52&=1,.,36<&+2/2*,&=1( $11$/62)36<&+2/2*< '2,KWWSG[GRLRUJUSV\FKHQ $*1,(6=.$%2ĩ(. $/(.6$1'5$72.$5= -DJLHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\ ,QVWLWXWHRI3V\FKRORJ\
7+(32/,6+$'$37$7,21
2)7+((1*$*(0(17
,10($1,1*)8/$&7,9,7,(66859(<(0$6
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¶VĮ 7KH\DOVRUHYHDOUHODWLRQVEH WZHHQHQJDJHPHQWLQPHDQLQJIXODFWLYLWLHVDQGYDULDEOHVVXFKDVPHDQLQJIXOQHVVRIZRUNr DQG MRE VDWLVIDFWLRQ r DQG GLIIHUHQFHV DFURVV SURIHVVLRQV LQ WKH OHYHO RI HQJDJHPHQW LQ PHDQLQJIXODFWLYLWLHV
.H\ZRUGVHQJDJHPHQWPHDQLQJIXODFWLYLWLHV(QJDJHPHQWLQ0HDQLQJIXO$FWLYLWLHV6XUYH\
,1752'8&7,21
7KH VWXG\ RQ WKH (QJDJHPHQW LQ 0HDQLQJIXO $FWLYLWLHV 6XUYH\ (0$6 %*ROGEHUJ(6%ULQWQHOO-*ROGEHUJUHVXOWHGIURPWKHQHHGWRPHD VXUH WKH PHDQLQJ DVFULEHG E\ KXPDQV WR YDULRXV DFWLYLWLHV LQ VSHFLILF DUHDV RI
$GGUHVVIRUFRUUHVSRQGHQFH$*1,(6=.$%2ĩ(.±-DJLHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\,QVWLWXWHRI3V\FKR ORJ\XO,QJDUGHQD.UDNyZHPDLODJQLHV]NDER]HN#XMHGXSO
$*1,(6=.$%2ĩ(.$/(.6$1'5$72.$5=
WKHLUOLIH$FWLYLWLHVDUHXQGHUVWRRGKHUHDVJRDORULHQWHGDFWLRQVWDNHQXSIUHHO\ DQGFRQWUROOHGYROLWLRQDOO\0ąGU]\FNLS
7KHLQYHVWPHQWRIRQH¶VWLPHDQGHQHUJ\LQ YDULRXVoccupations ZKLFKEH ORQJWRWKHFDWHJRU\RIDFWLYLWLHVVHHPVWREHDQDWXUDOWHQGHQF\RIHYHU\KXPDQ EHLQJ&ODUNHWDO,QGLYLGXDOVHQJDJHLQDFWLRQVWKDWDOORZWKHPWRILQG PHDQLQJLQOLIH.ODPXW7KHFKDUDFWHULVWLFIHDWXUHRIKXPDQEHKDYLRULV WKDWLWLVRULHQWHGWRZDUGVYDOXHVDQGJRDOV0HHVWHUV7KHUHIRUHLWFDQEH FRQFOXGHGWKDWSHRSOHZLOOWU\WRJLYHPHDQLQJWRWKHDFWLYLWLHVWKH\XQGHUWDNH
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¶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
5HVHDUFKVKRZVWKDWHQJDJHPHQWLQDFWLYLWLHVWKDWDUHPHDQLQJIXOIRUDQLQ GLYLGXDO KDV SRVLWLYH FRQVHTXHQFHV IRU WKHLU OLIH DQG KHDOWK $V 5LFKDUGVRQ
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
:RUNLVRQHRIWKHPRVWEDVLFDFWLYLWLHVDPRQJDGXOWVWKHUHIRUHDVSHFLILF PHDQLQJ VKRXOG EH DOVR DVFULEHG WR LW$FFRUGLQJ WR /HZLQ DV FLWHG LQ =HLGOHUWKHYDOXHRIZRUNLVWRJLYHPHDQLQJDQGLPSRUWDQFHWRDQLQGL YLGXDO¶VOLIH(YHQWKRXJKZRUNLVVRPHWLPHVDEXUGHQLWFDQDOVREHGRQHIRU SOHDVXUH7KHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQZRUNDQGLQGLYLGXDOLVPDVZHOODVWKHIXOILOOPHQW RI LQGLYLGXDOV¶ ZLVKHV DQG H[SHFWDWLRQV LV DQ LQGLFDWRU RI WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI ZRUN=HLGOHU$GGLWLRQDOO\)UDQNOFODLPHGWKDWZRUNSOD\HG DQHVVHQWLDOUROHLQWKHIRUPDWLRQ RIDQLQGLYLGXDO¶VVHQVHRI PHDQLQJLQOLIH ,W VKRXOGEHXQGHUOLQHGKHUHWKDWZRUNIDOOVZLWKLQWKHVFRSHRIWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHG GHILQLWLRQRIPHDQLQJIXODFWLYLWLHV
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
$*1,(6=.$%2ĩ(.$/(.6$1'5$72.$5=
VKRZHGWKDWZRUN PHDQLQJIXOQHVVLQFUHDVHGZRUNHQJDJHPHQWDQGWKDWFRQVH TXHQWO\LWZDVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKORZDEVHQWHHLVPDWZRUN
$QRWKHU DSSURDFK WR ZRUN PHDQLQJIXOQHVV LV UHODWHG WR WKH ZD\ RI XQGHU VWDQGLQJRQH¶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
Does the Polish version of the EMAS have sufficient psychometric properties to be used in scientific research?
