PCE in IMPEC Model - Constructing a Database

A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T I S L O D Z I E N S I S _______________FOLIA O E C O N O M IC A 198, 2006

M a r iu s z Plich

,

M arcin P o n e w c z y ń s k i

**

PCE IN IMPE C M O D E L - C O N S T R U C T I N G

Л DATABASE

I. I N T R O D U C T I O N In th e 2 0 y e a r s h is to ry o f th e IM P E C m o d e l P C E ( P e rs o n a l C o n s u m p tio n E x p e n d itu re s ) e q u a tio n s h a v e b e e n e s tim a te d m a n y tim e s. N u m b e r o f c a te g o rie s d is tin g u is h e d v a rie d fro m 1 to 18. T h e m a x im u m n u m b e r o f c a te g o r ie s (1 8 ) is n o t v e ry h ig h a c c o r d in g to s ta n d a rd s o f In fo ru m ty p e m o d e ls . F o r e x a m p le , n u m b e r o f e q u a tio n s in U S m o d e l is 9 3 , S p a n is h - 4 2 , J a p a n e s e - 85. T h e re a so n o f th e c o m p a r a tiv e ly sm a ll n u m b e r o f c a te g o rie s in th e P o lis h m o d e l h a s b e e n th e lack o f d a ta . In th e m id d le o l 9 0 s e q u a tio n s o f 18 P C E c a te g o r ie s w e r e e s ti­ m a te d u s in g A lm o n ’s P A D S s y s te m (se e A lm o n 1996). T h e first re s u lts w e re p re s e n te d fo r th e I n fo ru m C o n f e r e n c e in B e rtin o ro in 1997. R e fin e d re s u lts w e re p re s e n te d f o r th e M a c r o m o d e ls c o n fe re n c e in 1999 a n d p u b lis h e d in th e c o n fe r ­ e n c e p ro c e e d in g s (P lic h 2 0 0 0 ). T h a t tim e n o t m u c h a tte n tio n w a s p a id to p re se n t th e m e th o d o lo g y o f c o n s tru c tin g o f tim e se rie s b e in g th e b a s e fo r th e e s tim a tio n s.

P A D S g iv e s a p o s s ib ility o f u s in g g ro u p s a n d s u b g ro u p s c o n c e p t to e s tim a te c ro s s - e la s tic itie s . T o u s e th is a d v a n ta g e , h o w e v e r, m a n y c a te g o rie s o f P C E s h o u ld b e d is tin g u is h e d . O th e r w is e , s u b s titu tio n a n d c o m p le m e n ta rity e ffe c ts c a n n o t b e s e p a r a te d . O u r e x p e r ie n c e s s h o w e d th a t th e 18 c a te g o r ie s , d is tin ­ g u is h e d in th e IM P E C m o d e l, s e e m e d to b e to o little . T h is is th e re a s o n w h y a m o re d e ta ile d d is a g g re g a tio n o f P C E h ad to b e c o n s id e r e d . In th is p a p e r w e c o n c e n tra te o n th e m e th o d o lo g y o f th e d is a g g re g a tio n . P e rio d ta k e n in to a c c o u n t s ta rts in 1980, e n d s in 2001 a n d n u m b e r o f c a te g o rie s d is tin g u is h e d e q u a ls 108 (se e p a r a g ra p h 4).

I he final n u m b e r o f 108 c a te g o rie s is a c o m p ro m ise b e tw e e n o u r g o al to g e t as m a n y c a te g o rie s a s p o s s ib le an d the n e c essity o f lin k in g d iffe re n t c la s s ific a tio n s a n d d a ta s o u r c e s r e s u ltin g fro m d a ta s c a rc ity ( s e e p a ra g ra p h 3). A n o th e r ite m , w h ic h w e h ad to h a v e in m in d in th is c o n te x t, is th e p r e s e n t c la s s ific a tio n u se d b y C e n ­ tral S ta tis tic a l O ff ic e in P o la n d (G U S ) fo r P C E , i.e. C la s s ific a tio n o f In d iv id u a l

^C hair of Theory and Analyses o f Economic Systems, University o f Łódź. Chair ot I heory and Analyses o f Economic Systems, University o f Łódź.

C o n s u m p tio n b y P u rp o s e (C O IC O P ) . It is u se d s ta rtin g f ro m 1998 (s e c p a r a ­ g r a p h 2). T h e c o n s is te n c y o f o u r d a ta w ith C O IC O P w a r r a n ts fe w e r tro u b le s in c o n s tr u c tin g P C E d a ta b a s e in th e s u b s e q u e n t y e a rs.

A s th e s o u r c e d a ta fo r P C E d e c o m p o s itio n b o th p u b lis h e d a n d u n p u b lis h e d in f o rm a tio n f ro m G U S h a s b e e n u se d . G e n e ra lly it c o v c r c d c o n s u m p tio n a n d p r ic e in d ic e s . T h e p r o c e d u r e o f d e c o m p o s itio n c a n b e sp lit in to s e v e r a l sta g e s :

1. F irs t, a d e c o m p o s itio n o f P C E in c u r re n t p ric c s w a s d o n e . C o n s u m p tio n p u b lis h e d in N a tio n a l A c c o u n ts (N A ) w a s u se d a s th e s ta r tin g p o in t fo r th is d e ­ c o m p o s itio n . In th e p e r io d u n d e r c o n s id e r a tio n ( 1 9 8 0 - 2 0 0 1 ) le v e l ol d e ta ils v a r ­ ie d fro m 3 to 4 5 c a te g o rie s o f c o n s u m p tio n a n d c la s s ific a tio n s w e r e c h a n g e d se v e ra l tim e s . T h e d e c o m p o s itio n w a s d o n e b a s e d o n h o u s e h o ld b u d g e ts s u rv e y s (U B S ). E a c h o f 108 c a te g o rie s c a n b e c la s s ifie d a s ’’o r ig in a l” ( ta k e n fro m N A ) o r ’’e s tim a te d ” (b a s e d o n I IB S ).

2. N e x t, fo r e a c h o f 108 c o n s u m p tio n c a te g o rie s p r ic c in d e x w a s a p p lie d . F o r th e " o r ig in a l” c a te g o rie s d e f la to rs fro m N A w e re u se d . P ric e s fo r th e ’’e s ti­ m a te d ” o n e s w e r e e s tim a te d u s in g G U S y e a rly p u b lic a tio n title d “ P ric e in d ic e s o f g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s ” .

3. H a v in g c o n s u m p tio n in c u r r e n t p ric c s a n d p r ic c in d ic e s , c o n s ta n t p ric e s c o n s u m p tio n w a s e s tim a te d fo r 108 c a te g o rie s .

4. B e c a u s e s o u r c e s o f d a ta u s e d for th is d e c o m p o s itio n a re in c o m p a tib le w ith r e g a rd s to c la s s ific a tio n s a s w e ll a s le v el o f d e ta ils , s o m e c o r r e c tio n p r o c e ­ d u r e s h a d to b e e s ta b lis h e d . T h e ir p u rp o s e w a s to g e t c o n s is te n c y o f 108 c a te g o ­ rie s w ith d a ta ta k e n fo rm N A . T h is m e a n s th a t b o th c u rr e n t a n d c o n s ta n t p ric e s to ta l c o n s u m p tio n g iv e n a s s u m o f 108 c a te g o rie s m u s t b e e q u a l to th e c o n s u m p ­ tio n g iv e n in N A . A ls o a ll s u b -s u m s o f d is a g g re g a te d c o n s u m p tio n m u s t be e q u a l to a d e q u a te c o n s u m p tio n c a te g o ry ta k e n fro m N A .

5. A s p e c ia l c o r re c tio n p r o c e d u re w a s a p p lie d fo r th e p e rio d 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 4 . In th is p e rio d o n ly 3 c o n s u m p tio n c a te g o rie s in N A w e re d is tin g u is h e d a n d th e re ­ fo re H B S d a ta h a d to b e u s e d to a w id e e x te n t. G ra p h s o f s o m e c o n s u m p tio n c a te g o rie s r e v e a le d s ig n ific a n t “j u m p s ” in 1 9 9 0 a n d 1995 w h ic h w e re c a u s e d b y d if fe r e n c e s b e tw e e n th e c o n s u m p tio n s tr u c tu re in N A a n d H B S .

II. S O U R C E D A T A C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S 2.1. N a t i o n a l A c c o u n t s

T h e n a tio n a l a c c o u n tin g s y s te m is c o m p o s e d o f a n u m b e r o f m u tu a lly lin k e d m a c r o e c o n o m ic a c c o u n ts p e r m ittin g c o h e re n t d a ta to b e o b ta in e d re g a rd in g o n th e o n e h a n d in c o m e , i.e. s o u r c e s o f f in a n c in g e x p e n d itu re s a n d o n th e o th e r h a n d d a ta c o n c e r n in g p r o d u c tio n a n d its d is trib u tio n b e tw e e n fin a l c o n s u m p tio n , g ro s s c a p ita l f o rm a tio n a n d b a la n c e o f e x c h a n g e w ith a b r o a d (G U S 2 0 0 1 , p. 5 3 0 ). U s u a lly th e c o n s u m p tio n is c o n n e c te d w ith e x p e n d itu r e s , th u s w c p u l an

e q u a l s ig n b e tw e e n final c o n s u m p tio n a n d e x p e n d itu re s fo r c o n s u m p tio n p u r ­ p o s e s . E x p e n d itu r e s a r e b o r n e b y e n titie s w h o p a r tic ip a te in tr a n s a c tio n s , w h ic h ta k e p la c e in th e n a tio n a l e c o n o m y . T h e s e e n titie s a re d iv id e d in to 6 se c to rs:

1) n o n - f m a n c ia l c o r p o r a tio n se c to r, 2 ) f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a tio n s e c to r, 3 ) g e n e r a l g o v e r n m e n t s e c to r (G G ), 4 ) h o u s e h o ld s e c to r (I II I),

5 ) n o n - p ro f it in s titu tio n s s e c to r (N P I), 6 ) re st o f th e w o r l d 1.

