Ɇȿɇə ɀȾȿɌ ɇȺ ɍɅɂɐȿ ȾɈɀȾɖ – ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɆɈɌɂȼȺ ȾɈɀȾə ȼ ɌȼɈɊɑȿɋɌȼȿ ȼɂɄɌɈɊȺ ɐɈə
ON THE STREET RAIN IS WAITING FOR ME – AN ANALYSIS OF THE THEME
OF RAIN IN VIKTOR TSOI’S LITERARY OUTPUT
ȿɇȾɀȿɃ ɆȿɅɖɏɂɈɊ ɉȺɍɅɘɋ
ABSTRACT. Viktor Tsoi and his band KINO were some of the most well-known musicians of the late 1980s in the former USSR. Their influence on Russian rock-culture has been quite large and their output started being analyzed a few years ago. One of the main themes in Tsoi’s poems and songs is rain. This work is an attempt to interpret this motif in some of Tsoi’s most important songs. The author, after his analysis, concludes that rain is always combined with some strong negative feelings, such as sadness or anger.
JĊdrzej Melchior Paulus, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, PoznaĔ – Polska.
Ɋɨɤ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɫ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 60-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɩɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɜɨɡ-ɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɢ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɯɢɩɩɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬ „ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɷɫɬɪɚɞɵ”, ɪɨɤ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɥ ɜ ɋɨɸɡɟ ɜ 1980–1989 ɝɨɞɚɯ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬ-ɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɨɤ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɋɆɂ, ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬɚɯ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟ-ɦɟɧɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɚɥ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ ɦɟɥɨɞɢɢ. Ȼɚɪɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɪɨɤ--ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪa ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɦɵɫɥɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɩɟɫɧɹɦ ɢ ɩɨɷɦɚɦ1 . Ʉɨɧɟɰ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ XX ɜɟɤa ɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨ-ɜɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. ȼɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɭɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɀɟɥɟɡɧɵɣ Ɂɚɧɚɜɟɫ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪa. ɗɬɢɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨ-ɞɪɚɠɚɥɢ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɪɚɧɶ-ɲɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ȼɢɤɬɨɪɚ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬɨɜɢɱɚ ɐɨɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɬɨɤɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ȼɵɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɷɬ ɢ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɧɬ ɷɪɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ ________________ 1 W. B i e ł o u s o w a, A. M a r k u n a s, ȼ ɦɢɪɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɢɞɟɣ, ɧɚ-ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, PoznaĔ 2004, c. 154.
ɜ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɟ 21 ɢɸɧɹ 1962. ȼɢɤɬɨɪ ɐɨɣ ɫɧɢɦɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɦɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ-ɧɟɫɥɢ ɟɦɭ ɧɟɦɚɥɭɸ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɤɨɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡ Ɋɚ-ɲɢɞɚ ɇɝɭɦɚɧɨɜɚ ɂɝɥɚ, ɫ ɪɨɤɟɪɨɦ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ. ɉɟɜɟɰ ɢɡ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɬɨɠɟ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɟɣ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɄɂɇɈ – ɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 80-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ Ȼɭɪɥɚɤɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɄɂɇɈɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɥɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ-ɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɢɬɪɚɯ ɮɢɥɶɦɚ ȺɋɋȺ, ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɨɦ ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɨɝɨ ɛɵɥ ɋɟɪɝɟɣ ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ2 . ɋɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɡɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɪɜɚɥɫɹ 15 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1990 ɝ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɧɬ ɩɨɝɢɛ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɟ ɜ Ʌɚɬ-ɜɢɢ, ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ ɘɪɦɚɥɵ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɛɟɠɞɟ-ɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɐɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ „Ʉɥɭɛɚ 27” – ɨɞɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɟ ɫɤɨɧɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 27 ɥɟɬ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ Ⱦɠɟɧɢɫ Ⱦɠɨɩɥɢɧ ɢɥɢ Ⱦɠɢɦ Ɇɨɪɪɢɫɨɧ, Ʉɭɪɬ Ʉɨɛɟɣɧ, ɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ȼɚɲɥɚɱɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɂɝɨɪɶ ɑɭɦɵɤɱɢɧ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɪɨɤ-ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬ Ⱥɪɬɟɦ Ɍɪɨɰɤɢɣ ɫɱɢ-ɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɐɨɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɟɪɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɝɭɪɵ ɥɢɞɟɪɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ The Doors ɢ ɦɟɥɨɞɢɢ The Beatles3
. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɄɂɇɈ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɚɧɤ-ɪɨɤɨɜɨɣ, ɚ ɟɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɦɭɡɵɤɢ. ȼ ɩɟɫɧɹɯ ɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɥɵɲɢɦ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɝɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɦɭɡɵɤɨɣ. Ɇɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɢ-ɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɇɨɜɭɸ Ɋɨɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɇɨɜɭɸ ȼɨɥɧɭ. ɗɬɨ ɧɪɚɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ, ɜɡɛɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɤɭɦɢɪɨɜ, ɩɨɯɨɠɢɯ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɪɨɤ-ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ⱥɧ-ɫɚɦɛɥɶ ɐɨɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞ, ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɥɢ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, Ⱦɚɧɢɢ, ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ əɩɨɧɢɢ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɤ ɄɂɇɈ. ȼɨ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɟ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɝɨɪ-ɛɚɱɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ – ɋɟɤɫ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ – ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ȼɢɤɬɨɪ ɐɨɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɧ-ɰɟɪɬɟ ɜ Ⱦɨɦɟ ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ. Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɐɨɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɫɟɧ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɸ ɛɥɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɟɧ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɸ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɪɞɨɜ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɞɚɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɠɚɧɪ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɤ4 . Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜɵɞɚ-ɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɪɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ȼɵɫɨɰɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɚɥɢɱ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ȼɢɤɬɨɪ ɐɨɣ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬɚɯ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɥ ɫɜɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚɪ5 . Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɧɬɢɦɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥ ɭ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɛɨɥɶ-ɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɫɥɨɜɭ. ɏɨɬɹ ɥɢɪɢɤɚ ɐɨɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɫɩɵɥɶɱɢɜɚɹ, ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱ-________________ 2Ⱥ.ɉ. Ȼ ɭ ɪ ɥ ɚ ɤ ɚ, ȼɢɤɬɨɪ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬɨɜɢɱ ɐɨɣ, [ɜ:] ɉɨɷɬɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɤɚ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ. ɋɨɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005, c. 12. 3Ⱥ-ɥɟɧɚ: Ʉɢɧɨ, http://www.zvuki.ru/R/P/7590 (15.12.2011). 4ɂ. ɋ ɦ ɢ ɪ ɧ ɨ ɜ, ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɪɨɤɟɪ, [ɜ:] Ɇɢɪ ȼɵɫɨɰɤɨɝɨ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1997, ɫ. 402–414. 5ɘ.ȼ. Ⱦ ɨ ɦ ɚ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɪɨɤ-ɩɨɷɡɢɹ. Tɟɤɫɬ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2010, ɫ. 5.
