Predicting Students Performance in Giant Slalom

(1)

PREDICTING STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN GIANT SLALOM

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1, A, B, C, D

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Abstract.

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Key words:

VSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJUDFHUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVLPSDFW

Introduction

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Material and methods

Participants

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Variables

,QGHWHUPLQLQJWKHOHYHORIVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJDVSUHGLFWRUYDULDEOHVWKHH[DPLQHHV were evaluated in four ski elements as follows%$37±EDVLFSDUDOOHOWXUQV'657±G\QDPLFVKRUWUDGLXVWXUQV

'/57±G\QDPLFORQJUDGLXVWXUQVDQG6&57±VNLLQJZLWKWKHFKDQJHVRIUK\WKPDQGWHPSRDVWKHHOHPHQWVRI DGYDQFHGVNLVFKRRODFFRUGLQJWRWKHFXUULFXODRIVNLLQJDQGEDVHGRQDQH[SHUW model of advanced ski school .XQD

7KHUHVXOWVDFKLHYHGE\WKHVWXGHQWVLQJLDQWVODORPFRPSHWLWLRQUHSUHVHQWWKHFULWHULRQYDULDEOH0*65± modified giant slalom race.

Instrument

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Table 1.

Assessment criteria

Measurement

scale (marks) 'HVFULSWLRQRIVWDQGDUGV

5 6WXGHQWSHUIRUPVVNLLQJHOHPHQWZLWKVHOIFRQILGHQFHZLWKRXWWHFKQLFDODQGDHVWKHWLFPLVWDNHV

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Procedure

Testing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of task and criterion, where the mark 1 is the lowest. Objectivity of evaluation is higher as higher is the level of DJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHDSSUDLVDOVWKDWDUHDVVLJQHGWRH[DPLQHHV0HMRYãHN'L]GDU.ULVWLþHYLüHWDO 2WKHUDXWKRUV.RYDþ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second.

Data analysis

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WZRYDULDEOHVZDVXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHYDOXHVRIFRUUHODWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVEHWZHHQVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQH skiing and results in giant slalom race.

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Results

5HYLHZLQJWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHGHVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFV7DEOHLWLVQRWHGWKDWWKH0RIPDMRULW\RIHYDOXDWHGVNL elements, shows marks in the zone of medium values 2.26–3.19, with a 6'IURPWR)RU0*65±PRGLILHG giant slalom race M is 32.31, with a 6'$FFRUGLQJWRWKH.6WHVWUHVXOWVEHORZZHFDQVHHWKDWWKHUH DUHQRVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVSEHWZHHQWKHREWDLQHGGLVWULEXWLRQRIUHVXOWVIURPD normal distribution of results.

Table 2.

'HVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFVRIDOOYDULDEOHV Valid N 18 M SD Min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ȜZKHUHREWDLQHGUHVXOWVDUHȜ 2.57 for ski elementEDVLFSDUDOOHO

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turns, Ȝ IRUVNLHOHPHQWG\QDPLFVKRUWUDGLXVWXUQVȜ 2.64 for ski element dynamic long radius turns and Ȝ IRUVNLHOHPHQWVNLLQJZLWKWKHFKDQJHVRIUK\WKPDQGWHPSR$OVRLQDOOIRXUYDULDEOHVRIVSHFLILFPRWRU NQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJWKHUHZHUHLGHQWLILHGKLJKSHUFHQWDJHVRIYDULDQFHDQGLWLVSRVVLEOHWRDUJXHWKDWWKH ILUVWSULQFLSDOFRPSRQHQWLVODUJHO\LQYROYHGLQWKHYDULDQFHRIDOOUHVXOWV7KHYDOXHVRIWRWDOH[SODLQHGYDULDQFHRI WKHILUVWSULQFLSDOFRPSRQHQWIRUVNLHOHPHQWEDVLFSDUDOOHOWXUQVLV, for ski element dynamic short radius turns is IRUski element dynamic long radius turns is DQGIRUVNLHOHPHQWVNLLQJZLWKWKHFKDQJHV RIUK\WKPDQGWHPSRis $VDOOWHVWVIRUHYDOXDWLRQRIVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJKDYHJRRG characteristics of sensitivity and objectivity, they allow use of the results for further analysis.