In th e n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts se v e ra l d iffe r e n t c a te g o rie s o f c o n s u m p tio n a r e d is ­ tin g u is h e d . T h e y re s u lt fro m u s in g d iffe r e n t c la s s if ic a tio n c r ite r ia a n d p a r tic u ­ la rly fro m d is tin g u is h in g b e tw e e n d iffe r e n t fin a n c in g a s w e ll a s s u p p ly in g fo rm s o f g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s to b e c o n s u m e d (s e e T a b le 1).

T h e c o n s u m p tio n e x p e n d itu r e s m a y b e b o r n e b y th r e e d if f e r e n t s e c to rs: h o u s e h o ld s , n o n - p ro f it in s titu tio n s a n d g e n e ra l g o v e r n m e n t. C o n s u m p tio n e x ­ p e n d itu r e s b o r n e b y h o u s e h o ld s (i.e . fin a n c e d b y p r iv a te in c o m e ) a re c a lle d “ in ­ d iv id u a l c o n s u m p tio n e x p e n d itu r e s ” a n d th e s e b o r n e b y tw o o th e r s e c to r s a re c a lle d “ so c ia l tr a n s f e r s in k in d s u p p lie d to H IT '. A lth o u g h e x p e n d itu r e s b o r n e b y N P I a n d G G a r e a ls o c a lle d “ c o n s u m p tio n in th e s e c to r ” , w e h a v e to k e e p in m in d , th e N P I a n d G G s e c to r s a re o n ly fin a n c in g a p a rt o f th e c o n s u m p tio n o f th e H H s e c to r.

T a b l e I Classification o f actual consumption (corrected consumption) in the households sector

by different criteria

Criteria Expenditures’ bearing sector

HH NPI GG

Financing or sup­ plying form

Individual consum ption (financed by p riv a te incom e)

Own con­ sumption Social transfers in kind Collective consum p­ tion

Way o f supplying A ctual consum ption (individual)

Kind o f consumption

_ . Public consump-

Privatc consumption

tion In bold categories detailed published in the statistical yearbook.

" Own consum ption o f agricultural products originating from own production; includes also the value o f housing services inclusive estimated depreciation o f residential buildings and the imputed rents in non-rental buildings.

S o u r c e : Prepared by the authors, based on the Statistical Yearbook 2001.

1 Detailed definitions o f sectors are in each statistical yearbook - for instance GUS 2002, p. 534.

T h e s u m o f e x p e n d itu r e s b o rn e b y H H a n d N P I is c a lle d “ p r iv a te c o n s u m p ­ tio n ” . S u m o f p r iv a te c o n s u m p tio n a n d so c ia l tr a n s fe rs in k in d f in a n c e d b y G G is c a lle d “ a c tu a l c o n s u m p tio n ” o r “ in d iv id u a l c o n s u m p tio n ” . T h e w o rd

individual

m e a n s h e r e g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s s u p p lie d in k in d d ir e c tly to s p e c if ic , in d iv id u a l h o u s e h o ld s 2.

T h e w h o le c o n s u m p tio n o f g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s s u p p lie d b y G G s e c to r is c a lle d “ p u b lic c o n s u m p tio n ” . It c a n b e r e a liz e d in tw o fo rm s ; a s in d iv id u a l c o n ­ s u m p tio n in fo rm (a s tra n s f e rs m e n tio n e d e a rlie r) a n d in fo rm o f “ c o lle c tiv e c o n ­ s u m p tio n ” w h ic h d o e s n o t h a v e in d iv id u a l r e c ip ie n ts b u t is b e in g s u p p lie d c o m ­ m o n ly , to th e w h o le n a tio n . T h is so rt o f c o n s u m p tio n c a n b e c o n s id e r e d o n ly in th e G G s e c to r, b e c a u s e it is a s s u m e d th e N P I s e c to r s u p p lie s o n ly in d iv id u a l c o n s u m p tio n . S u m o f p r iv a te c o n s u m p tio n a n d p u b lic c o n s u m p tio n is c a lle d “ c o r r e c te d a c tu a l c o n s u m p tio n ” .

C o n s u m p tio n in th e N A is s h o w n in d e ta ils a c c o rd in g to th e c la s s if ic a tio n o f c o n s u m p tio n b y p u r p o s e . In th e c a s e o f G G s e c to r th e c la s s if ic a tio n is c a lle d C la s s if ic a tio n o f th e F u n c tio n s o f G o v e rn m e n t (C O F O G ), in c a s e o f th e N P I s e c to r its n a m e is C la s s if ic a tio n o f th e P u rp o s e s o f N o n -P r o fit I n s titu tio n s S e r v ­ in g H o u s e h o ld s ( C O P N I), a n d in c a s e o f th e h o u s e h o ld s s e c to r - C O I C O P . T h e la st o n e is to s h o w d e ta ile d d a ta o f a c tu a l c o n s u m p tio n a n d in d iv id u a l c o n s u m p ­ tio n a n d th e tw o c o n s u m p tio n c a te g o rie s a re p u b lis h e d in th e S ta tis tic a l Y e a r ­ b o o k s (S Y ). T h e C O I C O P c la s s ific a tio n h a s a fiv e le v e ls s tr u c tu re . T h e firs t o n e (tw o d ig its le v e l) c o n ta in s 12 d iv is io n s a n d th e s e c o n d o n e ( th re e d ig its le v e l) in c lu d e s 4 5 g ro u p s . T h e n e x t tw o le v e ls (fo u r a n d fiv e d ig its ) a r e s u m s o f c a te g o ­ r ie s fro m th e lo w e s t, six -d ig it le v el w h ic h c o n ta in s ca. 3 0 0 u n its (s e c p o in t 3.2).

2 .2. H o u s e h o l d b u d g e t s

T h e h o u s e h o ld b u d g e t s u rv e y s a re o f s ig n ific a n t im p o r ta n c e fo r s o c ia l s ta tis ­ tic s s y s te m a n d a r e a m e a n in g f u l s o u r c e o f in f o rm a tio n fo r a n a ly z in g th e le v el o f liv in g c o n d itio n s . T h e y p r o v id e in f o rm a tio n a b o u t re v e n u e s , e x p e n s e s , c o n s u m p ­ tio n , f u rn is h in g o f h o u s e h o ld s w ith d u r a b le g o o d s a n d o th e r liv in g c o n d itio n s o f s p e c if ie d p o p u la tio n g ro u p s a s w e ll a s a b o u t th e d if f e r e n tia tio n b e tw e e n b a s ic s o c io -e c o n o m ic g ro u p s o f h o u s e h o ld s .

T h e h o u s e h o ld b u d g e t s u rv e y s h a v e a q u ite lo n g tra d itio n . In P o la n d th is tr a ­ d itio n r e a c h e s th e tu rn o f th e 1 9 'h a n d 2 0 11' c e n tu ry . In th a t tim e o n ly p a p e r s o f b u d g e ts o f in d iv id u a l f a m ilie s fro m th e lo w e s t s o c ia l g ro u p s h a d b e e n d o n e b y in d iv id u a l r e s e a r c h e rs . In th e 2 0 - tie s a n d 3 0 -tie s o f th e 2 0 lh c e n tu r y th e h o u s e ­ h o ld b u d g e t s u r v e y s h a v e b e e n e n te r e d b y G U S , r e s e a r c h in s titu tio n s a n d lo c a l

2 Individual consum ption in the households sector means mainly consum ption financed by personal income and the own production is o f marginal importance.

g o v e rn m e n t in stitu tio n s. T h is a llo w e d to in c lu d e in th e s u rv e y u p to te n s o f h o u s e ­ h o ld s. This w e re o n ly fra g m e n ta ry re se a rc h e s, c o n c e n tra te d o n s e le c te d g ro u p s o f p o p u la tio n , h e ld o n sm a ll sa m p le s an d o n ly in s o m e re g io n s o f th e c o u n try .

