k tu r a " 1972, N o . 12, p. 442— 445. 28 М . В о к о г i a, I n t e r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n l o l k a r c h i t e c t u r e a n d c l i m a t e in G r e a t C a u c a s u s , „ A c ta U n i v e r s i ta t is L o d z ie n s is " 1983, F o lia c a u c a s i c a 1, p. 65— 79. 28 L. D. M a r s h a l l , A r m e n i a — k o l e b k a c y w i l i z a c j i [A r m e n ia — c r a d le of c i v il i z a t i o n ] , W a r s z a w a 1975; M . Z a k r z e w s k a - D u b a s o w a , H i s t o r i a A r m e n i i [ H is to r y of A r m e n i a ] , W r o c la w 1977. 50 J. K a w t a r a d z e , G r u z j a w z a r y s i e h i s t o r y c z n y m [H is to r ic a l O u tl in e o f G e o r g ia ] , W a r s z a w a 1929; L. D. M a r s h a l l , D a w n a G r u z j a [O ld G e o r g ia ] , W a r -s z a w a 1972.
U r a r tu a n d r e v e a lin g in th is w a y th e h is to ry of o n e of th e o ld e s t n a tio n s in th e w o rld. A n in te r e stin g w o rk of J. K a w ta ra d z e w a s w r it -ten in P olish a n d p u b lish e d in th e tw n eties . O n th e b a sis of th e G e o r-g ia n an d th e R u ssia n lite ra tu r e , th e a u th o r d e sc rib ed th e e n ti r e h is to r y of h is n atio n . T h e w o r k e x p la in s th e b e g in n in g s of th e s ta t e a n d a n a l y -zes su c c e ss iv e e p o c h s till th e c o n te m p o ra ry tim es of th e a u th o r.
T h e p u b lica tio n s d e alin g w ith p o litica l issu e s a r e e x c lu s iv e ly of h is to r ic a l c h a r a c te r an d th e ir p ro b le m a r e a b o ils d o w n to b il a te r a l r e la tio n s 81. Q u ite in te re s tin g am o n g th e m is th e w o rk of L. W id er sz al, in w h ich th e a u th o r d es c rib e s g u ite c o m p re h e n siv ely th e p o litica l r e l a -tio n s in th e C a u c a su s r e g io n in 19th c e n tu r y 82. A g r e a t d ea l of a tt e n ti o n w as d e v o te d in th is w o r k to th e sta n c e ta k e n b y th e E u ro p ea n c o u n trie s to th e C a u ca sia n p ro b lem a n d to th e ro le p la y e d b y P o les in th is field. H e also d e v o te d also a lo t of a tte n t io n to th e P ole s sta y in g in th e M id d le E ast d u rin g th is p e rio d .
T he e th n o g ra p h ic a l p ro b lem s ca n b o a st g u ite a w id e r a n g e of p u b li-c a tio n s in th e P olish lite r a tu r e . M ost of th em w e r e w r itt e n b y th e P o lish in e x ile o r by o ld tra v e lle r s. T he la te s t c o n trib u tio n s in th is a n d o th e r a r e a s a r e s ca rc e a n d fr ag m e n ta ry . A m o ng m o re v a lu a b le c o n tr i-b u tio n s a r e p u i-b lic a tio n s p re se n tin g th e folk a r c h i te c t u r e in G e o r g ia ” . A. Łotysz sta te s th a t d if fe r en tia tio n of th e G e o r g ian n a tu r a l e n v ir o n -m en t a n d its h isto r ic a l d e stin y c o n s titu te tw o f u n d a -m e n tal f a cto rs ac c o u n tin g fo r th e d iv er sif ie d p ic tu r e of th e G e o rg ian folk a r c h ite c tu r e . F ro m th is p o in t of v iew , th e a u th o r d iv id e d th e c o u n tr y in to th r e e p a r ts — th e p l a te a u in clu d in g K a r ta lia a n d M e sc h e tia, th e w e ste r n p a r t b eing th e h is to r ic a l K olch ida, a n d th e m o u n ta in o u s p a r t e n c o m p a ssin g th e C au ca su s r e g io n s or S v an e tia a n d H e v su re tia . T h e w o rk p r o v id e s c h a r a c te r is tic s of e a c h p ro v in c e w ith r e g a r d to th e a b o v e m e n -tio n e d n a t u r a l e n v iro n m e n t co n d i-tio n s a n d a r c h it e c tu r a l fe a tu re s.