Table 3.

7KHSURMHFWLRQVRIWKHYHFWRURIPDQLIHVWYDULDEOHVRIDOOWHVWVZLWKH[WUDFWHGSULQFLSDOFRPSRQHQWV’_, HLJHQYDOXHVȜDQGSHUFHQWDJHRIH[SODLQHGYDULDQFHIRUH[WUDFWHGFRPSRQHQWVFXPXODWLYH ([DPLQHUV BAPTa _DSRTa _DLRTa _SCRTa 1 2 3 Ȝ 2.57 2.64 2.66 &XPXODWLYH 85.67 79.89 88.57 ([WUDFWLRQ0HWKRG3ULQFLSDO&RPSRQHQW$QDO\VLV a 6LJQLILFDQWSULQFLSDOFRPSRQHQWH[WUDFWHGIRUHDFKWHVW

The isolated factors for each of the IRXUPDQLIHVWYDULDEOHVRIVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJZLOOEH XVHGLQIXUWKHUDQDO\VLVRIGDWDDVWKHODWHQWVSDFHRIVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJ

In a IXUWKHUDQDO\VLVRIGDWD6SHDUPDQ¶VUDQNFRUUHODWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVZHUHFDOFXODWHGEHWZHHQODWHQWVSDFHRI VSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJREWDLQHGE\IDFWRUDQDO\VLVSULQFLSDOFRPSRQHQWVZKHUHȜDQGWKH results of the criterion variable, modified giant slalom race (Table 4). All obtained correlation coefficients are of high YDOXHVIURPU ±WRU ±DWWKHVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWOHYHORIS DQGWKH\DUHORJLFDOO\QHJDWLYHO\ correlated because numerically lower score is a better result in criterion variable.

Table 4.

6SHDUPDQ¶VUDQNFRUUHODWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVEHWZHHQODWHQWVSDFH RIVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJYDULDEOHVDQGFULWHULRQYDULDEOH Valid N 18 MGSR BAPTa ± DSRTa ± DLRTa ± SCRTa ± &RUUHODWLRQLVVLJQLILFDQWDWWKHS OHYHO

*HQHUDOO\FURVVFRUUHODWLRQPDWUL[UHSUHVHQWD basis for regression analysis. Regression analysis VWHSZLVH PHWKRG ZDV SHUIRUPHG IRU WKH FULWHULRQ YDULDEOH PRGLILHG JLDQW VODORP UDFH0*65 DJDLQVW WKH IRXU SUHGLFWRU

YDULDEOHVODWHQWVSDFHRIVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJREWDLQHGE\IDFWRUDQDO\VLVSULQFLSDOFRPSRQHQWV

(7)

7DEOH7ZRPRGHOVFRPSRVHGRIRQH0RGHODQGWZR0RGHOSUHGLFWRUYDULDEOHVZHUHIRXQGWREHVLJQLILFDQW 7KHYDULDEOHVNLLQJZLWKWKHFKDQJHVRIUK\WKPDQGWHPSR6&57a LVQHJDWLYHO\FRUUHODWHGDQGEHVWILWWKHSUHGLFWLRQ RIPRGLILHGJLDQWVODORPUDFH0*65DVVKRZQLQ0RGHO7KHYDULDEOHG\QDPLFORQJUDGLXVWXUQV'/57a _also QHJDWLYHO\FRUUHODWHGFRQWULEXWHGVLJQLILFDQWYDULDQFHLQ0RGHO0XOWLSOHFRUUHODWLRQRIODWHQWVSDFHRIVSHFLILF PRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJIRUWKHVHWZRSUHGLFWRUVWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHFULWHULRQYDULDEOHZDVKLJK5 DWVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWOHYHORIS $GGLWLRQDOO\WKHYDOXHRIPXOWLSOHGHWHUPLQDWLRQR2 LQGLFDWHVWKDW RIWKHWRWDOYDULDQFHFDQSDUWLFLSDWHLQSUHGLFWLRQRIVXFFHVVLQPRGLILHGJLDQWVODORPUDFH0*65

Table 5.

5HJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVVWHSZLVHPHWKRGIRUFULWHULRQYDULDEOH0*65

Model Predictor variable B Standard error ȕ t S R R2 S a, b

1 (constant) 32.31 57.34 a a SCRTa _–3.63 ± _–6.27 2 (constant) 32.31 b b SCRTa _–2.25 ± _–3.46 DLRTa ± ± ±

a_{Predictors in the Model: (constant), SCRT}a_. b_{Predictors in the Model: (constant), SCRT}a_{, DLRT}a_. c'HSHQGHQW9DULDEOH0*65

:KHQZHORRNDWWKHFRHIILFLHQWVRIWKHSDUWLDOHIIHFWVRIODWHQWVSDFHRIVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQH skiing (Table 5), it can be said that these two variables, dynamic long radius turns and skiing with the changes of UK\WKPDQGWHPSRKDYHD VWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWRQWKHFULWHULRQYDULDEOHDWWKHOHYHORIS$VFDQEH VHHQIURPWKH7DEOHWKHRWKHUYDULDEOHVDUHH[FOXGHG

Table 6.

Regression analysis VWHSZLVHPHWKRG ([FOXGHG9DULDEOHVc

Model ȕIn t S Partial

correlation Collinearity statistics (tolerance) 1 BAPTa ±a _–1.89 ± DSRTa ±a ± ± DLRTa ±a ± ± 2 BAPT a ±b ± ± DSRTa ±b ± ±

a_{Predictors in the Model: (constant), SCRT}a_. b_{Predictors in the Model: (constant), SCRT}a_{, DLRT}a_. c'HSHQGHQW9DULDEOH0*65

Discussion

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

(8)

KDQGZHFDQVD\WKDWVDPSOHKRPRJHQHLW\UHJDUGLQJWKHVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJLVWKHHYLGHQFH RIDSSURSULDWHO\LPSOHPHQWHGWHDFKLQJSURFHVVVLQFHJRRGNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJZDVREVHUYHG,QVLPLODU VWXGLHV)UDQMNRHWDODOVRFDPHWRVLPLODUUHVXOWVZKHUHD UHPDUNDEO\KLJKKRPRJHQHLW\RIH[DPLQHUV WKURXJKWKHSDUDPHWHUVRIREMHFWLYLW\LVYLVLEOHZKLOH&LJURYVNLHWDODUJXHWKDWLWLVSRVVLEOHWRDVVXPHWKDW REWDLQHGIDFWRUUHSUHVHQWVVNLLQJNQRZOHGJHEHFDXVHLWEHVWH[SODLQVWKHFRPSOHWHYDULDQFHRIHOHPHQWVRIVNLLQJ technique. 7KHGDWDRIWKH6SHDUPDQ¶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values of correlation coefficients achieved in variables dynamic long radius turns U± and mogul skiing U± DWVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWOHYHORIS$OVRWKH\VD\WKDWSUHFLVHO\WKHVHHOHPHQWVGLYLGHSRSXODWLRQRIGHPR instructors to average and above average.