A f te r W W II th e h o u s e h o ld b u d g e t s u r v e y s h a v e b e e n c o n tin u e d b y G U S . S ta r tin g fro m 1 9 5 7 G U S c a r rie s o n w ith r e s e a rc h e s b a s e d o n a re p r e s e n ta tiv e s a m p le ( s e e G U S 1 9 9 9 , p. 17 a n d fa rth e r). In th e la s t fe w d e c a d e s th e m e th o d o lo g y o f th e s u r v e y h a v e b e e n c h a n g e d r e g a rd in g th e s e le c tio n o f th e s a m p le a n d its e x c h a n g e . F r o m th is p o in t o f v ie w o n e c a n d is tin g u is h fo u r p e r io d s ( s e e G U S 1 9 9 9 , p. 11): 1. 1 9 5 7 - 1 9 7 1 - b r a n c h a p p r o a c h , c o n tin u o u s m e th o d , 2. 1 9 7 3 - 1 9 8 2 - g e o g r a p h ic a l a p p ro a c h , c o n tin u o u s m e th o d , 3. 1 9 8 2 - 1 9 9 2 - g e o g r a p h ic a l a p p ro a c h , q u a r te rly r o ta tio n m e th o d , 4. fro m 1 9 9 2 - g e o g r a p h ic a l a p p ro a c h , m o n th ly r o ta tio n m e th o d . T h e b r a n c h a p p r o a c h h a s a tw o s ta g e s e le c tio n p r o c e d u re . A t th e first s ta g e in s titu tio n s ( p la n ts , c o m p a n i e s .. .) a rc s e le c te d . A t th e s e c o n d sta g e , e m p lo y e e s a r e a r a n d o m ly s e le c te d a n d th e ir h o u s e h o ld s p a r tic ip a te in th e s u rv e y . In th e g e o g r a p h ic a l a p p r o a c h su b je c t to s e le c tio n a re h o u s e h o ld s ( d w e llin g s ) in h a b itin g o n th e te r r ito r y o f p r e v io u s ly s e le c te d e n u m e r a tio n a re a s (o r its s e ts p r e p a re d fo r th e N a tio n a l C e n s u s p u rp o s e s ). T h e c o n tin u o u s m e th o d c o n s is ts in s u r v e y in g o n e a n d th e s a m e h o u s e h o ld fo r th e w h o le y e a r o r e v e n lo n g e r. U s in g th e r o ta tio n m e th o d th e h o u s e h o ld u n ­ d e r s u rv e y a r c b e in g e x c h a n g e d . In c a s e o f q u a r te rly r o ta tio n h o u s e h o ld a re b e ­ in g e x c h a n g e d e v e r y q u a r te r a n d in c a s e o f m o n th ly r o ta tio n - e v e r y m o n th . In 1993 a p r o c e s s o f a d a p tin g th e m e th o d o lo g y o f th e h o u s e h o ld b u d g e t s u r ­ v e y s to th e r e c o m m e n d a tio n s o f E U R O S T A T sta rte d . T h e s u b je c t to m o d if ic a ­ tio n s w a s a ls o th e c la s s if ic a tio n o f re v e n u e s a n d e x p e n s e s in th e s c o p e o f c o n ­ s u m p tio n e x p e n d itu r e s . A s e a r ly a s 1998 c o n s u m p tio n e x p e n d itu r e s a r e g ro u p e d a c c o rd in g ly to 19 9 6 C O I C O P /H B S ' c la s s ific a tio n . T h is c la s s if ic a tio n d iffe rs fro m th e p r e v io u s o n e . A n ew c la s s ific a tio n o f r e v e n u e s a n d e x p e n s e s w a s im ­ p le m e n te d - th is c h a n g e d th e s c h e m e o f p r e s e n ta tio n a n d n a m e s o f lo ts o f c a te ­ g o rie s a s w e ll as d e f in itio n s o f s u c h c a te g o rie s lik e d is p o s a b le in c o m e , e x p e n d i­ tu re s a n d e x p e n d itu r e s o n c o n s u m e r g o o d s a n d se rv ic e s .

A ll th is a lte rn a tio n s c a u s e s th a t th e re su lts o f th e h o u s e h o ld b u d g e t s u rv e y are n o t d ire c tly c o m p a r a b le in tim e . T h is re m a rk d o n o t c o n c e rn th e w a y o f s a m p lin g (w h ic h h a s n o in flu e n c e o n th e d a ta c o m p a ra b ility ), b u t c h a n g e s in c la s s ific a tio n s . H o w e v e r, it is p o s s ib le to re a s s e m b le so m e c a te g o rie s o f c o n s u m p tio n e x p e n d i­ tu re s , so th a t th e p a r tic u la r g ro u p s o f e x p e n d itu re s a re h o m o g e n o u s o v e r tim e.

T h e d a ta a r e p r e s e n te d b y G U S a s m o n th ly a v e r a g e 4 e x p e n d itu r e s o n c o n ­ s u m e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s p e r c a p ita in h o u s e h o ld in P o lis h c u r r e n c y (z ło ty ) a n d

1 Classification o f Individual Consumption by Purpose for Household Budget Survey. 4 Until 1982 yearly averages were shown.

fro m 1995 in n e w P o lis h c u rr c n c y (P L N ). A f te r th e d e n o m in a tio n p ro c e s s d a ta a rc r o u n d e d u p to 1 g r o s z (0,01 I’L N ) w h a t e q u a ls 100 o ld zł, w h e r e a s th e d a ta fro m p r e v io u s y e a r s w e r e ro u n d e d u p to 1 o ld zł. F ro m th e p o in t o f v ie w o f g o a ls to b e a c h ie v e d th is m a tte r is r a th e r tr iv ia l, b e c a u s c w e a rc o n ly in te re s te d in th e s tr u c tu re o f th e c o n s u m p tio n e x p e n d itu r e s a n d not o n th e n o m in a l d a ta itself.

2.3. P r i c c s in t h e n a t io n a l e c o n o m y

D a ta o n p r ic e c h a n g e s o f c o n s u m p tio n b y c a te g o rie s w e r e n c c e s s a r y to c o m ­ p u te c o n s u m p tio n in c o n s ta n t p ric e s. T h e d a ta w e re o b ta in f ro m tw o G U S p u b li­ c a tio n s : “ P ric c s in th e N a tio n a l E c o n o m y ” 5 a n d fro m th e c h a p te r “ P r ic e s ” o f th e S Y . T h e first o n e is a n a n n u a l p u b lic a tio n w h ic h is is s u e d s ta rtin g f ro m 1 9 8 9 . In th e 8 0 -tie s it w a s p u b lis h e d th r e e tim e s (in 1984, 1985, 1988) a n d d id n o t c o v e r all y e a rs w ith th e s a m e p re c is io n w h ic h is n e e d e d fo r o u r re s e a rc h (s e e p o in t 4.2 ).

T h e p u b lic a tio n s s h o w d y n a m ic s o f p ric e s in th e b a s ic s e c to r s o f th e n a tio n a l e c o n o m y i.e. a g r ic u ltu r e , in d u s try , c o n s tru c tio n , re ta il tra d e , tr a n s p o r t, s to ra g e a n d c o m m u n ic a tio n a s w e ll a s fo re ig n tra d e . Im p o rta n t fo r u s w ill b e th e d ata r e g a rd in g th e re ta il tr a d e a n d e s p e c ia lly p r ic e in d ic e s o f th e p a r tic u la r e x p e n d i­ tu re s c a te g o r ie s a s w e ll a s p ric c s o f se le c te d r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s 6 o f c o n s u m e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s , w h ic h a r c u se d in o r d e r to c a lc u la te p r ic c in d ic e s o n th e lo w est a g g re g a tio n lev el. T h e g r o u p in g o f g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s p r ic e s fro m th e y e a r 1999 is b a s e d o n C la s s ific a tio n o f In d iv id u a l C o n s u m p tio n b y P u rp o s e a d a p te d to n e e d s o f th e H a rm o n iz e d In d ic e s o f C o n s u m e r P ric e s c la ssific a tio n (C O IC O P /H IC P ).

S o u rc e o f in f o r m a tio n o n th e c a lc u la te d p r ic e in d ic e s a r e q u o ta tio n s o f m a r ­ k e t a n d a d m in is tr a tiv e p ric e s c o n d u c te d b y p r ic e c o lle c to rs th r o u g h o u t th e c o u n ­ try , w h ic h is d iv id e d in to 3 1 0 7 p r ic c s u rv e y re g io n s . O n c e th e m o n th ly a v e r a g e p ric e s o f r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s a re o b ta in e d , th e ir p r ic e in d ic e s in th e p a r tic u la r re g io n s c a n b e c a lc u la te d as a re la tio n o f th e m o n th ly a v e r a g e p r ic e to th e a v e r a g e p ric c fro m th e p r e v io u s y e a r. T h e n e x t ste p is to c a lc u la te th e a ll- P o lis h p r ic e in d ic e s o f r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s a s g e o m e tric a l a v e ra g e s o f p r ic e s in d ic e s o f re p r e s e n ta tiv e s fro m all re g io n s a n d o n its b a s e (a ls o u s in g th e g e o m e tric a l a v e r a g e ) p r ic e in d i­ c e s o f g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s fro m th e lo w e s t a g g re g a tio n le v e l8. F u rth e r, p r ic c in d i­ c e s o n h ig h e r a g g r e g a tio n le v e l c a n b e c a lc u la te d a p p ly in g th e s y s te m o f w e ig h ts , w h ic h is b a s e d o n th e s tr u c tu re o f h o u s e h o ld s ’ e x p e n d itu r e s fro m th e

5 This title is consequently used from 1996. Previously to titles w ere shiftily used: Changes o f prices in the National Economy and Changes o f retail prices.

6 The num ber o f representatives is permanently growing, e.g. in 1996 - 1 470, and in 2000 - ca. 1800.

7 The number o f price survey regions in the year 2000; the number does not vary much, e.g. in 1996 - 307. There are over 28 thousand selected sales outlets.

8 301 such basic groups were distinguished in 2000. There were 287 such groups in 1998 and 1999.

y e a r p r e c e d in g th e o n e u n d e r th e s u rv e y . T h e s tru c tu re o f e x p e n d itu r e s is d e riv e d fro m th e H B S ( s e e e .g . G U S 2 0 0 1 , p p . 15, 2 1 - 2 3 ) .

