ISSN 1509-1619
Anna Tokarewicz
Instytut SáowiaĔszczyzny Wschodniej
Uniwersytet WarmiĔsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
ɇȿɄɈɌɈɊɕȿ ɈɋɈȻȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ əɁɕɄɈȼɈɃ ɅɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ ɋɌȺɊɈɈȻɊəȾɐȺ
Key words: Old Believers, Old Believers’ dialects, linguistic identity, communicative identity
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɠ. ɪɨɞ – ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɞ Ɇ – ɦɚɡɭɪɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɪɭɫɫ. – ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ
SGS – Sáownik gwary starowierców mieszkających w Polsce SRNG – ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɣɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɪɨɡ- ɧɟɧɧɚ – ɟɟ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ ȼɨɣɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɶ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ (Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ). ɇɟ- ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ⱥɧɧɚ Ɂɟɥɢɧɶɫɤɚ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɞɟɡɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɚɡɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ, ɢɦɟɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɪɭɸɳɢɯ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɳɢɟ ɹɡɵɤ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ [ZieliĔska 1996: 50í54]. ɍɬɪɚɬɚ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛ- ɪɹɞɰɟɜ – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ.
Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ.
ɋɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɵ-ɛɟɫɩɨɩɨɜɰɵ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɡ- ɧɢ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ, ɧɟ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɜɚ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɭɫɬɨɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥ ɷɬɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɬɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɦɚɡɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ, ɧɭɠɞɚ- ɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛ- ɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ, ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɝɜɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ – ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɷɬɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪ.1
1. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ, – ɷɬɨ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟ- ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɨɣɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ2 ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɫɰɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɯ, ɨɛɵ- ɱɚɹɯ, ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨ- ɝɨ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪa Ʉɚɪɚɫɢɤɚ:
ɇɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬ. ɟ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɫɭɳɟɫ- ɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ – ɜ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ, ɜ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɚɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɮɢɤ- ɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɚɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ [Ʉɚɪɚɫɢɤ 2002: 7].
Ⱦɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɫɭɝɭɛɨ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɨɣ (ɂ. Ƚɪɟɤ-ɉɚɛɢɫ, ɂ. Ɇɚɪɢɧɹɤ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɉɪɢ- ɲɟɞɲɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɦɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɚɥɟɟ əɅ)3. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɢɫɫɥɟ-
1 ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ Ⱥ. Ʉɚɦɚɥɨɜɨɣ ɢ Ʌ. ɋɚɜɟɥɨɜɨɣ, Ʌɢɧɝɜɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ. Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤ, ɉɨ- ɦɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ 2007.
2 ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ 2007 ɝ., ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɨɣɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ Ƚ. ɇɨɜɢɤɨɜɵɦ, ɤ ɧɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ 42 ɜɟɪɭɸɳɢɯ.
3 ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ „ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ” ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɨɦ, ɘ. Ʉɚɪɚɭɥɨɜɵɦ. ȼ ɫɜɨ- ɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: „ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢɦ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ (ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ: ɚ) ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛ) ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ) ɨɩɪɟ- ɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ” [Ʉɚɪɚɭɥɨɜ 2010: 3í8].
ɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɨɜ ɘɪɢɹ Ʉɚɪɚɭɥɨɜɚ, ȼɥɚ- ɞɢɦɢɪa Ʉɚɪɚɫɢɤɚ, ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɵ ɂɜɚɧɰɨɜɨɣ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ əɅ [Ʉɚɪɚɭɥɨɜ 2010; Ʉɚɪɚɫɢɤ 2002; ɂɜɚɧɰɨɜɚ 2002].
ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɦɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɨɣɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞ- ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ Ƚɚɥɤɨɜɨ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɩɨɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ: ɩɨɫɟɳɚɟɬ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɶ, ɦɨ- ɥɢɬɫɹ, ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɵ. Ȼɟɫɟɞɵ ɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ 2011–2012 ɝɝ. ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɚɡɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧ- ɬɪɟ. Ɍɟɦɵ ɛɟɫɟɞ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɚɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɪɹɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɚ: „Ⱦɨɦ”, „Ʉɜɚɪɬɢɪɚ”, „ɋɟɦɟɣɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ”, „ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɢ- ɬɚɧɢɹ”, „ɉɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɛɥɸɞɚ”, „Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɨɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ”, „ɉɨɫɬ” ɢ ɞɪ.
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɚ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ əɅ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɜɵɦ ɧɨ- ɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɣ ɷɥɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɢɞɟ- ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɚɦ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɨ- ɷɬɨɜ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ) [ɂɜɚɧɰɨɜɚ 2002: 14í16]. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ – ɫɬɚɪɨ- ɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ-ɛɟɫɩɨɩɨɜɰɟɜ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, əɅ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɭɸ ɪɟɱɶ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɦɚɡɭɪɫ- ɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ4.
2. ɐɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɢɡɭɱɟ- ɧɢɹ əɅ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɩɨ Ʉɚɪɚɫɢɤɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɷɬɧɨɫ, ɝɪɭɩɩɭ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫ- ɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɭɫɥɨ- ɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ [Ʉɚɪɚɫɢɤ 2002: 19]. ɐɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɚɫ- ɩɟɤɬ əɅ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɭɧɢ- ɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ „ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɵ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɢɡ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɞɢɫɤɭɪ- ɫɚ, ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ” [Ʉɚɪɚɫɢɤ 2002: 28].