A s r e g a rd s th e g e o g r a p h ic a l lite ra tu r e , th e r e a r e m issin g in it co m -31 J. C i n с a d z e , S t o s u n k i p o l s k o - g r u z i ń s k i e w X V — X V I I w . [P o lis h -G e o r g ia n r e l a t io n s in 15th-—-17th c e n t u r i e s ] , „ P r z e g lą d O r i e n t a l is ty c z n y " 1960, N o . 1, p. 3— 13; G. B. G a r i b d i t i n i a n , P o l s k o o r m i a ń s k i e k o n t a k t y r e w o l u c y j n e w X I X i w p o -c z ą t k a -c h X X w i e k u [P o li s h -A r m e n ia n r e v o lu t io n a r y -c o n ta -c ts in 19th a n d e a r l y 20 th c e n t u r i e s ] , „Z p o la w a lk i " 1971, N o . 3, p. 25— 34; B. B a r a n o w s k i , P o l s k o - - a z e r b e j d ż a ń s k i e s t o s u n k i k u l t u r a l n e w p i e r w s z e j p o ł o w i e X I X w i e k u [P o li s h A z e r -b a ija n i c u lt u r a l r e la t io n s in th e fir s t h a ll of 19th c e n t u r y ], W r o c ła w 1969.
B L, W i d e r s z a l , S p r a w y k a u k a s k i e w p o l i t y c e e u r o p e j s k i e j w l a l a c h 1831— — 1864 [ C a u c a s i a n a ffa ir s in th e E u r o p ea n p o l ic y in th e y e a r s 1831— 1864], W a r -s z a w a 1934. 33 A . Ł o t y s z , G r u z i ń s k a a r c h i t e k t u r a l u d o w a [G e o r g ia n fo l k a r c h i te c t u r e ], „ B u d o w n ic t w o W i e j s k ie " 1974, N o . 7, p. 18— 21; E. P i e t r a s z e k , M u z e u m p o d o t w a r t y m n i e b e m w T b i l i s i [O p e o -a ir m u s eu m in T b il is i ] , „ E t n og r a fia P o ls k a " 1971, N o. 1, p. 308— 310.
p r e h e n siv e r e g io n a l a p p ro ac h e s. A n e x c e p tio n h e r e is a c o lle c tiv e w o rk , w h ich ca m e o u t in a s e r ie s d e v o te d to p a r ti c u la r r e g io n s of th e S o v ie t U n io n 34. It is of a m o n o g ra p h ty p e. Its f ir st p a r t d iscu sses c o n d itio n s of th e g e c g r a p h ic a l e n v iro n m e n t, h isto r y of th e G e o r g ia n p eo p le a n d th e ir c u ltu re , a s w e ll as ec o n o m ic p ro b lem s a c c o rd in g to th e m ain se c to r s of th e n a tio n a l ec o n o m y . I n th e sec o n d p a r t, th e a u th o r s p r e s e n t h is to rica le co n o m ic r e g io n s of G eo rg ia . T his w o rk is to d a y th e o n ly a v a ila -b le m o n o g rap h ic p re s e n ta tio n of G e o rg ia in t h e P o lish la n g u a g e . A m u ch less c o m p r e h e n s iv e a p p r o a c h to th e n a t u r a l e n v ir o n m e n t a n d ec o n o m ic p ro b le m s of th e e n ti r e T ra n sc a u c a s ia h as b e e n p ro v id e d b y th e w o rk of L iszew sk i35.