,QRUGHUWRDQVZHUWKHDERYHTXHVWLRQLWLVFUXFLDOWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHYDOLGLW\ RIWKH(0$63/7KHUHYLHZRIWKHOLWHUDWXUHSUHVHQWHGDERYHLQYLWHVWKHVHFRQG UHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQ
What are the relations between engagement in meaningful activities and work meaningfulness, life satisfaction, and purpose in life?
7KHYDULDEOHVPHQWLRQHGDERYHDUHFRUUHODWHVRIHQJDJHPHQWWKDWDOORZIRU DVVHVVLQJWKHH[WHUQDOYDOLGLW\RIWKHWRRO7KHUHVXOWVRISUHYLRXVUHVHDUFKPDNH LWOHJLWLPDWHWRK\SRWKHVL]HWKDWHQJDJHPHQWLQPHDQLQJIXODFWLYLWLHVZLOOEHSR VLWLYHO\UHODWHGWRWKHVHYDULDEOHV
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
What significant differences in the level of engagement in meaningful activi-ties occur between various types of work?
7+((1*$*(0(17,10($1,1*)8/$&7,9,7,(66859(<(0$6
(1*$*(0(17,10($1,1*)8/$&7,9,(7,(66859(< 5(6($5&+'$7$
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¶VFOLHQW¶VRZQV\VWHPRIYDO XHVDQGQHHGVDFKLHYLQJDIHHOLQJRIFRPSHWHQFHDQGSURILFLHQF\WKURXJKXQGHU WDNLQJDFWLYLWLHVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIDQDFWLYLW\WRWKHLQGLYLGXDO¶VVRFLDODQGFXO WXUDOJURXS*ROGEHUJ%ULQWQHOO *ROGEHUJ
,QLWLDOO\ H[SHUWV VHOHFWHG VWDWHPHQWV FRQFHUQLQJ HQJDJHPHQW LQ PHDQLQJIXO DFWLYLWLHV1H[WILYHH[SHUWMXGJHVDQGIRXUSDWLHQWVZHUHDVNHGWRFRPSOHWHWKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH DQG WR JLYH IHHGEDFN RQ WKH FRQWHQW RI LWV LWHPV 2Q WKLV EDVLV FRUUHFWLRQVZHUHPDGHLQWKHSKUDVLQJRIWKHLWHPV*ROGEHUJHWDO
7KH TXHVWLRQQDLUH FRQVLVWV RI LQVWUXFWLRQV DQG LWHPV LQWURGXFHG E\ WKH SKUDVH³7KHDFWLYLWLHV,GR«´5HVSRQGHQWVXVHDSRLQW/LNHUWVFDOH never alwaysWRUDWHWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKDJLYHQLWHPUHIHUVWRWKHP 7KHILUVWYDOLGDWLRQWHVW*ROGEHUJHWDOZDVFRQGXFWHGLQGLYLGXDOO\ RQDVDPSOHRIVXEMHFWVPHQDQGZRPHQDJHGWRM SD SDUWLFLSDWLQJLQDVXSSRUWSURJUDPIRULQGLYLGXDOVZLWKPHQWDOGLVRUG HUV7KHSDWLHQWVFRPSOHWHGWKH(0$6TXHVWLRQQDLUHDQGWKH6\PSWRP&KHFN OLVW±±5HYLVHG6&/57KH\ZHUHDOVRLQWHUYLHZHGRQWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHLU OLYHV4XDOLW\RI/LIH,QWHUYLHZ42/,$IWHUZHHNVWKHWHVWZDVUHSHDWHG ZLWKKDOIRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV 7KHSV\FKRPHWULFSURSHUWLHVRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHWXUQHGRXWWREHJRRGDF FRUGLQJ WR %U]H]LĔVNL¶V FULWHULD %U]H]LĔVNL 7KH LQWHUQDO FRQVLVWHQF\ RI WKH(0$6VFDOHZDVĮ DQGWHVWUHWHVWUHOLDELOLW\ZDVr p 0RUHRYHUDSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQZDVIRXQGEHWZHHQWKHRYHUDOO(0$6VFRUHDQG VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKHYHU\GD\OLIHDVZHOODVVLWXDWLRQDWKRPHr PHDVXUHGE\ 42/,
9DOLGDWLRQ UHWHVWLQJ (DNPDQ &DUOVRQ &ODUN ZDV FRQGXFWHG RQ DVDPSOHRILQGLYLGXDOVDJHGWRDQGUHWLUHGZRPHQDQGPHQ UHVSHFWLYHO\M SD E\PHDQVRIDTXHVWLRQQDLUHFRQWDLQLQJTXHV WLRQVDERXWWKHLUKHDOWKSF-36 +HDOWK 6XUYH\DVZHOODVWKH6DWLVIDFWLRQ:LWK
$*1,(6=.$%2ĩ(.$/(.6$1'5$72.$5=
/LIH 6FDOH 6:/6 DQG WKH 3XUSRVH LQ /LIH 7HVW 3,/ 7KH UHVHDUFKHUV LQWUR GXFHGDVOLJKWPRGLILFDWLRQLQWKHUHVSRQVHVFDOHRIWKH(0$6DGGLQJDGHVFULS WLRQWRHDFKOHYHO never rarely sometimes often always $IWHU RQH RU WZR ZHHNV UDQGRPO\ FKRVHQ SDUWLFLSDQWV ZHUH DVNHG DJDLQ WR FRPSOHWHDUHGXFHGQXPEHURIWRROVLQFOXGLQJWKH(0$6
7KHLQWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\RIWKH(0$6&URQEDFK¶VĮZDVDQGWKHGLV FULPLQDWRU\ SRZHURI LQGLYLGXDO LWHPV RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH UDQJHG EHWZHHQ DQG7KH YDOXHV RIWHVWUHWHVWUHOLDELOLW\WXUQHGRXWWREH PRGHUDWHr p ([SORUDWRU\IDFWRUDQDO\VLVUHYHDOHGWZRFRPSRQHQWVWKDWH[SODLQHG RI(0$6YDULDQFH7KHILUVWRQHLVFDOOHGWKH6RFLDO([SHULHQWLDOFRPSR QHQW 6(& ZKLFK H[SODLQHG RI YDULDQFH DQG HQFRPSDVVHG RXW RI LWHPV7KHVHFRQGRQHZDVWKH3HUVRQDO&RPSHWHQFHFRPSRQHQW3&&ZKLFK DFFRXQWHGIRURIYDULDQFHDQGHQFRPSDVVHGWKHRWKHUILYHVWDWHPHQWV7KH WZRFRPSRQHQWVZHUHPRGHUDWHO\FRUUHODWHGZLWKHDFKRWKHUr WKH(0$6 DVD ZKROH ZDVVLJQLILFDQWO\SRVLWLYHO\FRUUHODWHG ZLWKWKH VHQVHRI SXUSRVHLQ OLIHr OLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQr DQGPHQWDOKHDOWKr $VLJQLILFDQW QHJDWLYH FRUUHODWLRQ ZDV DOVR IRXQG EHWZHHQ (0$6 DQG GHSUHVVLYH V\PSWRPV r
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¶VĮZDV 3RVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQVZHUHIRXQGEHWZHHQWKH(0$6DQGSHUVRQDOSXUSRVHLQ OLIHr FRPSHWHQFHQHHGr DXWRQRP\QHHGr DQGUHODWHG QHVVQHHGr ZHUHREWDLQHG$GGLWLRQDOO\(0$6FRUUHODWHGVLJQLILFDQWO\ QHJDWLYHO\ZLWKWKHSUHGLVSRVLWLRQWRH[SHULHQFHERUHGRPr GHSUHVVLYH V\PSWRPVr VWUHVVr DQGDQ[LHW\r ,QDFRPSDUDWLYHVWXG\XVLQJWKH(0$6GHYRWHGWRWKHPHQWDOKHDOWKRIVWX GHQWVZKRZHUH ,UDTDQG$IJKDQLVWDQZDU YHWHUDQV FRPSDUHGZLWK QRQYHWHUDQ VWXGHQWVHQJDJHPHQWLQPHDQLQJIXODFWLYLWLHVFRUHODWHGSRVLWLYHO\ZLWKWKHVHQVH RIPHDQLQJRIOLIHr p DQGQHJDWLYHO\ZLWKGHSUHVVLYHV\PSWRPV
7+((1*$*(0(17,10($1,1*)8/$&7,9,7,(66859(<(0$6 r p DQGSRVWWUDXPDWLFVWUHVVr p 'XWUD(DNPDQ 6KHOO\ $6ZHGLVKYHUVLRQRIWKH(0$6LVFXUUHQWO\EHLQJSUHSDUHG%ULQWQHOO SHUVRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQ 7+(352&('85(2)$'$37$7,21 2)7+((0$6,17232/,6+ :KHQGHVLJQLQJWKH(0$6DGDSWDWLRQSURFHGXUHZHGUHZRQWKHDUWLFOHE\ %*ROGEHUJHWDOLQZKLFKWKHWRROZDVSXEOLVKHGDQGGHVFULEHGIRUWKH ILUVW WLPH :H DOVR UHIHUUHG WR DUWLFOHV E\ (DNPDQ HW DO DQG (DNPDQ ZKRDLPHGWRDVVHVVWKHSV\FKRPHWULFSURSHUWLHVRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHE\ WHVWLQJDVDPSOHRI$PHULFDQVRIYDULRXVDJHV
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n HP SOR\HHVRIFDUHDVVRFLDWLRQVn HPSOR\HHVRIFRUSRUDWLRQVSURYLGLQJFRQ VXOWDQF\DQGUHFUXLWPHQWVHUYLFHVn DQGWHDFKHUVRIVSHFLDOVFKRROVDQG KLJKVFKRROVn ,QWRWDOWKHVDPSOHFRQVLVWHGRIZRPHQDQGPHQ DJHGWRM SD ZLWKZRUNH[SHULHQFHLQWKHFXUUHQWSRVL WLRQUDQJLQJEHWZHHQPRQWKVDQG\HDUVM SD ,QRUGHUWRDVVHVVWKHSV\FKRPHWULFSURSHUWLHVRIWKHWRROZHFRPSXWHGLQ WHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\FRHIILFLHQWVIRUWKHWHVWDVDZKROHDVZHOODVLWHPWRWDOFRUUHOD WLRQV:HWHVWHGFRQVWUXFWYDOLGLW\E\SHUIRUPLQJH[SODQDWRU\DQGFRQILUPDWRU\ IDFWRUDQDO\VLV7KHH[WHUQDOYDOLGLW\RIWKHWRROZDVDVVHVVHGZLWKWKHIROORZLQJ PHWKRGV 7KH3V\FKRORJLFDO0HDQLQJIXOQHVV6FDOHE\'6SUHL]HUDQG'0D\DV DGDSWHGLQWR3ROLVKE\(0DáRSROVND:HXVHGWKLVLQVWUXPHQWWRPHDVXUH WKHOHYHORILPSRUWDQFHDVFULEHGWRZRUNUHODWHGDFWLYLWLHV7KHVFDOHFRQVLVWVRI