III. L E V E L O F D E T A I L S O F T H E S O U R C F D A T A

T h e s ta rtin g p o in t in c o n s tr u c tin g a P C E d a ta b a s e a r e d a ta fro m th e N A . T h e d a ta h a v e to b e d is a g g r e g a te d a c c o r d in g ly to th e ir r e le v a n t s tr u c tu re o b ta in fro m th e I IB S . A t th e s a m e tim e a d a ta b a s e o n p r ic e s ’ d e f la to r s fo r th e d is tin ­ g u is h e d c a te g o r ie s h a s to b e b u ilt. B e lo w , a v a ila b ility o f s o u r c e d a ta in th e p a r ­ tic u la r y e a rs is c o n s id e r e d . T h is w ill g iv e u s k n o w le d g e to w h a t e x te n t H B S a n d o u r e s tim a te s o f p r ic e s in d ic e s h a v e b e e n u se d in b u ild in g th e P C E d a ta .

3.1 . C o n s u m p t i o n in t h e N a t i o n a l A c c o u n t s

G e n e ra lly , d a ta r e f e r rin g c o n s u m p tio n in th e N A h a v e b e e n ta k e n fro m th e S Y , b u t fo r th e p e r io d fro m 1995 to 2 0 0 0 m o re d e ta ile d in f o rm a tio n f ro m u n p u b ­ lis h e d s o u rc e s w e r e a v a ila b le '. T h e d a ta is g iv e n in c u r re n t a n d c o n s ta n t p ric e s b u t its n u m b e r o f c a te g o rie s p re s e n te d in S Y h a d b e e n c h a n g e d in th e p e rio d ta k e n in to a c c o u n t. W e c a n d is tin g u is h th r e e d if fe r e n t p e rio d s ( s e e 'F a b le 2):

1. u p to 19 8 9 - 35 c a te g o rie s , 2. 19 9 0 1998 - 5 c a te g o rie s , 3. 1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0 - 4 5 c a te g o rie s 4. 2001 - 12 c a te g o rie s

T h e c o n s u m p tio n fo r th e p e rio d 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 9 h a s b e e n sp lit in th e S Y in to 35 c a te g o rie s a n d th e a p p lie d c la s s ific a tio n m a tc h e s th e o n e u s e d for th e H B S . ľ h e r e a re 9 c o n s u m p tio n c a te g o r ie s o f f o o d s tu ff, s e p a r a te ly a lc o h o lic b e v e ra g e s a n d to b a c c o a s w e ll a s 2 4 c a te g o rie s o f n o n -fo o d s tu ffs a n d s e rv ic e s in th is c la s s i­ fic a tio n . A ls o , th e in d ic e s in c o n s ta n t p ric e s o n a y e a r to y e a r b a s e s h a v e b e e n p re s e n te d . T h is a llo w s to c a lc u la te th e c o n s u m p tio n in c o n s ta n t p ric e s a n d p ric e d e f la to r s f o r a ll c a te g o rie s .

In th e p e r io d 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 8 th e p re s e n ta tio n w a s lim ite d to o n ly 5 g e n e ra l c a te ­ g o r ie s w h ic h a r e th e fo llo w in g : fo o d s tu ff, a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s , n o n - fo o d s tu ff, s e rv ic e s a n d d e p r e c ia tio n o f re s id e n tia l b u ild in g s . In p r a c tic e th is m e a n s th at o n ly th r e e c a te g o rie s c a n b e u s e d fo r o u r d a ta b a s e . T h e r e f o r e , th r e e o f th e m , i.e. n o n - fo o d s tu ff , s e rv ic e s a n d d e p r e c ia tio n o f r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g s , h a d to b e c o m ­ b in e d in to o n e g ro u p . T h a t k in d o f p a r titio n a n d e s p e c ia lly th e sp lit in to g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s is n o t c o h e r e n t w ith th e C O IC O P c la s s ific a tio n ( s e e p o in t 3 .2 ). T h is m a k e s u s to u s e th e d a ta fro m th e h o u s e h o ld b u d g e ts in a w id e r s c o p e th a n in th e p r e v io u s y e a rs.

’ For the moment o f preparing this paper data including 45 categories for the year 2001 have been not available yet. W e will include it during the next update o f the data base.

T a b I с 2 Dif ferences in the number o f available categories in the period taken into account

Number o f categories in current priccs Number o f categories in constant priccs

Data source Data source

Unpublished data SY SY 1980-1989 - 35 35 1990-1994 - 5 5 1995-1997 45 12 5 1998-2000 45 12 12 2(H) 1 - 12 12

S o u r c e : Prepared by the authors.

T h e f iv e - c a te g o rie s p r e s e n ta tio n h a v e b e e n c a rrie d o n u n til 1997. In 1998 G U S im p le m e n te d th e C O IC O P c la s s ific a tio n . C o n s u m p tio n in th e C O IC O P v e r s io n h a v e b e e n re c a lc u la te d fo r th e y e a r s 1 9 9 5 - 1 9 9 7 r e tr o s p e c tiv e ly , b u t o n ly in c u r r e n t p r ic e s . D a ta p r e s e n te d in th e S Y a re fro m th e tw o - d ig it le v e l o f th e C O I C O P , i.e. 12 c a te g o rie s a r e d is tin g u is h e d . D is a g g re g a tio n o f c o n s u m p tio n in c u r r e n t p ric e s fo r th e y e a r s 1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0 is b a s e d o n u n p u b lis h e d , m o re d e ta ile d G U S d a ta , s h o w in g 4 5 c a te g o rie s o f c o n s u m p tio n w h ic h c o r r e s p o n d s w ith th e th r e e -d ig it le v e l o f C O IC O P .

In d ic e s in c o n s ta n t p ric e s a c c o rd in g ly to C O IC O P h a v e b e e n c a lc u la te d s ta rt­ in g fro m 1998. H o w e v e r, in th is c a s e o n ly 12 C O IC O P c a te g o rie s a re a v a ila b le .

D a ta f o r th e y e a r 2001 h a v e b e e n a v a ila b le o n ly in th e 12 c a te g o r ie s s c h e m e in c u r r e n t a s w e ll a s in c o n s ta n t p ric e s. T h u s , a d iffe re n t d is a g g r e g a tio n m e th o d h a s b e e n a p p lie d th e n fo r th e p e r io d 1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0 - a m e th o d w h ic h u s e s th e h o u s e h o ld b u d g e ts in a w id e r s c o p e .

F u rth e rm o re , fo r th e y e a r 2 0 0 1 , in c o m p a r is o n w ith p r e v io u s o n e s , c h a n g e s in th e s u b je c tiv e s c o p e o f th e in s titu tio n a l s e c to rs h a v e b e e n in tr o d u c e d : th e d e f in itio n o f s m a ll b u s in e s s e s c h a n g e d . In th e p r e v io u s y e a r s p e r s o n s c o n d u c tin g e c o n o m ic a c tiv ity e m p lo y in g u p to 5 p e r s o n s h a v e b e e n in c lu d e d to th e H H s e c ­ to r. S ta r tin g fro m 2001 th is lim it w a s m o v e d u p to 9 e m p lo y e e s . T h is c h a n g e c a u s e d a n in c r e a s e o f h o u s e h o ld n u m b e rs a n d a n o v e r e s tim a tio n o f c o n s u m p tio n in c o m p a r is o n to th e p r e v io u s y e a rs . D u e to th is c h a n g e s c o n s u m p tio n in th e S Y fo r th e y e a r 2 0 0 0 h a s b e e n p re s e n te d in tw o v a ria n ts - in a c c o r d a n c e to th e n e w a n d o ld d e f in itio n . It tu r n e d o u t, th e c h a n g e c a u s e s a d if fe r e n c e in c o n s u m p tio n b y 1 ,5 3 % a n d it “ b e lo n g s to ” e x p e n d itu re s o n g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s o th e r th a n fo o d , a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s a n d to b a c c o ( s e c G U S 2 0 0 2 , p p . 5 3 8 - 5 4 0 ) . T h e r e f o r e th e v a lu e s o f s o m e c a te g o rie s fo r th e y e a r 2001 w e re c o r r e c te d d o w n w a rd s , in p r o p o rtio n to th e c h a n g e s re s u ltin g fro m th e y e a r 2 0 0 0 .

3.2 . H o u s e h o l d e x p e n d i t u r e s b a s e d o n b u d g e t s u r v e y s

T h e h o u s e h o ld s u r v e y d a ta u s e d fo r th e d e c o m p o s itio n o f c o n s u m p tio n w e r e th e a v e r a g e h o u s e h o ld e x p e n d itu re s o n c o n s u m e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s . T h is d a ta w a s a lso th e u n p u b lis h e d o n e. T h e d is a g g re g a tio n level in th e p u b lic a tio n s o f th e h o u s e h o ld b u d g e t s u rv e y w a s n o t su ffic ie n t fo r th e c o n s tru c tio n o f P C E d a ta b a s e .

In p a r a g r a p h 2 .2 w e h a v e m e n tio n e d a ll m e th o d o lo g ic a l a lte r n a tio n s in th e h o u s e h o ld s e x p e n d itu r e s . B u t th e s e w e r e n o t th e o n ly o n e s . A ls o th e n u m b e r a n d d e f in itio n s o f p a r tic u la r c o n s u m p tio n e x p e n d itu r e s h a v e b e e n c h a n g e d . R e a s o n s o f th e s e c h a n g e s c a n b e c la s s ifie d in to tw o m a in g ro u p s:

a p p e a r a n c e o f n e w g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s ; th e y h a v e to b e a d d e d to e x is tin g c o n s u m p tio n c a te g o r ie s o r n e w c a te g o rie s h a v e to b e s e p a r a te d - th is d e p e n d s o n th e c u rre n t o r e x p e c te d c o n s u m p tio n le v e l o f th e s e n e w p ro d u c ts ;

c h a n g e s in s tr u c tu re o f c o n s u m p tio n - s o m e p r o d u c ts a r e b e in g m a rg in ­ a liz e d o r s o m e tim e s e v e n d is a p p e a r fro m th e m a rk e t a n d o th e r o n e s s h a re s g ro w .