It sh o u ld b e u n d e r lin e d th a t th e n u m b er of a v a ila b le to u r ist g u i d e --b o ok s to th is a tt r a c t iv e re g io n is v e r y sm all. A nd .alth o u g h tw o g u id e - -b o ok s of S. S p alle36 p r e s e n t th e r e g io n u n d e r s tu d y b u t th is is d o n e a lo n g sid e p r e s e n ta tio n of o th e r to u r istic re g io n s of th e S o v ie t U nion. A*s a r e su lt of it in fo rm atio n c o n ta in e d in th e m is v e r y b rie f a n d in s u f-ficien t. T h e b o o k of G. a n d A. M iło sz m ay h e a n in v a lu a b le h elp fo r to u r ists w is h in g to g e t fa m ila r w ith th is r e g io n b u t it c a n h a r d ly be sa id to b e a g u id e- b o o k 37.
T h e r e c a n b e fo u n d r ic h l it e r a tu r e d e v o te d to c o n ta c ts, c o o p e r a tio n a n d r e la tio n s b e tw e e n P o lan d a n d P ole s a n d th e n a tio n s a n d s ta te s of T ra n sc a u c a s ia . S in c e it is r e fe r r e d to in th e o th e r stu d ie s in c lu d e d in th is v o lu m e, it w ill b e o m itte d h er e. I t is w o r th m en tio n in g , h o w e v er, th a t th ese p ro b lem s h a v e b e e n la r g e ly p o p u la r iz e d b y a b o o k w r itte n b y B. a n d K. B a ra n o w sk i a n d e n title d : P o la kó w k a u k a s k ie drog i (C au c a-sian R o u tes of P o les)38. T h e a u th o r s r e v ie w in it th e c o n ta c ts b e tw e e n th e tw o c o u n trie s d a tin g b a c k to 15th a n d 16th c e n tu r ie s in v a r io u s s p h e r e s of th e p o litic al, so cia l a n d e co n o m ic life. T h es e c o n ta c ts h a v e b e e n illu s tra te d th ro u g h p r e s e n ta t io n of th e c u ltu ra l, scien tific, e c o n o -m ic a n d p e r so n a l a c tiv ity of th e P ole s sta y in g in th e C au c asu s.
W h ile d iscu ssin g th e P o lish l it e r a tu r e d ea lin g w ith th e C a u c a sia n top ics, it is im p o ssib le n o t to m e n tio n th e c o n trib u tio n of th e P olish e x iles to o u r b e t te r k n o w le d g e of th o se c o u n trie s. Its e x p r e ss io n is th e rich li te r a t u r e p u b lish e d in 19th c e n tu r y a n d a t th e b eg in n in g of 20th 34 G r u z j a [G e o r g i a ] , c d . F. F. D a w it a ja , W a r s z a w a 1972. 35 S. L i s z e w s k i , Z a k a u k a z i e [ T r a n s c a u c a s i a ] , „ G e o g r a fia w S z k o le " 1984, N o . 4, p. 179— 187. 36 S. S p a l l e , K r y m — K a u k a z . M a l y r z e w o d n i k t u r y s t y c z n y [C rim e a — C au -c a s u s . S m a ll to u r i s t g u i d e - b o o k ] , W a r s z a w a 1377; i d e m , W y b r z e ż e M o r z a C z a r n e g o . I n l o r m a t o r t u r y s t y c z n y [T h e B la c k S e a c o a s t. T o u r i s i g u id e - b o o k ] , W a r s z a w a 1979. 37 G. a n d A . M i ł o s z o w i e , K a u k a z [C a u c a s u s ], W a r s z a w a 1979. 38 B. B a r a n o w s k i , К. B a r a n o w s k i , P o l a k ó w k a u k a s k i e d r o g i [C a u c a s ia n r o u te s o f P o le s ] , Ł ó d ź 1985.