$*1,(6=.$%2ĩ(.$/(.6$1'5$72.$5= VL[LWHPVKDOIRIWKHPZHUHWDNHQIURPWKH3V\FKRORJLFDO(PSRZHUPHQW6FDOH GHYHORSHGE\6SUHLW]HUDQGZHUHVXEVHTXHQWO\LPSURYHGE\0D\ DVFLWHGLQ0D\HWDO7KHLQWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\RIWKHVFDOH&URQEDFK¶VĮ ZDV0DáRSROVND 7KH-RE6DWLVIDFWLRQ6FDOH-66E\$=DOHZVND7KHVFDOHFRQ VLVWV RI ILYH LWHPV UHIHUULQJ WR WKH FRJQLWLYH DVSHFW RI JHQHUDO MRE VDWLVIDFWLRQ 7KHLQWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\RIWKHVFDOH&URQEDFK¶VĮZDV7KHFRQVWUXFWYDOLG LW\RIWKHVFDOHLVLQGLFDWHGE\VLJQLILFDQWFRUUHODWLRQVZLWKJHQHUDOMREVDWLVIDF WLRQ
r JHQHUDOOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQr SRVLWLYHDIIHFWr DQGQHJDWLYH DIIHFWr =DOHZVND 7KH6DWLVIDFWLRQ:LWK/LIH6FDOH6:/6E\('LHQHU5$(PPRQV 5-/DUVHQDQG6*ULIILQDVDGDSWHGLQWR3ROLVKE\=-XF]\ĔVNL7KH VFDOHFRQVLVWVRIILYHLWHPVUHIHUULQJWRVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKRQH¶VRZQDFKLHYHPHQWV DQGVWDQGDUGVRIOLYLQJ7KHLQWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\RIWKHVFDOHPHDVXUHGDV&URQ EDFK¶VĮZDV7KHFRQVWUXFWYDOLGLW\RIWKHVFDOHLVLQGLFDWHGE\VLJQLILFDQW FRUUHODWLRQV ZLWK VHOIHVWHHP r GLVSRVLWLRQDO RSWLPLVP r VHOI HIILFDF\r DQGWKHOHYHORISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVr -XF]\ĔVNL
7KH3XUSRVHLQ/LIH6FDOH3,/E\-&&UXPEDXJK/70DKROLFN DVDGDSWHGLQWR3ROLVKE\=3áXĪHNVKRUWYHUVLRQE\-ĩ\FLĔVNDDQG0-DQX V]HN :H XVHG WKLV LQVWUXPHQW WR PHDVXUH SXUSRVH LQ OLIH 7KH LQWHUQDO FRQVLVWHQF\RIWKHVFDOHPHDVXUHGDV&URQEDFK¶VĮZDV7KHFRQVWUXFWYDOLG LW\RIWKHVFDOHLVLQGLFDWHGE\VLJQLILFDQWQHJDWLYHFRUUHODWLRQVZLWKVFDOHVPHDV XULQJWKHOHYHORIGHSUHVVLRQ%HFN'HSUHVVLRQ,QYHQWRU\%',r *HULD WULF'HSUHVVLRQ6FDOHr DQGVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQEHWZHHQYROXQWHHUV DQGVRFLDOO\XQLQYROYHGSHUVRQV 36<&+20(75,&3523(57,(6 2)7+(32/,6+9(56,212)(0$6 ,Q RUGHUWRDVVHVVWKHSV\FKRPHWULFSURSHUWLHVRIWKH(0$63/ZHWHVWHG WKHUHOLDELOLW\RIWKHPHDVXUHDQGLWVUHVSHFWLYHLWHPV1H[WZHHVWLPDWHGWKHILW RIWKHWKHRUHWLFDOPRGHOWRWKHHPSLULFDOGDWDWKURXJKFRQILUPDWRU\IDFWRUDQDO\ VLV:HDOVRDVVHVVHGWKHFRQYHUJHQWYDOLGLW\RIWKH(0$63/
7+((1*$*(0(17,10($1,1*)8/$&7,9,7,(66859(<(0$6 5HOLDELOLW\ :HHVWLPDWHGWKHUHOLDELOLW\RIWKH (0$63/ XVLQJ WKH PHWKRGRILQWHUQDO FRQVLVWHQF\H[SUHVVHGDV&URQEDFK¶VĮ 6WDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLVFKLVTXDUHGWHVWFRQILUPHGWKDWWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIVFRUHV LVFORVHWRQRUPDOVHH7DEOH,WHPWRWDOFRUUHODWLRQVZHUHUDWKHUKLJKUDQJLQJ IURPWRKRZHYHUWKHILUVWLWHPKDGDFRUUHODWLRQRIRQO\ZLWKWKHWRWDO VFRUH7KH GLVFULPLQDWRU\ SRZHU RI LQGLYLGXDO LWHPV ZDV EHWZHHQ DQG 7KH &URQEDFK¶V DOSKD FRHIILFLHQW IRU WKH (0$63/ DV D ZKROH ZDV M SD 7KLVUHVXOWLVFRPSDUDEOHZLWKWKHRQHREWDLQHGIRUWKHRULJL QDOVFDOH(DNPDQHWDODQGVKRZVWKHKLJKUHOLDELOLW\RIWKHWHVW
7DEOH
Descriptive Statistics and Reliability Coefficients of EMAS/PL
9DOLGLW\
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
(0$63/LWHPQR M SD ,WHPWRWDO
FRUUHODWLRQ 'LVFULPLQDWRU\SRZHURILWHPV
$*1,(6=.$%2ĩ(.$/(.6$1'5$72.$5=
7DEOH
Loadings From Exploratory Factor Analysis of the EMAS / PL
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
7DEOH
Results of Exploratory Factor Analysis of the EMAS / PL