%DVHGRQWKHSUHVHQWHGYDOXHVRIWKHSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVVWHSZLVHPHWKRGthe size of PXOWLSOHFRUUHODWLRQDQGQXPEHURIYDOLGSDUWLDOUHJUHVVLRQFRHIILFLHQWVLWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRI WKHFULWHULRQYDULDEOHPRGLILHGJLDQWVODORPUDFHGHSHQGVSULPDULO\RQWZRYDULDEOHVG\QDPLFORQJUDGLXVWXUQV DQGVNLLQJZLWKWKHFKDQJHVRIUK\WKPDQGWHPSR$VZHFDQVHHIURP7DEOHWZRPRGHOVFRPSRVHG0RGHO 1 and Model 2, showing that the variables dynamic long radius turns and skiing with the changes of rhythm and WHPSRWRJHWKHUKDYHJUHDWHVWSUHGLFWRUYDOLGLW\DWVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWOHYHOSDQGWKDWWKH\DUHFULWLFDOIRU VXFFHVVLQPRGLILHGJLDQWVODORPUDFHLQVWXGHQWV7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHEHVWWLPHVFRUHVIRUVWXGHQWV¶SHUIRUPDQFHLQ PRGLILHGJLDQWVODORPUDFHKDGVWXGHQWVZLWKKLJKHUOHYHORIPDVWHULQJRIVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJ *LYHQWKDWWKH\PXVWRYHUFRPHJLDQWVODORPFRXUVHTXLFNO\DQGDFFXUDWHO\ZLWKFRQVWDQWO\SUHVHQWUK\WKPRIVNLLQJ ZLWKGLIIHUHQWWXUQLQJUDGLXVDQGWXUQVKDSHVLWFDQEHVDLGWKDWWKHH[DPLQHHVKDYHWKHQHFHVVDU\OHYHORIRYHUDOO VSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJWKDWDUHFUXFLDOLQWKHPRGLILHGJLDQWVODORPUDFH$FFRUGLQJWR)UDQMNR HWDOVLJQLILFDQWFRUUHODWLRQRIUHDOL]DWLRQRIWKHJLDQWVODORPSHUIRUPDQFHDQGG\QDPLFORQJUDGLXVWXUQVDW demo instructors allow us to look for a PRYHPHQWSDWWHUQRIJLDQWVODORPEHFDXVHG\QDPLFORQJUDGLXVWXUQVVKDSH WKHPRYHPHQWSDWWHUQRIJLDQWVODORP0RUHRYHUDFWLYDWLRQRIWKHLQQHUVNLZKLFKLVSHUIRUPHGGXULQJWKHH[HFXWLRQ RIDGYDQFHGHOHPHQWVRIVNLWHFKQLTXHZHFDQSUHYHQWRUUHGXFHWKHVNLGGLQJRIVNLV8OWLPDWHO\HYHQO\ORDGRI VNLVSURYLGHVEHWWHUVPRRWKHUDQGPRUHFRQVWDQWFRQWDFWRIVNLVZLWKWKHVQRZDQGPLQLPL]HVVNLGGLQJRIVNLVDQG a VNLHULVIDVWHU5HVXOWVFOHDUO\LQGLFDWHWKHQHHGWRLQFUHDVHWKHOHYHORIPDVWHULQJRIVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJH RIDOSLQHVNLLQJLQRUGHUWRVNLIDVWHUDQGPRUHVXFFHVVIXOO\LQFRPSHWLWLYHJLDQWVODORP$FFRUGLQJWR.XQDHWDO IRUVXFFHVVLQFRPSHWLWLYHJLDQWVODORPFUXFLDOLVWKHKLJKOHYHORIRYHUDOOVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRI DOSLQHVNLLQJ)UDQMNRHWDOVWDWHWKDWD FUXFLDOLPSDFWRQWKHUHVXOWLQJLDQWVODORPSHUIRUPDQFHDWGHPR LQVWUXFWRUVKDVWKHDUWRIPRJXOVNLLQJEHFDXVHWKLVHOHPHQWRQO\GLYLGHVWKLVSRSXODWLRQLQWRWZRJURXSV,QWKHLU UHVHDUFKDXWKRUV0XMDQRYLüDQG.UVPDQRYLüVWDWHWKDWVWXGHQWVZLWKKLJKHUOHYHOVRIPRWRUDELOLWLHVVXFK DVEDODQFHDJLOLW\IOH[LELOLW\DQGUHSHWLWLYHVWUHQJWKKDYHPRUHVXFFHVVLQPDVWHULQJG\QDPLFVKRUWUDGLXVWXUQV 7KHUHIRUHLWLVREYLRXVWKDWWKHUHDUHGLIIHUHQWPHFKDQLVPVEDVHGRQZKLFKGHPRLQVWUXFWRUVDQGVWXGHQWVRSHUDWH :HFDQVD\WKDWWKHVWXGHQWVDWWKLVOHYHORIVNLLQJXQOLNHGHPRLQVWUXFWRUVKDYHVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQH

(9)

VNLLQJSHUIRUPHGZLWKVRPHGHYLDWLRQVIURPWKHLGHDOPRYHPHQWSDWWHUQLQWKHSKDVHZKHUHPRWRUNQRZOHGJHLV strengthened.