c e n tu r y b o th in th e form of b o o k s a n d n u m e ro u s a r tic le s. H o w e v e r, th e tim e ra n g e of th e s e p u b lic a tio n s a lr e a d y g o e s b e y o n d th e tim e f r a m e w o rk a c c e p te d for th is v o lum e. T h e r e v ie w of th is li te r a t u r e a c c o r d in g to p a r tic u la r p ro b le m s d isc u sse d in it h a s b e e n p r o v id e d b y s e v e ra l p u b lic a tio n s39. A m o ng th em of sp ec ia l in te r e s t is th e w o rk of J. R ey -ch m an , in w h ic h th e a u t h o r p re s e n te d in a c o m p r e h e n s iv e m a n n e r th e c o n se c u tiv e str e a m s of th e P o lish e x ile s to th is r e g io n a s w e ll as all th e o th e r s w h o w e r e com ing t h e r e for o th e r r e a so n s , a n d c h a r a c te riz e d th e se g ro u p s of P o les a n d p a r ti c u la r p e rso n s. M o st of h is a tt e n t io n w a s fo c u sse d o n th e c o n trib u tio n of th o s e p e o p le to o u r b e tte r k n o w le d g e ab o u t th e reg io n . T h e a u th o r a lso p o in ts a t th e f ac t th a t h a r d d u ties an d a rd u o u s w o rk p e rfo rm e d b y th em w e r e co m b ine d w ith a ca re fu l o b se r v a tio n of th e n a tu r e a n d p eo ple. L. R u b ac h ch o se fo r his stu d ie s th a t g ro u p of P o les w h o h ad c o n tr ib u te d sig n if ic a n tly to th e in d u str ia l d ev e lo p m e n t of th e r e g io n 40. A m o ng o th e r s, h e d e sc r ib e s P. P o to ck i — — th e a u th o r of th e fir st p ro je c t of e x tr a c ti n g c r u d e o il from th e sea b o tto m , w h ic h w a s a p p lie d in 1922, a n d B. S ia tk o w sk i — a d e sig n e r a n d c o n stru c to r of th e T ra n sc a u c a sia n ra ilw a y . N ex t, h e d es c rib e s th e c o n trib u tio n s of T. G o rc zy ck i to c o n d u c ti o n of th e oil p ip e lin e from B aku to B atum i, a n d th e P o lish g e o lo g ist — J. C ho dźk o, w h o d isc o v e re d m a n y m in e ra l d e po sits. P a rtic ip a tio n o f th e P o lish a rc h ite c ts in e x p a n -sio n a n d c o n str u c tio n of th e A z e r b a ija n i to w n s w a s o u tlin e d in, a n o th e r p a r t of th is ar tic le .
It is w o r th n o tin g th a t th e r e a r e n u m e ro u s p u b licatio n s o f su pp
le-39 J. R e у с h m a n, P o l a c y w g ó r a c h K a u k a z u d o k o ń c a X I X w . [P o l e s in m o u n -ta in s of th e C a u c a s u s till th e e n d of 19th c c n tu r y ] , „ W ie rc h y " 1954, p. 19— Ж
В. B a r a n o w s k i , Z d z i e j ó w p o l s k o - g r u z i ń s k i c h s t o s u n k ó w k u l t u r a l n y c h z p o ł o w y X I X w i e k u (o p i s y G r u z j i M a t e u s z a G r a l e w s k i e g o ) [O n th e h is to r y o f t h e P o lis h -G e o r -
çiian c u ltu ra l re la tio n s from th e m id -1 9 th c e n tu ry (M a te u s z G r a le w s k i's d e s c r i p tio n s
of G e o rg ia ], „ A n n iles U n iv e rs i ta t is M a ria e C u r ie - S k ło d o w s k a " 1976, s e c . F, v o l . 29, p. 175— 182; i d e m , P o l s k o - a z e r b e j d ż a ń s k i e s t o s u n k i k u l t u r a l n e [P o l is h - A z e r b a ija n i