,QGLFHV 506($ 506($&, &), 7/, 6505 Ȥdf IDFWRUPRGHO >@ IDFWRUPRGHO >@ IDFWRUPRGHO ZLWKRXWLWHP >@ Note. Ȥ Ȥ Ȥ p ,QIXUWKHUDQDO\VLVZHGHFLGHGWROHDYHLWHPVLQFHLWRQO\VOLJKWO\ORZHUHG WKHSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHVFDOH
7+((1*$*(0(17,10($1,1*)8/$&7,9,7,(66859(<(0$6
,QRUGHUWRH[DPLQHWKHH[WHUQDOYDOLGLW\RIWKH(0$63/ZHXVHGWKH3V\ FKRORJLFDO0HDQLQJIXOQHVV6FDOHE\*6SUHL]HUDQG'50D\3ROLVKYHUVLRQ E\ ( 0DáRSROVND -RE 6DWLVIDFWLRQ 6FDOH -66 E\ $ 0 =DOHZVND WKH6DWLVIDFWLRQ:LWK/LIH6FDOH6:/6E\('LHQHU5$(PPRQV 5-/DUVHQDQG6*ULIILQ3ROLVKYHUVLRQE\=-XF]\ĔVNLDQGWKH3XU SRVH LQ /LIH 7HVW E\ - & &UXPEDXJK DQG / 7 0DKROLFN 3ROLVK YHUVLRQ E\ = 3áXĪHN VKRUW YHUVLRQ E\ - ĩ\FLĔVND DQG 0 -DQXV]HN :H SUHGLFWHG WKDWHQJDJHPHQWLQPHDQLQJIXODFWLYLWLHVZRXOGEHSRVLWLYHO\UHODWHGWRYDULDEOHV PHDVXUHGE\WKHVHLQVWUXPHQWV7KHUHVXOWVRIFRUUHODWLRQDQDO\VLVFRQILUPHGWKLV K\SRWKHVLV 7DEOH $OO FRUUHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQWV DSSHDUHG WR EH SRVLWLYH DQG UHODWLYHO\ KLJK p WKHUH ZHUH SRVLWLYH FRUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ HQJDJHPHQW LQ PHDQLQJIXO DFWLYLWLHV DQG WKH PHDQLQJ RI ZRUN r MRE VDWLVIDFWLRQ r OLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQr DQGSXUSRVHLQOLIHr
7DEOH
Correlations Between EMAS / PL and Related Variables
0HWKRG (QJDJHPHQWLQ0HDQLQJIXO$FWLYLWLHV6FDOH(0$63/ ± 3V\FKRORJLFDO0HDQLQJIXOQHVV6FDOH306 ± -RE6DWLVIDFWLRQ6FDOH-66 ± 6DWLVIDFWLRQ:LWK/LIH6FDOH6:/6 ± 3XUSRVHLQ/LIH6FDOH3,/ ± Notep :HVRXJKWVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHVFRSHRIHQJDJHPHQWLQPHDQLQJIXO DFWLYLWLHVEHWZHHQUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIYDULRXVSURIHVVLRQVXVLQJDRQHZD\DQDO\ VLVRIYDULDQFH$129$7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHDQDO\VLV)LJXUHUHYHDOHGVLJQLIL FDQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHDPRQJWKHWHVWHGJURXSVRIHPSOR\HHV F p (PSOR\HHV RI FDUH DVVRFLDWLRQV DQG WHDFKHUV KDG D KLJKHU OHYHO RI HQJDJHPHQW LQ PHDQLQJIXO DFWLYLWLHV M&$ DQG
M7 UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKDQ HPSOR\HHV RI FXOWXUDO LQVWLWXWLRQV M&, DQGFRUSRUDWLRQVM&
$*1,(6=.$%2ĩ(.$/(.6$1'5$72.$5= Assosiations Cultural intitutions Corporations Teachers Groups of employees 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 En gag em ent i n m ean in gf u l ac ti v it ies Note. FRQILGHQFHLQWHUYDOV Figure 1.0HDQVFRUHVRQHQJDJHPHQWLQPHDQLQJIXODFWLYLWLHVIRUGLIIHUHQWJURXSVRIHPSOR\HHV ',6&866,21 :HIRXQGUDWKHUFRPSOH[DQVZHUVWRWKHTXHVWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJVXIILFLHQW SV\FKRPHWULF SURSHUWLHV RI WKH 3ROLVK YHUVLRQ RI WKH (0$6 WKH UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQHQJDJHPHQWLQPHDQLQJIXODFWLYLWLHVDQGZRUNPHDQLQJIXOQHVVOLIHVDW LVIDFWLRQDQGVHQVHRISXUSRVHLQOLIHWKHFKDUDFWHURIHQJDJHPHQWLQPHDQ LQJIXODFWLYLWLHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHW\SHRIZRUN
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
7+((1*$*(0(17,10($1,1*)8/$&7,9,7,(66859(<(0$6