%DVHGRQWKHDERYHZHFDQDVVXPHWKDWWKHH[DPLQHHVLQWKLVVWXG\ZHUHDWD higher level of basic motor abilities and thus at a KLJKHUOHYHORIVSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJWKDWKDYHD FUXFLDOLPSDFWRQWKH result in the modified giant slalom race. Also, if we know that the elements – dynamic long radius turns and skiing ZLWKWKHFKDQJHVRIUK\WKPDQGWHPSR±DUHHOHPHQWVRIDGYDQFHGVNLWHFKQLTXHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFXUULFXOXPRI VNLLQJDQGEDVHGRQDQH[SHUWPRGHORIDGYDQFHGVNLVFKRRO.XQDLWFDQEHVDLGWKDWWKHVWXGHQWVKDYH mastered the technique of skiing at the advanced level.

Conclusion

2QWKHEDVLVRIRXUUHVXOWVLWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHLPSDFWRQWKHUHVXOWLQWKHPRGLILHGJLDQWVODORPUDFH for students have a VSHFLILFPRWRUNQRZOHGJHRIDOSLQHVNLLQJLQIDFWWKHOHYHORIPDVWHULQJRIDGYDQFHGHOHPHQWVRI VNLWHFKQLTXHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFXUULFXOXPRIVNLLQJDQGEDVHGRQDQH[SHUWPRGHORIDGYDQFHGVNLVFKRROZKLFKDW WKLVOHYHORINQRZOHGJHLVFUXFLDOLQJLDQWVODORPFRPSHWLWLRQ

Physical education teachers, ski instructors and coaches can use this information in order to create different SURJUDPVIRUGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRIPDVWHULQJRIVNLLQJWHFKQLTXHVLQERWKDGYDQFHGVNLVFKRRODQGVRPHVWDJHVRI FRPSHWLWLYHVNLLQJZKLFKLVRIJUHDWLPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHUHVXOWLQJLDQWVODORPDQGVNLLQJLQJHQHUDO7KHUHVXOWVDUH also critical for the students in their realization and understanding of crucial factors for better skiing in general.

References

Adams J.A. A FORVHG±ORRSWKHRU\RIPRWRUOHDUQLQJ-PRWRUEHKDY±

&LJURYVNL90DWNRYLü%6SHFLILFILWQHVVSUHSDUDWLRQRIVNLHUV,Q&URDWLDQ,Q3URFHHGLQJV&RQGLWLRQLQJRIDWKOHWHV(GV'0LODQRYLü ,-XNLü)DFXOW\RI.LQHVLRORJ\8QLYHUVLW\RI=DJUHE=DJUHE±

&LJURYVNL9%RåLü,3UOHQGD1,QIOXHQFHRIPRWRUDELOLWLHVRQOHDUQLQJRIDOSLQHVNLWHFKQLTXH6SRUW/RJLD± 'L]GDU'4XDQWLWDWLYHPHWKRGV,Q&URDWLDQ)DFXOW\RI.LQHVLRORJ\8QLYHUVLW\RI=DJUHE

(OOLRW-0&RQQROO\.-+LHUDUFKLFDOVWUXFWXUHLQVNLOOGHYHORSPHQW,Q7KHJURZWKRIFRPSHWHQFH(GV.-&RQQROO\-%UXQHU Academic Press. New York 1974: 135–168.

)UDQMNR,0DOHã%.HFHULQ,7KHOHYHORIWKHVSHFLILFPRWRUVNLOOVGLUHFWO\GHWHUPLQHWKHJLDQWVODORPSHUIRUPDQFHLQVNLLQJGHPRQVWUDWRUV ,Q&URDWLDQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHVW,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH³&RQWHPSRUDU\.LQHVLRORJ\´.XSUHV± +RUJD63V\FKRORJ\RIVSRUW,Q&URDWLDQ)DFXOW\RISK\VLFDOHGXFDWLRQ=DJUHE -XUNRYLü1-XUNRYLü'6NLLQJ7KH7HFKQLTXH0HWKRGRORJ\DQG7UDLQLQJ*UDSKLVGRR=DJUHE .RYDþ0$VVHVVPHQWRI*\PQDVWLF6NLOOVDW3K\VLFDO(GXFDWLRQ±7KH&DVHRI%DFNZDUG5ROO6FLHQFHRI*\PQDVWLFV-RXUQDO 4 (3): 25–35. .ULVWLþHYLü7äLYþLü.&LJURYVNL96LPRYLü65DþNL*&RUUHODWLRQRIPRWRUDFUREDWLFVNLOOVZLWKVXFFHVVLQVODORPDQGJLDQWVODORP LQ\RXQJDOSLQHVNLHUV&URDWLDQ6SRUWV0HGLFLQH-RXUQDO± .XQD')UDQMNR,0DOHã%,QIOXHQFHRIPRWRUNQRZOHGJHDQGDELOLW\RQWKHUHVXOWLQWKHJLDQWVODORPRIVNLLQJGHPRQVWUDWRUVZLWK different skiing quality (In Croatian). Proceedings of the 18th Summer school of kinesiology of Croatia, Croatian Kinesiology $VVRFLDWLRQ=DJUHE±