c u ltu ra l r e l a ti o n s ] ; i d e m , P o l s k i e z a i n t e r e s o w a n i a z X V I I I i X I X w i e k u . K u l t u r a G r u z j i [P olis h in te r e s ts fro m 18th a n d 19th c e n t u r i e s . C u ltu r e o f G e o r g ia ] , W r o
-c la w — Ł ódź 1982; J. F d b i a ń s k i , P ó ł n o c n y K a u k a z p r z e ł o m u X V I I I i X I X w . w ś w i e t l e r e l a c j i J a n a P o t o c k i e g o [N o r th e rn C a u c a s u s at t h e tu r n of 18th an d
19th c e n tu r ie s in t h e l ig h t o f J<in P ototeki's r e la t i o n s ] , „ E tn o g r afia P o ls k a " 1971,
No. 1, p. 249— 283; A. C h o d u b s k i , I n t e l i g e n c j a p o l s k a w A z e r b e j d ż a n i e w k o ń -cu X I X w i e k u i n a p o c z a j k u X X w i e k u [P olis h i n t e l li g e n t s i a in A z e r b a i ja n a t t h e
e n d of 19th a n d b e g in n in g of 20th c e n tu r ie s ], „ P rz e g lą d P o lo n ij n y " 1983, N o . 1,
о 39—47; A. W o ź n i a k , K u l t u r a l u d o w a w G r u z j i w r e l a c j a c h p o l s k i c h p o c z ą t -k ó w X X w . [F olk c u lt u re of G e o rg ia in P o lis h r e l a ti o n s from t h e e a r l y 20th
c e n t u r y ], „ E tn o g ra fia P o ls k a " 1983, N o . 1, p. 297—320.
40 L. R u b a c h , O P o l a k a c h — p i o n i e r a c h p r z e m y s ł u n a K a u k a z i e i Z a k a u k a
-z i u [A b o ut P o le s — p io n e e r s of in d u s tr y in t h e C a u c a s u s a n d i n T r a n s c a u c a s i a ] ,
m e n ta r y n a tu r e in r e la tio n to th is rev iew . T h ey a r e u s u a lly of re p o rt a n d p o p u lar ty p e , b u t th e y allo w to e n r ic h c o n sid e r ab ly o u r k n o w le d g e a b o u t this re g io n . A p a r t of th es e a r tic le s ca n b e fo u n d in a p o p u la r m ag az in e „P o zn aj św iat" . T h ese a r tic le s d u e to th e ir c h a r a c te r a r e not a n o b je c t of th e p r e s e n t rev ie w .
T h e p e rf o rm e d a n a ly s is of th e p u b lic a tio n s d e v o te d to th e C au ca s u s in th e P o lish li te r a tu r e h a s r e v e a le d th a t th e r e a r e m issing big a n d co m -p r e h e n s iv e w o rk s th a t w o u ld b e -p r e se n tin g th is re g io n is a d e ta ile d an d m u lti-la te ra l w ay . O n th e o th e r han d , w e c a n find g u ite a big n u m b er of p u b lic a tio n s d isc u ssin g v a r io u s se lec te d p ro b lem s of th e reg ion . T h e su b je c ts of th ese p u b lic atio n s h a v e n o t b e e n ch o se n in a n y sy ste m atic w a y , w h ic h is a r e su lt on in d iv id u al in te r e sts an d c o n ta c ts of th e ir au th o rs. T h e P olish li te r a t u r e p r o v id es a r e la tiv e ly g o od in sigh t into th is r eg io n of th e w o rld in th e a r e a of n a t u r a l e n v ir o n m e n t a n d e t h n o -g ra p h ic al p ro b lem s. T h is r ic h li te r a t u r e is a r e su lt of field stu d ies, w h ich w e r e c a r ri e d out, h o w ev er , g u ite a lo ng tim e ago, w ith a p a r t of it com in g from th e tu r n o f 19th c e n tu r y . A sig n if ic an t p o r tio n of th e P o lish l ite r a t u r e d e a ls w ith a c tiv itie s of th e P o les in th e C a u ca sia n regio n.