:H REWDLQHG LQWHUHVWLQJ UHVXOWV IRU WKH WKLUG TXHVWLRQ VLQFH HPSOR\HHV RI FDUHDVVRFLDWLRQVDQGWHDFKHUVLQVSHFLDOVFKRROVDQGKLJKVFKRROVVKRZHGVLJQLI LFDQWO\ KLJKHU HQJDJHPHQW LQ PHDQLQJIXO DFWLYLWLHV WKDQ HPSOR\HHV RI FXOWXUDO LQVWLWXWLRQV DQG FRUSRUDWLRQV +RZHYHU WKHUH ZHUH QR GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH ODWWHUWZRJURXSV
,WLVUHODWLYHO\HDV\WRH[SODLQWKHKLJKVFRUHVLQWKHILUVWJURXS&DUHDVVRFLD WLRQHPSOR\HHVIDFHPDQ\RWKHUSHRSOH¶VSUREOHPVHYHU\GD\,IWKH\FDQVROYH WKHVH SUREOHPV RU LPSURYH WKHLU FOLHQWV¶ VWDQGDUG RI OLYLQJ HYHQ VOLJKWO\ WKH\ JDLQ D IHHOLQJ RI LPSRUWDQFH LQ ZKDW WKH\ GR$V UHYHDOHG E\ WKH VWXG\RQ HQ JDJHPHQWLQPHDQLQJIXODFWLYLWLHVFRQGXFWHGE\0D\DQGFROOHDJXHVRI WKHWKUHHLQYHVWLJDWHGIDFWRUVSV\FKRORJLFDOPHDQLQJIXOQHVVVDIHW\DQGDYDLODE LOLW\ RI ZRUN WKH ILUVW RQH LV WKH PRVW VWURQJO\ UHODWHG WR ZRUN HQJDJHPHQW 0RUHRYHUWHDFKHUVZRUNLQJLQVSHFLDOVFKRROVDQGKLJKVFKRROVIDFHPDQ\GLIIL FXOWLQWHUSHUVRQDOVLWXDWLRQVHYHU\GD\DQGLQWKHFRXUVHRIWKHLUZRUNWKH\JDLQ VLPLODUH[SHULHQFHVHH7RNDU] 7U]HELĔVND,QWKHWZRJURXSVLQWHUDF WLRQVDUHVLPLODUERWKDFDUHFOLHQWDQGDVFKRROSXSLOHVSHFLDOO\DGLVDEOHGRQH DUH SDUWLFLSDQWV LQ VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ DLPHG DW LPSURYLQJ WKH VLWXDWLRQ ZLWK UH VSRQVLELOLW\ERUQHE\WKRVHZKRSURYLGHDVVLVWDQFHRUWHDFK7KHUHVXOWVRIVKRUW WHUPYVORQJWHUPFRQWDFWZLWKVXEMHFWVEHQHILFLDULHVDQGWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH GLYHUVLW\RIVRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQVLQERWKLQVWDQFHVVKRXOGEHH[DPLQHG
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
$*1,(6=.$%2ĩ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intrinsic motivation VKRXOGEHLQYHVWLJDWHG
,Q UHVHDUFK RI WKH SKHQRPHQRQ RI HQJDJHPHQW LQ PHDQLQJIXO DFWLYLWLHV LW PLJKWEHYDOXDEOHWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHUHODWLRQRIWKLVYDULDEOHWRLQ WHUSHUVRQDO UHODWLRQVKLSV DW ZRUN HJ VRFLDO VXSSRUW REMHFWLYH PHDVXUHV RI HPSOR\HHSURGXFWLYLW\HJDEVHQWHHLVPOHYHORURWKHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIZRUN FRQWH[WVXFKDVMREGHPDQGVDQGUHVRXUFHV7KHUHVXOWVRIORQJLWXGLQDOUHVHDUFK XVLQJ(0$63/WRGHWHUPLQHLIWKHOHYHORIHQJDJHPHQWLQPHDQLQJIXODFWLYLWLHV FDQFKDQJHRYHUWLPHPLJKWDOVREHLQWHUHVWLQJ
5()(5(1&(6
%U]H]LĔVNL - Metodologia badaĔ psychologicznych >The methodology of psychological research@:DUVDZ3RODQG:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1
&HQWUDO6WDWLVWLFDO2IILFHRI3RODQG*86Kobiety i mĊĪczyĨni na rynku pracy>Women and men in the labor market@ :DUVDZ 3RODQG &HQWUDO 6WDWLVWLFDO 2IILFH RI 3RODQG 5HWULHYHG IURPILOH&8VHUV$JQLHV]ND'RZQORDGVSZBNRELHW\BLBPH]F]\]QLBQDBU\QNXBSUDF\SGI &ODUN)3DUKDP'&DUOVRQ0()UDQN*-DFNVRQ-3LHUFH':ROIH5- =HPNH5
2FFXSDWLRQDO VFLHQFH$FDGHPLFLQQRYDWLRQLQWKHVHUYLFHRIRFFXSDWLRQDOWKHUDS\¶V IXWXUH. American Journalof Occupational Therapy, 45
&]HUZ$ &]DUQRWD%RMDUVND-'RSDVRZDQLHF]áRZLHN±ĞURGRZLVNRLSRVWDZDZREHF SUDF\MDNRPRW\ZDWRU\]DFKRZDĔRUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK>0DQ±HQYLURQPHQWILWDQGDWWLWXGHWRZDUGV ZRUNDVPRWLYDWRUVRIRUJDQL]DWLRQDOEHKDYLRUV@Psychologia Spoeczna, 1 'HFL(/ 5\DQ50Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior1HZ
<RUN3OHQXP