.XQD')UDQMNR,/R]DQþLü,:KDWSULPDULO\GHWHUPLQHVVLWXDWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\RIVNLGHPRQVWUDWRUV±VSHHGDJLOLW\DQGH[SORVLYH VWUHQJWKRUVNLVSHFLILFNQRZOHGJH",Q&URDWLDQWK$QQXDO,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH&RQGLWLRQ7UDLQLQJRI$WKOHWHV=DJUHE ±

.XQD ' )RUPLQJ RI DQ H[SHUW PRGHO RI WKH HOHPHQWV RI EDVLF DQG DGYDQFHG VNL VFKRRO ,Q &URDWLDQ WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6FLHQWLILF &RQIHUHQFH³&RQWHPSRUDU\.LQHVLRORJ\´)DFXOW\RI.LQHVLRORJ\8QLYHUVLW\RI6SOLW6SOLW±

(10)

/HãQLN%äYDQ0$ WXUQWRPRYHRQ±$OSLQHVNLLQJ±6ORYHQLDQZD\7KHRU\DQGPHWKRGRORJ\RIDOSLQHVNLLQJ6=6±=GUXåHQMH XþLWHOMHYLQWUHQHUMHYVPXþDQMD/MXEOMDQD 0DMHULþ0.RYDþ0'HåPDQ%6WUHO-$QDO\VLVRIWKUHHGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIDVVHVVLQJPRWRUDELOLWLHVZLWKWKHWHVWLQJDVVLJQPHQWRIORQJ MXPSZLWKDSSURDFK,Q3URFHHGLQJVERRN(GV'0LORYDQRYLü)3URWWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&RQIHUHQFHRQ.LQHVLRORJ\ )DFXOW\RI.LQHVLRORJ\8QLYHUVLW\RI=DJUHE=DJUHE± 0HMRYãHN0,QWURGXFWLRQWRWKHPHWKRGVRIVFLHQWLILFUHVHDUFK,Q&URDWLDQ)DFXOW\RI(GXFDWLRQDQG5HKDELOLWDWLRQ6FLHQFHV8QLYHUVLW\ RI=DJUHE1DNODGD6ODS=DJUHE 0XMDQRYLü(.UVPDQRYLü53UHGLFWLYHYDOXHRIPRWRUDELOLWLHVRQWKHUHVXOWLQFULWHULDYDULDEOHVNLVKRUWWXUQ6SRUW±VFLHQWLILFDQG SUDFWLFDODVSHFWVLQWHUQDWLRQDOVFLHQWLILFMRXUQDORINLQHVLRORJ\ ± 0XMDQRYLü(1RåLQRYLü0XMDQRYLü$âDERYLü$$OSLQHVNLLQJPHWKRGRORJ\WHFKQLTXHVDQGWDFWLFV,Q%RVQLDQ2IIVHW7X]OD Schmidt R.A. The schema as a VROXWLRQWRVRPHSHUVLVWHQWSUREOHPVLQPRWRUOHDUQLQJWKHRU\,Q*(6WHOPDFK0RWRU&RQWURO

Academic Press. New York 1976: 41–65.

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Cite this article as:

0XMDQRYLü($WLNRYLü$1RåLQRYLü0XMDQRYLü$1XUNRYLü13UHGLFWLQJVWXGHQWVSHUIRUPDQFHLQJLDQWVODORP &HQWU(XU-6SRUW6FL0HG 45–54.

Predicting Students Performance in Giant Slalom