ɧɚɹ, ɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬ ɤɚɧɨɧɵ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ, ɥɢɞɟɪ ɄɂɇɈ ɥɸɛɢɥ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɥɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɟɰ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɟɫɧɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ. Ⱦɨɦ, ɨɝɨɧɶ, ɫɜɟɬ, ɫɨɥɧɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɫɧɹɯ ɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹɯ ɐɨɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɞɨɠɞɹ. Ɉɧ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɸɱɚ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɫɭɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɠɞɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɨ-ɤɢ, ɧɨ ɫɬɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɨɟ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɨ-ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɞɟɪɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɄɂɇɈ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɥɢ ɫɨɱɢ-ɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɨɬɢɜ. ȼ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɧ ɪɟɞɤɨ, ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬ-ɧɨɣ ɧɚɦ ɩɟɫɧɟ: Ⱦɨɠɞɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ. ɗɬɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɚ: ɬɵ ɢ ɹ. ȼ ɫɚ-ɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɦɢɪ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɚ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɧɟɬ ɫɬɟɧ, ɧɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ. Ƚɟɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ--ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ. ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɥɢɲɟɧ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ-ɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɫɥɭɲɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɢɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨ-ɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɨɦ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ: ȼ ɦɨɟɦ ɞɨɦɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɫɬɟɧ, ȼ ɦɨɟɦ ɞɨɦɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɥɭɧɵ, ə ɫɥɟɩ, ɧɨ ɹ ɜɢɠɭ ɬɟɛɹ, ə ɝɥɭɯ, ɧɨ ɹ ɫɥɵɲɭ ɬɟɛɹ. ə ɧɟ ɫɩɥɸ, ɧɨ ɹ ɜɢɠɭ ɫɧɵ, Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɬ ɦɨɟɣ ɜɢɧɵ, ə ɧɟɦ, ɧɨ ɬɵ ɫɥɵɲɢɲɶ ɦɟɧɹ, ɂ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɵ6 . ɗɬɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɤ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɭ ɫɬɢɯɚ, ɞɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɋɚɦɵɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɩɟɜ: ɂ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɨɱɶ, ə ɩɶɹɧ, ɧɨ ɹ ɫɥɵɲɭ ɞɨɠɞɶ Ⱦɨɠɞɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ… Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɦɵ ɟɫɬɶ. Ⱦɨɠɞɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ… ɇɨɱɶɸ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɡɚɦɢɪɚɟɬ, ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɞɨɯɧɭɬɶ ɨɬ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɝɚ. Ɉɩɶɹɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚ-ɱɚɬɶ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɟ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɟɦ. ȼ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-________________ 6ȼ.Ɋ. ɐ ɨ ɣ, ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ: ɫɬɢɯɢ, ɩɟɫɧɢ, ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2010, ɫ. 18. ȼɫɟ ɞɚɥɶ-ɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ.
ɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɩɥɨɯɨɣ, ɛɟɡɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɲɥɨɣ ɠɢɡ-ɧɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ȼɟɧɢɱɤɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ – ɉɟɬɭɲɤɢ ȼɢɤɬɨɪɚ ȿɪɨɮɟɟɜɚ. Ƚɟɪɨɣ, ɭɲɟɞɲɢ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɣ, ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɦɢɪ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɜɢɞɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ. ɋɩɢɪɬɧɨɟ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɥ-ɲɟɛɧɚɹ ɦɢɤɫɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɨɟ. ȼɩɨɥɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɩɶɹɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɟɫɧɟ ɐɨɹ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɧɨɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ – ɷɬɨ ɞɨɠɞɶ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɨɦ. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɟɪɨɹɦɢ ɫɬɢɯɚ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɨ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨ ɩɨ-ɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɢɝɪɚ ɞɨɠɞɹ. Ɂɜɭɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɫɥɵɲɢɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ-ɦɟɬɵ, ɤɪɵɲɢ, ɭɥɢɰɭ, ɲɭɦ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ. Ɇɟɥɨɞɢɸ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɞɨɠɞɶ. Ⱦɨɠɞɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬ ɜ ɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ. Ɉɧ ɫɬɚ-ɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɨɫɤɢ ɩɨ ɞɪɭ-ɝɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ. ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɱɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɚɞɪɟ-ɫɚɬɚ. Ⱦɨɠɞɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ. ɋɥɨɜɚ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɩɟɜɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɞɨɠɞɹ. Ɉɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɞɵɪɹɜɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ, ɛɟɡ ɨɤɨɧ, ɞɜɟɪɟɣ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɥɚɧɞ-ɲɚɮɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ ɛɨɦɛɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. ȼ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɠɢɥɶɰɵ, ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɦɟɛɟɥɶ, ɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɜɵ-ɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɭɸɬɧɵɣ ɞɨɦ. ɋɨɜɫɟɦ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɐɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɥ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ ɢ ɬɨɫɤɢ ɩɨ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ. ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɨɦ, ɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɚ. ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤ ɫɚɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ. Ɉɧ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɭ-ɞɭɲɭ, ɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɫ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ „ɬɵ”. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟ-ɥɚɬɶ. Ɉɧ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɨɦ, ɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɜ. ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɚɦ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ: Ɍɵ ɜɢɞɢɲɶ ɦɨɸ ɡɜɟɡɞɭ, Ɍɵ ɜɟɪɢɲɶ, ɱɬɨ ɹ ɩɨɣɞɭ, ə ɫɥɟɩ, ɹ ɧɟ ɜɢɠɭ ɡɜɟɡɞ, ə ɩɶɹɧ, ɧɨ ɹ ɩɨɦɧɸ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɨɫɬ. Ⱦɚɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚɦɢ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɫɬɢɯɚ. Ⱥɞɪɟ-ɫɚɬ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ, ɭ ɧɟɝɨ (ɧɟɟ?) ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ, ɨɧ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ. Ʌɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ „ɬɵ” ɜɥɚɞɟɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɬɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨ ɝɟ-ɪɨɸ, ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɨɣ ɱɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ Ɇɥɟɱɧɵɣ ɉɭɬɶ – ɞɨɪɨɝɚ ɜ ɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɦɢɪ, ɧɟ-ɛɨ, ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɰɟɥɢ7 . ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɦɪɚɱɧɭɸ ɧɚɬɭɪɭ, ________________ 7
M. E l i a d e, Sacrum i profanum: o istocie religijnoĞci, przeł. T. Reszke, Warszawa 1999, ɫ. 30.
ɨɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɵ ɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɵ ɢ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ: Ɍɵ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɲɶ ɧɚ Ɇɥɟɱɧɵɣ ɉɭɬɶ, ə – ɧɨɱɶ, ɚ ɬɵ – ɭɬɪɚ ɫɭɬɶ, ə – ɫɨɧ, ɹ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦ ɬɟɛɟ, ə ɫɥɟɩ, ɧɨ ɹ ɜɢɠɭ ɫɜɟɬ (19). ɗɬɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ɐɨɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɩɟɜ ɩɨ-ɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɱɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɩɟɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ. Ⱦɨɠɞɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɢɯɚ – ɨɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɨɟ-ɞɢɧɹɥɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɚɜɚɥɨ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɭ ɧɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ, ɫɧɢɦɚɥɨ ɫ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɝɪɹɡɶ, ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɥɨ ɦɵɫɥɹɦ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ. ɐɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ, ɞɨɪɨɝɚ ɦɵɫɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɜ ɫɬɢ-ɯɟ ɪɚɡɦɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɠɞɟɦ, ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ. Ɉɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶ-ɤɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɭɦɟɪɲɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɫɬɢɯɚ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ɉɚɦɹɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɬɨɥɶ-ɤɨ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ8 . ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɐɨɹ: ȼ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɝɥɚ-ɡɚɯ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦ, ɬɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧ-ɰɢɩɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɚ. ɋɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧ-ɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ9 . ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɟ ɬɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɜ ɩɟɫɧɟ Ɂɚɤɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɣ ɞɜɟɪɶ, ɹ ɭɯɨɠɭ, ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ. Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ, ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ. Ɉɧ ɡɜɭɱɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɬɤɚɡɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɡɵɜ ɭɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ. ɉɪɨɱɢɬɚɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ: ɉɨɫɬɨɣ! ɇɟ ɭɯɨɞɢ! Ɇɵ ɠɞɚɥɢ ɥɟɬɚ – ɩɪɢɲɥɚ ɡɢɦɚ. Ɇɵ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɞɨɦɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɯ ɲɟɥ ɫɧɟɝ. Ɇɵ ɠɞɚɥɢ ɡɚɜɬɪɚɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ, Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɠɞɚɥɢ ɡɚɜɬɪɚɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ. Ɇɵ ɩɪɹɱɟɦ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɡɚ ɲɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɟɤ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹ-ɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ: ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɩɨɪɹ-ɞɨɤ ɦɢɪɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧ. ɐɚɪɢɬ ɯɚɨɫ, ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɢ ɬɶɦɚ. ɇɟɝɞɟ ɫɤɪɵɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɢɦɨɣ – ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɫɨɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɵɲɤɭ. ɉɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ________________ 8Ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼ ɚ ɯ ɬ ɢ ɧ, ɗɫɬɟɬɢɤɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1979, ɫ. 95. 9 M. G ł o w i Ĕ s k i, A. O k o p i e Ĕ - S ł a w i Ĕ s k a, J. S ł a w i Ĕ s k i, Zarys teorii literatury, Warszawa 1972, ɫ. 292.