'HFL(/ 5\DQ506HOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKHRU\DQGWKHIDFLOLWDWLRQRILQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ VRFLDOGHYHORSPHQWDQGZHOOEHLQJAmerican Psychologist, 55
'XWUD67(DNPDQ$0 6KHOO\&/3V\FKRVRFLDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIVWXGHQWYHWHU DQVZLWKVHUYLFHUHODWHGGLVDELOLWLHV,PSOLFDWLRQVIRUIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKDQGRFFXSDWLRQDOWKHUD S\LQYROYHPHQWOccupational Therapy in Mental Health, 32
(DNPDQ$0&RQYHUJHQWYDOLGLW\RIWKH(QJDJHPHQWLQ0HDQLQJIXO$FWLYLWLHV6XUYH\LQ DFROOHJHVDPSOH27-5Occupation, Participation and Health, 31
7+((1*$*(0(17,10($1,1*)8/$&7,9,7,(66859(<(0$6
(DNPDQ$0&DUOVRQ0( &ODUN)$)DFWRUVWUXFWXUHUHOLDELOLW\DQGFRQYHUJHQW YDOLGLW\ RI WKH (QJDJHPHQW LQ 0HDQLQJIXO $FWLYLWLHV 6XUYH\ IRU ROGHU DGXOWV Occupation, Participation and Health, 30
)HUQDQGH]%DOOHVWHURV5=DPPDUURQ0' 5XL]0$7KHFRQWULEXWLRQRIVRFLR GHPRJUDSKLFDQGSV\FKRVRFLDOIDFWRUVWROLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQAging and Society, 21 )UDQNO9Czowiek w poszukiwaniu sensu>Man’s search for meaning@:DUVDZ3RODQG
&]DUQD2ZFD
*ROGEHUJ % %ULQWQHOO ( 6 *ROGEHUJ - 7KH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ HQJDJHPHQW LQ PHDQLQJIXODFWLYLWLHVDQGTXDOLW\RIOLIHLQSHUVRQVGLVDEOHGE\PHQWDOLOOQHVVOccupational Therapy in Mental Health, 18
+DFNPDQ-5 2OGKDP*5'HYHORSPHQWRIMREGLDJQRVWLFVXUYH\Journal of Ap-plied Psychology, 60 -XF]\ĔVNL=1DU]ĊG]LDSRPLDUXZSURPRFMLLSV\FKRORJLL]GURZLD>0HDVXUHPHQWLQVWUX PHQWVLQKHDOWKSURPRWLRQDQGSV\FKRORJ\@:DUVDZ3RODQG3V\FKRORJLFDO7HVW/DERUDWRU\ RIWKH3ROLVK3V\FKRORJLFDO$VVRFLDWLRQ .ODPXW57\S\VWUXNWXU\VHQVXĪ\FLDDWUHĞFLFHOyZZ\ELHUDQ\FKGRUHDOL]DFML>7\SHVRI WKHVWUXFWXUHRIPHDQLQJLQOLIHDQGWKHFRQWHQWVRIJRDOVFKRVHQIRUSXUVXLW@Roczniki Psycho-logiczne, 15 /DZIRUG+/ 5DPH\+/³1RZ,NQRZ,FDQPDNHDGLIIHUHQFH´*HQHUDWLYLW\DQG DFWLYLW\HQJDJHPHQWDVSUHGLFWRUVRIPHDQLQJPDNLQJLQDGROHVFHQWVDQGHPHUJLQJDGXOWVDe-velopmental Psychology, 51
/DZWRQ 0 3 0HDQLQJV RI DFWLYLW\ ,Q - 5 .HOO\ (GV Activity and aging: Staying involved in later lifeSS1HZEXU\3DUN&$6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV
0DKRQH\-//DUVRQ5:(FFOHV-6 /RUG+2UJDQL]HGDFWLYLWLHVDVGHYHORS PHQWDOFRQWH[WVIRUFKLOGUHQDQGDGROHVFHQWV,Q-/0DKRQH\5:/DUVRQ -6(FFOHV (GV Organized activities ascontexts for development: Extracurricular activities, after- -school and community programSS0DKZDK1-(UOEDXP
0DáRSROVND ( Strategie pracy emocjonalnej u telemarketerów i operatorów telefonu alarmowego a cechy temperamentu i znaczenie pracy oraz jej waĞciwoĞci>Strategies of emo-tional work in telemarketers and emergency phone operators as related to temperamental traits as well as the meaning and characteristics of work@8QSXEOLVKHGPDVWHU¶VWKHVLVZULW WHQXQGHUWKHVXSHUYLVLRQRI$7RNDU]7KH-DJLHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\&UDFRZ3RODQG 0D\'5*LOVRQ5/ +DUWHU/07KHSV\FKRORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQVRIPHDQLQJIXOQHVV
VDIHW\DQGDYDLODELOLW\DQGWKHHQJDJHPHQWRIWKHKXPDQVSLULWDWZRUNJournal of Occupa-tional and OrganizaOccupa-tional Psychology, 77