T h e c o n te m p o r a ry p ro b le m s c o n c e r n in g so cial, ec o n o m ic an d p o li-tical re la tio n s of th e co u n trie s situ ate d in T r a n sc a u c a sia h a v e re ceiv ed a g r e a t d ea l of a tte n tio n in th e P o lish l ite r a tu r e , as w ell a s in th e T r a n s -c a u -c a sia n li te r a tu r e r e fle -ctin g s-cien tifi-c -c o n ta -c ts b e tw e e n th e sp e-c ia lists fro m v a r io u s ar ea s. I n s titu te o f E c o n o m ic G e o g r a p h y a n d S p a tia l O r g an iz a tio n , U n i v e r s i ty of Ł ód ź J o a n n a K o t l l c k a K A U K A Z W PO L S KIE J LIT E R AT U R Z E G E O G R A F IC Z N E J W a r ty k u le d o k o n a n o p r z e g lą d u p o l s k i e g o p i ś m i e n n i c tw a g e o g r a f ic z n e g o o b e j -m u j ą c e g o r e g io n K au k az u . A u t o r k a s ta w ia s o b ie za c e l o k r e ś l e n ie m o ż l iw o ś ć , p o z n a n ia t e g o r e g io n u g e o g r a fi c z n e g o n a p o d s t a w ie p o l s k ie j lite r a tu r y . P r z e d m i o -t e m o b ję ta je s t lite r a tu r a m o g ą c a z a in te r e s o w a ć g e o g r a f a , a w ię c lite r a tu r a g e o g r a f ic z n a o r a z lite r a tu r a d z ie d z i n p o k r e w n y c h . P r z e d m io te m o c e n y s t a ły s ię p r a co w y d a n e w p o ls k ic h c z a s o p is m a c h i d r u k ac h z w a r ty c h , n i e z a l e ż n ie o d n a r o d o w o ś c i a u to r a i j ę z y k a w ja k i m p r a c a z o s ta ła o p u b lik o w a n a .
O p r a c o w a n i e o b e jm u je w z a s a d z i e l ite r a tu r ę o s ta t n ie g o 4 0 le c ia , c h o ć w p e w -n y c h p r o b le m a c h s i ę g a o k r e s u w c z e ś -n i e j s z e g o .
oz-p o c z y n a ją oz-p r z e g lą d li te r a t u r y oz-p r z y r o d n i c z e j , n a s t ę oz-p n ie o m ó w io n o oz-p o z y c j e n a te m a ty g o s p o d a r c z e i s p o ł e c z n e , d a le j z a ś p r o b le m a ty k a w li te r a tu r z e d z ie d z in p o k r e w n y c h , l e ż ą c a w z a in te r e s o w a n i a c h g e o g r a f a . W w y b o r z e z o s ta ł y u w z g lę d n io n e p u b l ik a c j e o m a w i a ją c e w k ła d P o la k ó w -z e s ł a ń c ó w w p o z n a n ie , p r a c e b a d a w c z e i d z i a ł a l n o ś ć g o s p o d a r c z ą p r o w a d z o n ą na Z a k a u k az iu . W w y n i k u p r z e p r o w a d z o n e j a n a li z y z a w a r t o ś c i p o ls k i e j li te r a tu r y n a te m a t K au k a zu s tw ie r d z o n o , ż e Jes t o n a n ie p e łn a . P r z e d s t a w i a p r o b le m y w y r y w k o w o i fr a g m e n t a r y c z n ie . B rak je st z a r ó w n o o p r a c o w a ń k o m p l e k s o w y c h d la c a ł e g o r e -g io n u lu b j e -g o c z ę ś c i , jak t e ż s z e r o k ic h o p r a c o w a ń p r o b l e m o w y c h . N a l e ż y p o d -k r e ś l ić , iż w s p ó ł c z e s n e z a g a d n i e n ia w d u ż y m s t o p n iu z o s t a ły p r z e d s ta w io n e w p o l-s k ie j lite r a tu r z e p r z e z Z a k au k a z ia n .