T h e s e g e n e r a l f a c ts a re c a u s e d b y e v o lu tio n a ry c h a n g e s in th e c o n s u m p tio n s tr u c tu re a n d re s u lts fro m c h a n g e s in c o n s u m e r s ’ ta ste , fa s h io n tr e n d s , p o p u la ­ tio n a n d d e m o g ra p h ic a l s tr u c tu re , c h a n g e s o f p o p u la tio n , m ig r a tio n s , te c h n o lo g i­ c a l d e v e lo p m e n t c r e a tin g n e w p r o d u c ts a n d s e rv ic e s . S tro n g c h a n g e s in c o n ­ s u m p tio n s tr u c tu r e h a v e b e e n o b s e rv e d in P o la n d in th e la st d e c a d e . T h e b ig g e s t in f lu e n c e o n it h a d th e tr a n s itio n o f th e e c o n o m y , w h ic h c a u s e d th a t h o u s e h o ld s g a in e d a n e a s ie r a c c e s s to a b ig g e r v a rie ty o f g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s th a t h a d b e e n a la c k o r e v e n d id n o t e x is t o n th e m a rk e t b e fo re . A ll th e s e m e th o d o lo g ic a l a n d “ m a rk e t” c h a n g e s c a u s e d th a t in th e b a s ic c la s s ific a tio n o f h o u s e h o ld e x p e n d itu r e s in th e H B S , th e n u m b e r o f d is tin g u is h e d c a te g o r ie s 10 h a s b e e n ra is e d fro m 2 5 2 in 1992 to 3 1 4 in 2 0 0 1 . C h a n g e s o f n u m ­ b e r o f c a te g o rie s w h ic h h a v e b e e n d is tin g u is h e d in th e H B S is p r e s e n te d in A p ­ p e n d ix 1. O n e s h o u ld b e a r in m in d th a t e q u a l n u m b e r o f c a te g o r ie s p r e s e n te d in th e A p p e n d ix d o e s n o t m e a n e x a c tly th e s a m e c a ls s ific a tio n . T h e re a s o n is th a t c a te g o rie s fro m th e s ix - d ig it le v e l m a y c o n ta in d if fe r e n t g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s , w h ic h m a y h a v e d if fe r e n t n a m e s o r e v e n h a v e b e e n m o v e d b e tw e e n g ro u p s.

T h e c la s s if ic a tio n r e m a in e d u n c h a n g e d in th e p e rio d 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 9 2 . S ta rtin g in 1993 c h a n g e s h a v e b e e n in tr o d u c e d e v e r y y e a r e s p e c ia lly in g r o u p in g o f d a ta o n d if fe re n t a g g r e g a tio n le v e ls . M o s t o f th e m a r e c a u s e d b y im p le m e n tin g th e C O IC O P c la s s ific a tio n . In c o m p a r is o n w ith th e p r e v io u s c la s s ific a tio n , C O IC O P u se s a d if fe r e n t w a y o f lin k in g g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s to p a r tic u la r c o n s u m p tio n c a te g o rie s . B a s ic d if f e r e n c e c o n s is ts in d iv id in g th e e c o n o m y in th e o ld c la s s if i­ c a tio n in to th e m a te r ia l a n d n o n - m a te r ia l s p h e re . A c c o r d in g to th is c o n v e n tio n a ll s o - c a lle d m a te ria l g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s a re b e in g p u r c h a s e d in th e m a te ria l

10 This numbers docs not include expenses spent on private agriculture farms. Apart from this taxes and fees, financial and other positions have been shown in details since 1993, but have not been taken into account.

s p h e re . O th e r s e r v ic e s b e lo n g s to th e n o n - m a te r ia l sp h e re . In th e C O I C O P c l a s s i­ fic a tio n s e rv ic e s a re lin k e d to g o o d s w h ic h th e y a r e c o n n e c te d to , b e c a u s e g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s a r e c la s s if ie d a c c o r d in g to th e p u r p o s e o f c o n s u m p tio n . H o w e v e r, g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s a re s e p a r a te d o n th e six -d ig it le v e l b u t th is is n o t th e a im as s u c h o f th e c la s s ific a tio n . T h e s h a re d p u ip o s e o f th e c o n s u m p tio n e x p e n d itu re s is se t o n ly o n th e tw o h ig h e s t le v e l o f a g g r e g a tio n . E x p e n d itu re s o n g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s o n lo w e r le v e ls d o e s n o t r e p r e s e n t th e p u r p o s e a s su c h b u t s e rv e th e p u r p o s e o f g r o u p s fro m th e tw o h ig h e s t le v e l ( R a in e r 1 9 9 7 ). T h is m e a n s th e g ro u p in g o n th e lo w e s t six -d ig it le v e l is u n r e s tr ic te d c o n c e r n in g th e a m o u n t o f c a te g o rie s b e in g d is tin g u is h e d a n d th e lin k in g o f c e r ta in g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s to g ro u p s w ith in th e s e n s e o f th e c la s s i­ fic a tio n . T h is s e e m s to b e n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e o f th e s p e c if ic o f th e c o n s u m p tio n in d iffe re n t c o u n trie s . U s in g th is o p tio n th e C O IC O P w a s c h a n g e d s e v e r a l tim e s in th e y e a r s 1 9 9 8 - 2 0 0 1 . A n e x a m p le o f th is m a y b e e x p e n d itu r e s o n “ c o n s u m p ­ tio n b o n e s ” w h ic h w e re s e p a r a te d fro m “ o th e r m e a ts ” a n d lin k e d in p o r tio n s to th e d if fe r e n t k in d o f m e a ts .

3 .3 . P r i c c i n d i c c s

P u b lic a tio n c o n c e r n in g p r ic e s p r e s e n ts o n ly fo r c h o s e n y e a r s ( n a m e ly 1981 a n d 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 6 ) p r ic c in d ic e s fo r c a te g o rie s fro m th e lo w e s t a g g r e g a tio n le v el m a tc h in g th e o n e u s e d in M B S. D a ta fo r th e y e a r 1982 is n o t a s d e ta ile d b u t d e ­ ta ile d e n o u g h fo r o u r p u r p o s e s ( s e e p o in t 4 ). F o r th e re st o f th e y e a r s th e n u m b e r o f g r o u p s f o r w h ic h p r ic e in d ic e s w e re p u b lis h e d is m u c h lo w e r. T h e r e f o r e , it w a s n e c e s s a r y to e s tim a te th e m is s in g in d ic e s (s e e p o in t 4 .2 ). A n o th e r d if fic u lty is th a t in d if fe r e n t y e a rs in d ic e s h a v e n o t b e e n p re s e n te d fo r th e s a m e g ro u p s .

G e n e ra lly s p e a k in g , th e e s tim a tio n o f m is s in g in d ic e s w a s b a s e d o n p ric e s o f r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s o f g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s , w h ic h y e a r ly a v e r a g e s a r c b e in g p u b lis h e d b y G U S . T h e n u m b e r o f r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s a m o u n ts ca. 1500, b u t o n ly c a . 150 o f th e m a r e b e in g p u b lis h e d . D u e to th e lim ite d a c c e s s to r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s few d if ­ fe re n t e s tim a tio n m e th o d s h a v e b e e n a p p lie d ( s e e 4 .2 ).

IV . B U I L D I N G T I M E S E R I E S O F C O N S U M P T I O N

In th is p a r a g r a p h w e w ill in tr o d u c e th e m e th o d o lo g y o f P C E d is a g g re g a tio n (its s te p s h a v e b e e n s h o w n in p o in t 1.2). T h e d iffic u ltie s th a t h a d to b e g o n e th r o u g h , r e s u lte d fro m d if f e r e n t c la s s ific a tio n s a n d d if fe r e n t d is a g g r e g a tio n le v ­ e ls o f s o u r c e d a ta .

4.1 . C o n s u m p t i o n in c u r r e n t p r ic c s

T h e firs t s te p w a s c a lc u la tin g c o n s u m p tio n in c u r r e n t p r ic e s . D a ta fro m N A a n d H B S w a s u sed , b u t first h o m o g e n o u s c o n s u m p tio n c a te g o rie s for H B S d ata had to b e cre ate d . T h e s e c a te g o rie s h ad to b e c o h e re n t w ith c a te g o rie s u se d in N A .

In o r d e r to d o so d e ta ile d d a ta fo r c a te g o rie s fro m th e e a r lie r m e n tio n e d s ix ­ d ig it le v e l w e r e n e e d e d . T h e s e c a te g o rie s c a n n o t b e d iv id e d in to s m a lle r e l e ­ m e n ts . T h e s e c o n d im p o rta n t s o u r c e o f in f o rm a tio n w e re in s tru c tio n s c o n c e r n in g th e o r g a n iz in g a n d r e p o r tin g s y s te m o f th e H B S , w h ic h in c lu d e a d e ta ile d list o f g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s in all c a te g o rie s . T h a n it w a s p o s s ib le , o n th e o n e h a n d , to u n ify d if fe re n t c l a s s if ic a tio n s in th e p e rio d b e in g u n d e r c o n s id e r a tio n , a n d o n th e o th e r to k e e p a h ig h le v e l o f c o n s u m p tio n s ’ d e c o m p o s itio n a s w e ll a s to fin d c o m m o n c a te g o r ie s in c e r ta in y e a rs. T h is w a s re a c h e d b y c o d in g th e c a te g o rie s fro m th e s ix - d ig it le v e l in a w a y , w h ic h a llo w e d a d d in g s o m e c a te g o r ie s th a t b e lo n g e d to a g r o u p o f e x p e n d itu r e s b e in g a h o m o g e n o u s c o n s u m p tio n c a te g o ry in th e w h o le p e rio d .