0ąGU]\FNL7OsobowoĞü jako system tworzący i realizujący plany>Personality as a sys-tem creating and implementing plans@*GDĔVN8QLYHUVLW\RI*GDĔVN3UHVV
0F&OHOODQG'&Human motivation*OHQYLHZ6FRWW)RUHVPDQDQG&R
0HHVWHUV - The meaning of activities in the dwelling and residential environment $PVWHUGDP,263UHVV
0LFKDHOVRQ&3UDWW0**UDQW$0 'XQQ&30HDQLQJIXOZRUN&RQQHFWLQJ EXVLQHVVHWKLFVDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQVWXGLHVJournal of Business Ethics, 121
3XVKNDU ' $UEXFNOH 7 &RQZD\ 0 &KDLNHOVRQ - 0DDJ 8 (YHU\GD\ DFWLYLW\ SDUDPHWHUVDQGFRPSHWHQFHLQROGHUDGXOWVPsychology and Aging, 14
$*1,(6=.$%2ĩ(.$/(.6$1'5$72.$5=
5LFKDUGVRQ-& 0RRUH$-%HUQDUG0 -RUGDQ .3 6LP - /LYLQJ ZHOO ZLWK FKURQLFSDLQLQODWHUOLIH7KHUROHDQGPHDQLQJRIDFWLYLW\DQGLQYROYHPHQWActivities, Adap-tation & Aging, 39
5RVVR%''HNDV.+ :U]HVQLHZVNL$2QWKHPHDQLQJRIZRUN$WKHRUHWLFDO LQWHJUDWLRQDQGUHYLHZResearch in Organizational Behavior, 30
6FKDXIHOL:% %DNNHU$%-REGHPDQGVMREUHVRXUFHVDQGWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK EXUQRXW DQG HQJDJHPHQW $ PXOWLVDPSOH VWXG\ Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25
6RDQH(6FKDQW]$$OIHV.7UXVV&5HHV& *DWHQE\07KHDVVRFLDWLRQRI PHDQLQJIXOQHVVZHOOEHLQJDQGHQJDJHPHQWZLWKDEVHQWHHLVP$PRGHUDWHGPHGLDWLRQPRG HOHuman Resource Management, 52
6SUHLW]HU*03V\FKRORJLFDOHPSRZHUPHQWLQWKHZRUNSODFH'LPHQVLRQVPHDVXUHPHQW DQGYDOLGDWLRQAcademy of Management Journal, 38
7RNDU]$ 7U]HELĔVND 0 :VSyáG]LDáDQLH Z SU]HGVLĊELRUVWZLH MDNR ZáDVQRĞü V\QHU JLF]QD±URODLQIRUPDFML ]ZURWQHM>&RRSHUDWLRQLQWKHHQWHUSULVHDVDV\QHUJLFSURSHUW\@ ,Q =8FKQDVW(GSynergia a dobro wspólne. Wybrane zagadnienia z psychologii kierowania >Synergy and the common good: Selected issues of management psychology@SS /XEOLQ6FLHQWLILF6RFLHW\RIWKH&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI/XEOLQ
:U]HVQLHZVNL $ )LQGLQJ SRVLWLYH PHDQLQJ LQ ZRUN ,Q . 6 &DPHURQ - ( 'XWWRQ 5(4XLQQ(GVPositive organizational scholarshipSS6DQ)UDQFLVFR%HU UHWW.RHKOHU
:U]HVQLHZVNL $ 0F&RXOD\ & 5R]LQ 3 6FKZDUW] % -REV FDUHHU DQG FDOOLQJ 3HRSOH¶VUHODWLRQVWRWKHLUZRUNJournal of Research in Personality, 33
<HRPDQ5&RQFHSWXDOLVLQJPHDQLQJIXOZRUNDVDIXQGDPHQWDOKXPDQQHHGJournal of Business Ethics, 125
<HU[D(-+HDOWKDQGWKHKXPDQVSLULWIRURFFXSDWLRQThe American Journal of Occupa-tional Therapy, 52
=DOHZVND$06NDOD6DW\VIDNFML]3UDF\±SRPLDUSR]QDZF]HJRDVSHNWXRJyOQHJR]D GRZROHQLD ] SUDF\ >:RUN 6DWLVIDFWLRQ 6FDOH ± 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKH FRJQLWLYH DVSHFW RI JHQHUDOVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKZRUN@Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica, 7 =HLGOHU:=DGRZROHQLH]Ī\FLDLQVSLUDFMHLSUyEDNRQFHSWXDOL]DFML>6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH
,QVSLUDWLRQVDQGDQDWWHPSWDWFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQ@Przegląd Psychologiczny, 54 ĩ\FLĔVND- -DQXV]HN07HVW6HQVXĩ\FLD3XUSRVHLQ/LIH7HVW3,/-&&UXPEDXJ
KD L /7 0DKROLFND DQDOL]D SV\FKRPHWU\F]QD >3XUSRVH LQ /LIH 7HVW 3,/ E\ - & &UXP EDXJK DQG / 7 0DKROLFN $ SV\FKRPHWULF DQDO\VLV@ Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 17
7+((1*$*(0(17,10($1,1*)8/$&7,9,7,(66859(<(0$6