ɫɬɪɨɱɤɢ, ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɫɧɢ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɧ ɩɪɢ-ɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɦ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɝɥɚɡ – ɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɞɭɲɢ: ȼ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɤɪɢɤɢ „ȼɩɟɪɟɞ!” ȼ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɨɤɪɢɤɢ „ɋɬɨɣ!” ȼ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɧɹ. ɂ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɨɝɧɹ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɢɩɟɜɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɩɟɯɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɵɲɢ. ȼɧɢ-ɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɟ ɐɨɹ – ɨɝɨɧɶ – ɭɦɢɪɚɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɶɦɭ ɩɨɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɫɜɟɬ ɞɧɹ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɩɟɜɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɫ ɩɥɨɯɢɦ. Ɂɜɟɡɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɯɨɪɨ-ɲɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɦɚɬɪɨɫɚɦ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɸ, ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɲ-ɧɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɬ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɪɢɩɟɜɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨ-ɨɳɪɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ȼ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɡɜɟɡɞɧɚɹ ɧɨɱɶ. ȼ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣ. ȼ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɞɜɟɪɶ. ɑɬɨ ɬɟɛɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ? ȼɵɛɢɪɚɣ! ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɭɩɥɟɬɟ ɦɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɦ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɣ ɬɨɧ. ɇɢɱɟɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɭɬɨɥɢɬɶ ɠɚɠɞɭ, ɧɟɬ ɬɨɠɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɡɧɚɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɜɟɡɞɚ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɉɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɛɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ, ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɟɥɢ, ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɞɨɣɬɢ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ. Ɇɟɪɬɜɚɹ ɧɨɱɶ, ɩɨɯɨɠɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɣɡɚɠ ɢɡ ɩɟɫɧɢ Ⱦɨɠɞɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɦɢɪ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ: Ɇɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɩɢɬɶ – ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɞɵ, Ɇɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ – ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɜɟɡɞɵ (266). ɋɚɦɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ: Ɇɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɨɠɞɶ ɢ ɩɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɭ ɫ ɥɭɠ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ – ɤɭɥɶɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɠ-ɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɨɠɞɶ – ɫɜɹɬɚɹ, ɧɟɛɟɫɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɛɚ, ɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ, ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɳɭɸ ɦɨɳɶ. Ʌɸɞɢ ɯɨ-ɬɹɬ ɥɢɲɢɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɨɠɞɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɦɵɥɚ ɢɯ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ, ɫɧɹɥɚ ɫ ɧɢɯ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɢ ɝɪɭɫɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫ-ɯɨɞɢɬ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɤɪɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɝɪɹɡɢ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ. Ʉɚɩɥɢ, ɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ, ɫɦɟ-ɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ ɢ ɬɟɪɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɰɟɧɞɟɧɬɧɭɸ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɭ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʌɸɞɢ ɜ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɟ ɭɛɢɬɶ ɠɚɠɞɭ ɩɶɸɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɥɭɠ – ɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɧɢ, ɩɪɢɧɢ-ɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɡɭ ɦɨɥɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ Ȼɨɝɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɡɚɛɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɟ ɝɪɹɡɢ ɥɭɠɢ, ɢ ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ
ɪɚɧɶ-ɲɟ. ɐɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɟ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥ ɜɫɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɭ ɧɚ ɥɭɱɲɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɤ ɥɨɠ-ɧɵɦ ɢɞɟɹɦ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɮɚɥɶɲɢɜɨɦɭ ɛɨɝɭ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɝɪɹɡɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɛɚɪɞɚ 80-ɯ ɝɨ-ɞɨɜ: ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ȼɵɫɨɰɤɨɝɨ. Ƚɪɹɡɶ ɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɳɟɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɦɨɳɶ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɝɟɪɨɹ10 . ɂɬɚɤ, ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɭɦɢɪɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚ – ɫɧɹɬɶ ɫ ɫɟ-ɛɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɭɸ ɝɪɹɡɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɟɫɧɢ: Ɇɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɩɟɫɟɧ – ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɥɨɜ. Ɇɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɫɩɚɬɶ – ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɧɨɜ. Ɇɵ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɭɪ – ɨɪɤɟɫɬɪ ɢɝɪɚɥ ɬɭɲ (266). Ⱦɨɠɞɶ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɟɫ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ, ɧɟ ɞɚɥ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ, ɜɨɞɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɥɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɝɪɹɡɶɸ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ – ɥɢɪɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥ ɜɫɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɫɬɨɧ, ɬɪɚɭɪ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɵɲɚ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɡɥɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɛɟɞɚ. Ɋɨɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɜɟɫɟɥɨɣ ɢɝɪɨɣ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ – ɨɱɟɧɶ ɝɪɭɫɬɧɨɟ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɩɥɨɯɨɟ, ɦɢɪ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ-ɪɭɲɟɧ, ɜɫɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨ ɞɨɠɞɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɲ-ɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ. ɉɨɯɨɠɢɣ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɞɨɠɞɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɫɧɟ Ɍɜɨɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɫɬɢɯ Ɂɚɤɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɣ ɞɜɟɪɶ, ɹ ɭɯɨɠɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɦɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɦ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɢ-ɤɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ. Ɉɧɚ ɭɠɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢ-ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɸɞɶ-ɦɢ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɨɧɢ – ɹ. ɂɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶ-ɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ, ɫɚɦ ɐɨɣ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ: Ɉɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ: ɢɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɬɶ, ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɨɦ, ȼ ɞɨɦɟ ɝɨɪɢɬ ɫɜɟɬ. ɂ ɹ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸ ɬɨɱɧɨ, ɤɬɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɫ ɩɪɚɜ. Ɇɟɧɹ ɠɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɞɨɠɞɶ. ɂɯ ɠɞɟɬ ɞɨɦɚ ɨɛɟɞ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɐɨɹ. ȼ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɞɪɭɡɟɣ ɥɢɞɟɪɚ ɄɂɇɈ ɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɷɬ ɛɵɥ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɵɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɥɚɝɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɟɦɶɸ11 . Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɫɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɜɵɫɨ-ɤɭɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ, ɚ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɦɭɱɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ. ________________ 10ɋ.Ⱥ. Ɇ ɚ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɨ ɜ, „Ƚɪɹɡɶ” ɢ „ɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɟ” ɜ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ȼɵɫɨɰɤɨɝɨ, „Studia
Litte-raria Polono-Slavica”, Warszawa 1999, nr 4, c. 378.