T h e re s u lt o f g r o u p in g is a ta b le w ith 108 c a te g o rie s o f h o u s e h o ld e x p e n d i­ tu r e s " . T h is ta b le w a s u s e d to c a lc u la te th e s tru c tu re o f h o u s e h o ld e x p e n d itu r e s w ith in c a te g o rie s b e in g b ig g e r a g g r e g a te s , w h ic h w e re re le v a n t to c a te g o rie s in th e N A . N e x t s te p w a s to m a k e a d e c o m p o s itio n o f th e c a te g o r y fro m th e N A u s in g th e s tr u c tu re b a s e d o n th e H B S . In th is w a y w e r e c e iv e d d is a g g re g a te d v a lu e s o f c o n s u m p tio n e q u a lin g th e N A d a ta in c u rr e n t p ric e s .

4 .2 . P r i c c i n d i c c s

A s n e x t ste p , p r ic c in d ic e s fo r e a c h o f th e 108 c r e a te d c a te g o r ie s w e h a d to b e fo u n d . In c a s e p r ic e in d ic e s o f a c a te g o ry h a v e n o t b e e n p u b lis h e d th e y h a d to b e e s tim a te d . D e p e n d in g o n th e a c c e s s to d a ta se v e ra l m e th o d s o f e s tim a tio n h a v e b e e n a p p lie d (in b r a c k e ts - s y m b o ls u s e d fo r th e m e th o d s ): u s in g p r ic e s o f re p r e s e n ta tiv e s (R ), u s in g a w e ig h te d a v e r a g e fro m th e re st o f in d ic e s b e in g a p a rt o f o n e a n d th e s a m e c a te g o r y o f a h ig h e r a g g re g a tio n le v e l fo r w h ic h a p r ic e in d e x w a s p u b lis h e d (X ), u s in g p r ic e in d ic e s o f a h ig h e r a g g r e g a tio n le v e l fo r a c a te g o r y o f a lo w e r o n e - u s e d in c a s e th e tw o a b o v e liste d m e th o d s c o u ld n o t b e a p p lie d (K ), - u s in g p r ic e in d ic e s o f a c a te g o ry b e in g th e d o m in a n t p a r t w ith in o n e o f th e 108 c a te g o rie s f o r th e w h o le c a te g o ry (U ), u s in g s e v e r a l o f th e m e n tio n e d m e th o d s fo r o n e c a te g o ry (M ).

11 On this stage we did not pay attention on the possibilities o f finding price indices for cre­ ated categories. O ur main goal was to achieve the highest possible level o f PCE disaggregation.

F o r th e f irs t m e th o d a n a u x ilia ry ta b le w a s c re a te d . It c o n ta in e d y e a r ly a v ­ e ra g e p ric e s o f g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s w h ic h w e re c o n s id e re d a s r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s fo r a c o n s u m p tio n c a te g o ry in U B S . I f few re p r e s e n ta tiv e s fit to o n e c a te g o ry an a v e r a g e w a s c a lc u la te d u s in g g e o m e tr ic a l a v e ra g e . B a s in g o n th e a v e r a g e p ric e s for a c e r ta in c a te g o ry , p r ic e in d ic e s fo r e a c h y e a r w a s c a lc u la t c d 12. A d d itio n a l c a lc u la tio n s w e r e a ls o n e c e s s a r y fo r s o m e c a te g o rie s , b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in u n its o f m e a s u r e m e n t o v e r tim e . T h e s a m e r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s w a s u se d o v e r th e w h o le p e r io d i f o n ly it w a s p o s ­ s ib le . It w a s n o t th e c a s e o f s o m e d u r a b le g o o d s w h e n n e w m o d e ls a p p e a r e d o n th e m a rk e t. It w a s p o s s ib le , h o w e v e r, to s m o o th th e p r ic e s c h a n g e s w ith th e h e lp o f o v e r la p p e d “ n e w ” a n d “ o ld ” n u m b e rs . F a ilu re o f th e s m o o th in g p r o c e d u re m e a n s th a t a p r ic e j u m p s h o w s a m a rk e t s itu a tio n a c o n s u m e r h a d to d o w ith .

T h e s e c o n d te c h n iq u e w a s a p p lie d w h e n a c e r ta in c a te g o ry c o n s is te d o f s u b ­ c a te g o rie s a n d n o t fo r all o f th e m p r ic e in d ic e s w e re a v a ila b le . In th is c a s e th e p r ic e in d e x fo r la c k in g e le m e n ts w a s c a lc u la te d a p p ly in g th e c o n v e r te d fo rm u la fo r a w e ig h te d a v e r a g e u s in g I IB S c o n s u m p tio n s tru c tu re fro m th e p r e v io u s y e a r a s w e ig h t s 13.

D e ta ile d in f o r m a tio n a b o u t th e m e th o d b e in g a p p lie d in o r d e r to c a lc u la te p r ic e in d ic es fo r e a c h o f 108 d istin g u ish e d c a te g o rie s a re g a th e re d in A p p e n d ix 2.

A s it w a s m e n tio n e d b e fo re , c o n s u m p tio n d a ta in c u r re n t p r ic e s w ith in N A fo r th e p e r io d 1 9 9 5 - 1 9 9 7 w a s p u b lis h e d b y G U S fo r 12 c a te g o rie s , w h ile c o n ­ s u m p tio n in c o n s ta n t p ric e s a s w e ll as d e f la to r s fo r o n ly 5 c a te g o rie s . In o r d e r to h o m o g e n iz e th e s c h e m e o f c o n s u m p tio n d is a g g re g a tio n in th e y e a r s 1 9 9 5 -2 0 0 1 w e d e c id e d to e s tim a te th e d e fla to rs for th e y e a rs 1 9 9 5 - 1 9 9 7 u s in g p ric c s in d ic c s o f c a te g o rie s fro m h ig h e r le v e ls ta k e n fro m G U S ’ p u b lic a tio n s (s e c p o in t 2 .3 .).

4 .3 . C o n s u m p t i o n in c o n s t a n t p r ic c s

C o n s u m p tio n in c o n s ta n t p r ic e s w a s c a lc u la te d b y d iv id in g e le m e n ts o f tim e s e rie s o f c o n s u m p tio n in c u r re n t p ric e s b y th e a p p r o p r ia te p ric e in d ic e s . T h e n a c o r r e c tio n p r o c e d u r e w a s u s e d to b a la n c e th e d e ta ile d c o n s ta n t p r ic e d a ta w ith d a ta a v a ila b le in. In th is w a y th e c o n s is te n c y w ith N A d a ta in c o n s ta n t p ric e s h a v e b e e n a c h ie v e d .

F in a lly , c o n s u m p tio n in c u r r e n t p ric e s fo r 108 c a te g o r ie s w e r e d iv id e d b y c o n s u m p tio n in c o n s ta n t p r ic e s a n d th u s c o n s u m p tio n d e f la to r s fo r a ll P C E c a te ­ g o r ie s w a s c o m p u te d .

12 This procedure is coherent with the one used by GUS. The only difference is the calcula­ tion order, however from mathematical point o f view both methods are equal. GUS, first calculates price indiccs o f representatives and using the geometrical average derives from them the category index, here first the geometrical average o f representatives’ prices was calculated and then the index.

13 Exception is the year 1980 for which the structure o f the same year was applied. W e do not have the HBS data for 1979.

4 .4 . S p c c i a l c o r r e c t i o n f o r p e r i o d 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 4

In th e p a r a g ra p h 3.1 it w a s m e n tio n e d th a t in N A th r e e p e r io d s o f P C E d a ta a v a ila b ility c a n b e d is tin g u is h e d . F o r th e m id d le p e rio d i.e. th e y e a r s 1 9 9 0 -1 9 9 4 o n ly th r e e c a te g o r ie s o f P C E h a v e b e e n a v a ila b le . T h is is w h y f o r th is p e rio d H B S h a s to b e in v o lv e d in a m u c h w id e r s c o p e th e n in th e tw o o th e r. A s re s u lt o f th a t, c o n s u m p tio n fo r c e r ta in c a te g o rie s s ig n ific a n tly d iffe rs in th is p e rio d fro m th e le v el o b s e rv e d in th e p r e v io u s (1 9 8 9 ) a n d fo llo w in g ( 1 9 9 5 ) y e a rs . T h e r e f o r e , e a c h o f th e 108 P C E c a te g o rie s h a v e b e e n c o rr e c te d a p p ly in g in f o rm a tio n o f th e s h a re o f a c a te g o r y in th e “ e d g e d ” y e a r s (i.e . 1 9 8 9 a n d 1 9 9 5 ) a s w e ll a s its d y ­ n a m ic s o b s e rv e d in H B S fo r th a t p e rio d . T h is m e a n s , th e in d ic e s (o n th e y e a r to y e a r b a s is ) o f th e 108 c a te g o rie s in th e p e rio d 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 4 a r e p r o d u c ts o f in d ic e s fro m H B S a n d a c o r r e c tio n fa c to r, w h ic h a s s u m e s d if fe r e n t v a lu e s in th e c o n s id ­ e re d y e a rs. N e x t, a ll c a te g o r ie s h a v e b e e n b a la n c e d to th e “ tr u e ” P C E v a lu e s o f N A . V. C O N C L U S I O N S The re s u lt o f th e r e s e a r c h is a u n iq u e P C E d a ta b a s e fo r P o la n d . It in c lu d e s c o n s u m p tio n in b o th c u r r e n t a n d c o n s ta n t p ric e s a s w e ll a s th e c o n s u m p tio n d e ­ fla to rs. N u m b e r o f P C E c a te g o rie s in th e d a ta b a s e c o m e s to 108 a n d c o v e r th e p e r io d 1 9 8 0 - 2 0 0 1 . A d d itio n a lly , d a ta c a n b e a u to m a tic a lly a g g r e g a te d to fo u r le v e ls o f a g g r e g a tio n , i.e. 12, 18, 34 c a te g o rie s w h ic h c o r r e s p o n d to:

- C O I C O P c la s s if ic a tio n p u b lis h e d in S Y s in c e 1995 (1 2 c a te g o rie s ) , - IM P E C m o d e l P C E c u r re n t c la s s ific a tio n (1 8 ),

- P C E c la s s if ic a tio n u s e d in th e S Y in th e 8 0 - tie s (3 4 ).

T h e d a ta b a s e c a n b e e a s ily u p d a te d in fu tu re . T o e x te n d th e b a s e fo r th e fo l­ lo w in g y e a rs , d a ta f ro m th e N A p r e s e n te d in S Y w ill b y s u f f ic ie n t, h o w e v e r th e m o re d e ta ile d , u n p u b lis h e d o n e s w o u ld b e b e tte r. A ls o H B S d a ta c o n ta in in g d e ta ils o n p r o d u c ts c o n s u m p tio n is n e c e s s a ry .

O n e m u s t h a v e in m in d , h o w e v e r, th a t P C E d a ta b a s e p r e s e n te d h e r e is b u r ­ d e n e d w ith s e v e r a l e r r o rs o f b o th o b je c tiv e a n d s u b je c tiv e k in d . T h e o b je c tiv e o n e s c o n c e r n th e m e th o d o lo g y a s w e ll a s c la s s ific a tio n s u s e d b y G U S in s o u rc e d a ta . T h e s u b je c tiv e o n e s a re c o n n e c te d w ith s im p lif ic a tio n s u s e d b y th e a u th o rs to c o m p ile P C E d a ta b a s e p r e s e n te d in th is p a p e r a n d w h ic h a r e m a in ly d u e to la c k o f m o r e p r e c is e d a ta .

H o w e v e r , in th e a u t h o r s ’ o p in io n th e s e e rro rs a r e n o t o f m a jo r im p o r ta n c e , so th e y r a th e r n o t c a u s e s e rio u s tro u b le s . T h e tim e s e rie s g a th e r e d in th e d a t a ­ b a s e c a n b e u s e d fo r P C E e q u a tio n s e s tim a tio n n o t c a u s in g b ia s o r d e te r io r a tio n o f th e ir p a r a m e te r s .

R E F E R E N C E S

A 1 m o n C. (9 9 6 ), A P erh a p s A d e q u a te D e m a n d S ystem , „ In fo ru m W o rk in g P a p e rs” , no. 9 6 0 0 7 , (h ttp ://in fo ru m w e b .u m d .e d u /W o rk p a p e r.h tm l)

B a l e e r а к A. , L i p i ń s k i C z., P r z y b y l i ń s k i M. , P l i c h M ., T o m a s ż e - w i c z L . (1 9 9 7 ), The M o d e l IM P E C o f th e P olish E co n o m y a n d th e U se f o r the A n a lysis o f T ransform ation P r o c e s s e s, [in:] P r o c e e d in g s o f th e 3 rd W orld IN F O R U M C o n feren ce (1 9 9 7 ), A b so lw e n t, Ł ó d ź 1997, p. 83 102

B a r d a z z i R ., B a r n a b a n i M . (1 9 9 6 ) Л c r o s s-se c tio n a l a n a ly s is o f Italian h ou se­ h o ld con su m ption . W o rk p re p a re d fo r the F o u rth IN F O R U M In te rn a tio n a l C o n fe r­ e n c e h eld in T o k io , 16 -2 1 S e p te m b e r 1996

G r a s s i n i M . (red .) (2 0 0 0 ), C o n trib u tio n s on M u ltise c to ra l M o d ellin g . V ol. 1, D ip a rtim e n to D i S tu d i S u llo S tato U n iv e rsita ' D i F ire n z e . C e n tro E d ito ria le T o sc a n o G U S (1 9 9 9 ), Z e szy ty m e to d y c zn e i klasyfikacje; M eto d yk a b a d a n ia b u d ż e tó w g o s p o ­

d a r s tw d o m o w y c h , G U S , W a rs z a w a

G U S (2 0 0 0 ), E u ro p ejsk i system rach u n ków n a ro d o w ych i reg io n a ln ych ESA 1995, G U S , W arszaw a

G U S (2001 a), B u d żety g o s p o d a r s tw dom o w ych w 2 0 0 1 r ., G U S , W a rs z a w a G U S (2 0 0 lb ) , R oczn ik s ta ty sty c zn y 2 0 0 1 , G U S , W a rszaw a

G U S (2 0 0 2 ), R oczn ik s ta ty sty c zn y 2 0 0 2 , G U S , W arszaw a

L i p i ń s k i C z., P l i c h M . (1 9 9 1 ), Bank o bsłu gi i a n a liz b ila n só w p r z e p ły w ó w m ię- d zy g a łę zio w y c h BAO BAB. P o d rę c zn ik u żytkow nika, p a rt I, W y d a w n ic tw o U L, Ł ó d ź O r ł o w s k i W. M. T o m a s z e w i c z Ł. (1 9 9 1 ), The Inforum M o d e l o f th e P olish

E co n o m y, [in:] „ E c o n o m ic S y ste m R e se a rc h ” , pp. 8 5 -9 2

P l i c h M . (1 9 9 3 a ), D e k o m p o zy c ja s p o ż y c ia p ry w a tn e g o w banku W6. A n a liza p o r ó w ­ n a w c za dan ych p o c h o d zą c y c h z b a d a ń b u d żetó w g o s p o d a r s tw d o m o w y c h i sta ty sty k i d o ch o d u n a ro d o w e g o K o n stru k cja sz e re g ó w p o p y tu k o n su m p cyjn eg o . R e p o rt fo r P o lish C o m m itte e fo r S c ie n tific R e se a rc h , P ro je c t N o 1 0 1 4 0 91 01

P l i c h M . (1 9 9 3 b ), O sza c o w a n ie m a c ie rzy k o n w ersji 19 r o d z a jó w s p o ż y c ia p r y w a tn e g o na 43 se k to ry p ro d u k c ji zg o d n e z SNA. R e p o rt fo r P o lish C o m m itte e fo r S cien tific R e se a rc h , P ro je c t N o 1 0 1 4 0 91 01

P l i c h M . (2 0 0 0 ), S ystem o f D e m a n d F u n ction s f o r P o la n d - N e w E s tim a te s, [in:] P r o c e e d in g s o f A M F E T '99 C on feren ce - M o d ellin g E co n o m ies in Transition, A b ­ so lw e n t, Ł ó d ź , pp. 1 6 1 -1 8 5

P l i c h M . (2 0 0 2 ), B u d o w a i z a s to so w a n ie w ielo sek to ro w ych m o d e li ekon om iczn o- e k o lo g iczn ych . W y d a w n ic tw o U L , Ł ó d ź

P r o c e e d in g s o f th e 3 r d W orld IN F O R U M C on feren ce (1 9 9 7 ), A b so lw e n t, Ł ó d ź

R a i n e r R. (1 9 9 7 ), B a sic p r in c ip le s f o r d e v elo p m en t o f c o rr e sp o n d e n c e ta b le s: linking the C P C V ersion 1.0 to C O IC O P , A u stria n C e n tra l S ta tistic a l O ffic e

S h e n g c h u P. (e d .) (2 0 0 2 ), Inforum M o d el: M o d ellin g a n d A p p lic a tio n s. P ro c e e d in g s o f th e 7th W o rld IN F O R U M C on feren ce. C h in a F in a n c ia l an d E c o n o m ic P u b lish in g H o u se, B e ijin g

N a m e o f c o n s u m p t io n c a te g o r y in 108 c a te g o r ie s c l a s s i f ic a t io n 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 9 2 19 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 19 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2000 2001 R ic e R y e b r e a d W h e a te n b r e a d M ix e d g r a in b r e a d N o o d le C o o k ie s & c r is p b r e a d F lo u r C e r e a ls B o v in e m e a t V e a l m e a t S w i n e m e a t S h e e p , g o a t & o th e r m e a t C h ic k e n O t h e r p o u ltr y H Q c o l d c u ts & s a u s a g e s O t h e r c o l d c u ts & c a n n e d m e a t O t h e r p r o c e s s e d m e a t P lu c k & g ib le ts S a l t - w a t e r f is h e s F r e s h - w a t e r f is h e s P r o c e s s e d & c a n n e d f is h e s M ilk & m i l k - b a s e d b e v e r a g e s P r e s e r v e d m i lk C u r d ____________________________ C h e e s e C r e a m E g g s B u tte r