Ⱦɨɦ, ɫɜɟɬ, ɬɟɩɥɨ, ɨɛɟɞ – ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ, ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɝɟɪɨɣ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɧɟ ɩɥɨɯɚɹ, ɜɵɛɢ-ɪɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɩɨ-ɫɜɨɟɦɭ. ɋɢɦ-ɜɨɥ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ ɷɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɦɢɪ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɚ-ɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɤɭɩɥɟɬɟ12 . Ɂɚɤɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɣ ɞɜɟɪɶ. ə ɭɯɨɠɭ. Ʌɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɯ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ, ɧɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɝɚ-ɬɢɜɧɨ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɨɧ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɜɨɥɧɨɜɚɧ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ. ȿɦɭ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɠɢɬɶ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɟɧ, ɧɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɭ, ɝɞɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɞɨɠɞɶ. ɉɪɨɝɭɥɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɨɠɞɟɦ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟ-ɬɚɮɨɪɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɚ ɤɚɩɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, – ɧɨɜɵɦɢ, ɫɜɟɠɢɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ⱦɨɠɞɶ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɨɬɨɣɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧ ɫ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɬ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɜɨ-ɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɲɚɬ ɥɢɲɢɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɪɚ: ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɛɟ ɜɞɪɭɝ ɧɚɫɤɭɱɢɬ ɬɜɨɣ ɥɚɫɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɜɟɬ, Ɍɟɛɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ. Ⱦɨɠɞɹ ɯɜɚɬɢɬ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ… (240). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɫɬɢɯɚ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ, ɥɢɲɢɬɶɫɹ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɟɝɨ (ɝɟɪɨɹ) ɫɩɭɬ-ɧɢɤɨɦ. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɫɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɚ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɞɨɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɢ. Ɉɩɹɬɶ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɦ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɞɨɠɞɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ. Ɇɨɬɢɜ ɞɨɠɞɹ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ ɢ ɩɟɫɧɹɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɐɨɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɦɵ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɟɫɧɹɯ, ɤɚɤ Ɇɚɦɚ ɦɵ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɲɥɢ ɫ ɭɦɚ, Ʉɨɧɱɢɬɫɹ ɥɟɬɨ ɢɥɢ Ɍɚɧɟɰ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ, ɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɜ ɚɪɬɢ-ɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɢ ɐɨɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ, ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɨɬɢɜ. Ⱦɨɠɞɶ ɜ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɐɨɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-ɧɢɟɦ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɦ ɝɧɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɸ. ȼ ɩɟɫɧɟ ȼɪɟɦɹ ɟɫɬɶ, ɚ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɧɟɬ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɞɨɠɞɹ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ ɫɤɭɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɚ ɝɟɪɨ-ɟɦ. ɉɨɯɨɠɟɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥ, ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɫɩɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɪɢɬɨ-ɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɨɠɞɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɳɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɟɪɬɭ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɝɪɭɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɫɧɹɯ ɐɨɹ ɨɧ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɨ-________________ 12 M. E l i a d e, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 25.
ɬɟɫɬɨɦ, ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ⱦɨɠɞɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɦɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɭɲɭ ɢ ɬɟɥɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɨɬ ɧɟɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ. ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɞɨɠɞɶ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ (ɋɤɚɡɤɚ, Ɍɪɚɧɤɜɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ), ɚ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɠɟ ɭɛɶɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɨɧ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɣ, ɦɟɪɬɜɵɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ (Ɂɜɟɡɞɚ, Ⱦɨɠɞɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɩɪɢɜɨ-ɞɢɬ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɩɚ ɢ ɇɨɟɜɚ ɤɨɜɱɟɝɚ. ɗɬɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨ-ɛɨɦ ɐɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɫ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɟɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɬɜɟ-ɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ. ȼ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ ɢ ɩɟɫɧɹɯ ɐɨɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɠɞɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɨɧ ɝɪɭɫɬɢ – ɦɢɪ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɝɨ ɭɦɢɪɚɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɭɛɟ-ɠɢɳɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɞɨɠɞɟɦ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɠɞɶ, ɢ ɜɧɭɬ-ɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɝɟɪɨɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɟ. Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɟ, ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɧɟ-ɜɚ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɨɬɡɵɜ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɟɫɧɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɄɂɇɈ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɢɫɚ-ɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɧɬɨɜ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɨ-ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɫɧɢ (Ɂɟɦ-ɮɢɪɚ, ȼɢɤɬɨɪ). Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ, ɤɚɤ ɉɹɬɧɢɰɚ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ, Ⱥɥɢɫɚ, Ⱥɤɜɚɪɢɭɦ ɢ ɋɟɤɬɨɪ Ƚɚɡɚ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɟ ɐɨɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɸɬ ɟɦɭ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɟɫɧɢ. Ⱥɪɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɐɨɹ, ɠɢ-ɜɚɹ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ, ɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ.