о

P C E in IM P E C M o d e l - C o n st ru c ti n g a D a ta b a s e

M a r g a r in e & o th e r v e g e ta b le fa ts O liv e & e d i b le o ils

O t h e r e d i b le a n i m a l fa ts

C it r u s f r u its , b a n a n a s & o th e r fr u its A p p le s _______________________________ P e a c h P lu m O t h e r s to n e f r u its & n u ts B e r r ie s P r o c e s s e d & d r ie d fr u its L e ttu c e C a b b a g e C a u lif lo w e r s T o m a to C u c u m b e r B e e tr o o t C a r r o t O n io n M u s h r o o m s P u ls e O th e r & p r o c e s s e d v e g e ta b le s P o ta to e s S u g a r H o n e y C h o c o l a te C o n f e c tio n a r y & o t h e r s u g a r p r o d u c ts O t h e r f o o d p r o d u c t s C o f f e e T e a C o c o a & p o w d e r e d c h o c o la te N o n - a l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s S p ir it s & w in e B e e r 10 I I 10 о M a ri u sz P li c h , M ar cin P o n e w c z y ń s k i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Tobacco 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4

Clothing m aterials 6 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

G arm ents for men U nderw ear for men

8 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

Socks & stocking for men 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1

G arm ents for women U nderw ear for wom en

8 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 I 2 1 2 1

Socks & stocking for wom en 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

G arm ents for children U nderw ear for children

8 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

Socks & stocking for children 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

O ther clothings & accessories 11 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3

Clothing services 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Footw ear for men 5 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

Footw ear for wom en 6 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1

Footw ear for children 5 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

F ootw ear services 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Rental, w ater sup.& other serv.for dwel. 3 4 5 5 5 5 9 8 8 8

M aintenance o f the dwelling 4 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2

Furniture & furnishing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Household textiles & other equipm ent 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5

C arpets & floor coverings 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Refrigerators & freezers 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

W ashing & drying m achines 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

Cookers, heaters & other appliances 4 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7

Cleaning equipm ent 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Sewing & knitting m achines 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Glassw ear, tablew ear & household

utensils 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5

Tools & equipm ent for house & garden 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4

O ther goods & services for household

m aintenance 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 Electricity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gas 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 P C E in IM P E C M o d e l * C o n str u c ti n g a D a ta b a se

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Liquid & solid fuels 3 2 2 T 2 i _{s 5 5 5}

Hot w ater & heat energy 1 2 2 2 i ₂ 2 2 2 2

Health & social protection 4 8 8 8 8 8 14 15 14 13

P urchase o f vehicles 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5

O peration o f personal transport

equipm ent 4 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5

T ransport services 3 5 5 5 5 5 6 8 8 8

C om m unication 1 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4

Recreation, culture equipm ent & durables 13 18 19 19 19 19 21 31 31 32

Recreational & cultural services 5 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8

N ew spapers, books & stationary 4 5 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8

Package holidays 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Education 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 8 11 12

Restaurants & hotels 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5

Personal care 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7

O ther goods & services 6 14 20 20 20 20 18 18 17 17

N am e o f consum ption category in 108 categories classification 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20002001 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Rice R 1 1 R 1 1 I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Rye bread К 1 K 1 I 1 1 K K K. K K K K K K. K K K K K K W heaten bread R 1 R I 1 1 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

M ixed grain bread R 1 R 1 1 I 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Noodle R 1 1 1 1 1 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Cookies & crispbread X 1 1 X 1 I 1 X X X X X X X K K K K K K K K

Flour R 1 1 R 1 1 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Cereals R 1 1 R 1 1 I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Bovine meat R 1 R R 1 I [ R R R R R R R R R R R R I 1 1

Veal meat К 1 K K 1 1 1 K K K K K K K. K K K K. K K K K

Swine meat R 1 R R 1 I 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R 1 I I

Sheep, goat & other meat К X K K X X X K K K K K K K K K K K. K K K K

Chicken R I R R 1 1 I R R R R R R R R R R R R 1 I 1

O ther poultry К 1 K K 1 I I K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

HQ coldcuts & sausages R I R R 1 1 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

O ther coldcuts & canned meat R X R R X X R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

O ther processed meat К I K K 1 1 1 K K K K. K K K K K K K K K K K

Pluck & giblets К 1 K K 1 1 1 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

S alt-w ater fishes R 1 I R 1 I 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R I I I

Fresh-w ater fishes 1 I I X 1 I I X 1 K K K K K K K K K K K K K.

Processed & canned fishes К I 1 K 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 K K K K K K K K K K K

M ilk & m ilk-based beverages R 1 R R 1 1 I R R R 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 I R R R

Preserved m ilk К 1 K K 1 1 1 K. K K K K K K K. K K K K. K K K Curd R 1 R R I 1 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Cheese R 1 R R 1 1 I R R R 1 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 I Cream R 1 R R I 1 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Eggs 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 I 1 I I I 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 Butter I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 I I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1

M argarine & other vegetable fats R I 1 R I I 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R 1 1 I

O live & edible oils R 1 1 R 1 1 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

O ther edible anim al fats R 1 I R 1 1 I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

C itrus fruits, bananas & o th er fruits K I 1 K I I I K K K K R R R R R R R R R R R

Apples R 1 1 R 1 1 I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R PC E in IM P E C M o d e l - C o n str u c ti n g a D a ta b a se

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Peach К 1 1 K 1 I I K K K K. K K K K K K K K. K K K

Plum К I I K 1 1 I K K K K K K K K K K K K K K. K.

O ther stone fruits & nuts К 1 1 K I 1 I K K K K K K K K K. K. K K K K K.

Berries к 1 1 K 1 1 1 K K K K K K K K. K K K K K K K

Processed & d n e d fruits к 1 1 K I I 1 K K K. K. K K K K. K K K K K K K

Lettuce к 1 i K. 1 1 1 K K K. K. K K K K K K. K K K K K Cabbage R 1 1 R 1 I 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Cauliflowers К 1 1 K 1 I 1 K K. K K K K K K K K K K. K K. K Tom ato К 1 1 K I 1 i K K K K. K K K K K K K K K K K Cucum ber R I I R 1 1 1 R K K K K K K. K K K K K. K K K Beetroot R 1 I R 1 1 I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Carrot R I 1 R 1 I I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Onion R 1 1 R 1 1 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R M ushroom s К I 1 K. 1 1 I K K K K K K K K K. K. K K K K K Pulse R I 1 R I 1 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

O ther & processed vegetables К X K x X K K. K. K. K. K K K. K K K K K K K.

Potatoes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 l I R R R R R R R 1 I 1

Sugar 1 1 1 I I 1 I I 1 I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I

Honey R 1 1 R I 1 1 R K K K K. K K K K K K K K K. K.

Chocolate R 1 R R 1 1 I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Confectionary & other sugar products M M M x M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

O ther food products M M M X X M M M M M M M M K K K K K K K

Coffee 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1

Tea 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 I 1 I I 1 I I I 1 I I I

Cocoa & pow dered chocolate K I I K 1 1 1 K K K K K K K K. K K K K K K K

N on-alcoholic beverages K 1 1 K 1 1 1 K K K K K K K K K K K K K. K. K

Spirits & wine M X M M X x X M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

Beer 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I 1 I I I 1 1 1 1

Tobacco 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 I 1 I I 1 I I I I 1 1 1

C lothing m aterials 1 x 1 1 X x X R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

G arm ents for men R x R R X x X R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Underw ear for men R x R R x x X R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Mar iusz P li c h , M ar ci n P o n e w c z y ń sk i

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Socks & stocking for men R 1 R R I I 1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

G arm ents for women R X R R X X X R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

U nderw ear for women R X R R X X X R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Socks & stocking for women R 1 R R 1 I I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Garm ents for children R X R R X X X R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

U nderw ear for children R X R R X X X R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Socks & stocking for children R 1 R R 1 1 I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

O ther clothings & accessories M X M M X X X M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

Clothing services 1 X 1 1 X X X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Footw ear for men R X R R X X X R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Footw ear for w om en R X R R X X X R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Footw ear for children R X R R X X X R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Footw ear services

Rental, w ater supply & other services for the

1 X I 1 X X X 1 1 I I I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1

dwelling M X X M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

M aintenance o f the dwelling M X X M X X X M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

1 M

1

Furniture & furnishing 1 I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1

H ousehold textiles & other equipm ent M X X M X X X M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

Carpets & floor coverings R X X R X X X R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Refrigerators & freezers R 1 1 R 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i R R R

W ashing & drying m achines R 1 I R 1 1 I I I I 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 I R R R

Cookers, heaters & other appliances U X X U X X X U U U U U U U U U tl tl U 11 11 П

Cleaning equipm ent R X X R X X X R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Sewing & knitting m achines R 1 1 R 1 1 I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

G lasswear, tablew ear & household utensils M X X M X X X M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

Tools & equipm ent for house & garden O ther goods & services for household

M X X M X X X M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M m aintenance M X X M X X X M M M M M M M M M M M M M I M 1 M 1 Electricity I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 I 1 Gas 1 I 1 1 I I 1 I I 1 1 I I I I 1 1 1 1 I 1

Liquid & solid fuels 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I

1

1 1 1 1

Hot w ater & heat energy 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 1 1

Health & social protection M X M M X X X M M M M M M M и u U U U II U

I u I Purchase o f vehicles I X X I X X X 1 I 1 I I к к к K K K K I _t-л PC E in IM P E C M o d e l - C o n str u c ti n g a D a ta b a se