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɧɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɡɚ- ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɦ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɦ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ
4 ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɢɥɢ „ɜɨɣɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɱɶ” ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɡɭɪ- ɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɬɪɟɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ: ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟ- ɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ.
ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɞɧɟɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɞɧɟɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɵ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɹɞ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɨɜ ɛɵɬɨ- ɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɨ- ɞɟɤɫɚ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ, ɗɭɝɟɧɢɭɲɟɦ ɂɜɚɧɰɟɦ:
Jadáospis staroobrzĊdowców ulegaá powaĪnym zmianom w czasie postów, których przestrzeganie do dziĞ jest jednym z najwaĪniejszych nakazów religijnych. […]
Szanujący siĊ staroobrzĊdowiec wolaáby raczej umrzeü, aniĪeli w czasie postu zjeĞü coĞ miĊsnego czy mlecznego. Nie robiono wyjątku nawet w stosunku do chorych. […]
WiĊkszoĞü staroobrzĊdowców zamieszkaáych w Polsce jeszcze przed wybuchem II woj- ny Ğwiatowej pod wzglĊdem swego stosunku do postów niewiele siĊ róĪniáa od ogóáu spoáeczeĔstwa rosyjskiego w XVIíXVII wieku w Rosji [Iwaniec 1977: 241í242].
Ɉ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ- ɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ ɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɟ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɤ ɉɚɫɯɟ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɨɜ ɟɫɬɶ ɝɪɟɯ, ɚ ɝɪɟɯ „ɤɚɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɢɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɨɬ Ȼɨɝɚ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ” [Ƚɵɧɝɚɡɨɜɚ 2007: 18]:
choü teĪ jest grzechem mleko / grzechem jest i ten twaróg [...] zawsze mnie moĪe Pan Bóg rozgrzeszy / Īebym tylko takie miaáa grzechy / bo jeszcze wiele innych gorszych popeániam (ɫɦɟɟɬɫɹ).
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɧɚɞɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɢɥɨɫɟɪɞɢɟ, ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɣ ɩɨɫɬ:
ja nie bĊdĊ tak przestrzegaáa postu [...] wĊdliny ani w ĞrodĊ / ani w piątek juĪ nie ruszĊ // moĪe wykluczĊ Īóáty ser // a na twaroĪek to ja muszĊ siĊ skusiü / bo ja mam czĊsto anemiĊ //
ɗɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɰɚɯ ɢ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚɯ. ɋɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɟɥɢɝɢ- ɨɡɧɨɦɭ ɭɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ. ȼ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɤɟ – „nie to jest grzechem / co czáowiek weĨmie do ust / zje / tylko to / co z tych ust wychodzi” (ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɬɟɬɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚ) – ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɹɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ- ɪɟɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɟɝɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɜɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɤɟ „ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ- ɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ- ɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɚ” [Ƚɵɧɝɚɡɨɜɚ 2007: 18]. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɟɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɚ – ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ-ɛɟɫɩɨɩɨɜɰɟɜ – ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɧɟɫ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ.
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ əɅ ɤ ɝɪɟɯɭ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɦ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɚɦ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ, ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɚ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɳɢɧɚ.
3. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ:
ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ, ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ. ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨ- ɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ əɅ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢ- ɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɤɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ [Ʉɨɧɟɰɤɚɹ 1997].
ɂɡɭɱɚɟɦɚɹ əɅ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ- ɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨ- ɦɭ ɛɟɫɟɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɵ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬ- ɪɵɜɨɤ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɨɣ ɤ ɢɧɮɨɪ- ɦɚɧɬɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ:
– ɉɪɨɫɢɦ ɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬ: – ɉɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ?
– Ⱦɚ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬ: – Ɉɣ, ɨɣ, ɨɣ! (ɫɦɟɟɬɫɹ). ɏɨɪɨɲɨ, ɩɨɦɨɝɢɬɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɱɬɨ.
4. ȼɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ əɅ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ- ɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ əɅ. ɉɨ Ʉɚɪɚɭɥɨɜɭ, ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɨ-ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɟ- ɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɪɟɨ- ɬɢɩɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɮɪɚɡɚɯ [Ʉɚɪɚɭɥɨɜ 2010:52]. əɅ ɤɚɤ ɱɥɟɧ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ – ɷɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫ- ɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ:
ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɪɟɯɴɹɡɵɱɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɦɚɡɭɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɚ. ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵ ɷɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɮɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɛɟɫɟɞ ɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ.
ɂɬɚɤ, ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ əɅ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ
ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ, ɧɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɟɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ (ɩɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ ɨɧɚ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝ-ɪɭɫɢɫɬ).
Ɉɬɪɵɜɨɤ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ:
ɤɚɤ ɦɚɦɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ / ɬɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɟɱɤɚ / ɬɚɤɚɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɱɤɚ // ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɢɞɟɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ / ɚ ɬɚɦ ɟɳɺ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜɚɪɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɜɚɪɢɥɢ […] ɡɢɦɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɦɧɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ / ɬɨ ɜɯɨɠɭ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɩɟɱɤɭ / ɝɪɟɸ ɧɨɝɢ ɢ ɡɢɦɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɚ //
ȼ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ:
tkaü to tkali w domu / prawie Īe w kaĪdym domu byáy krosna // jedno krosno do chod- ników. // przedtem to tkali jeszcze i materiaá – len // […] moja ciocia miaáa tkalniĊ w Wojnowie // ona tkactwem siĊ zajmowaáa // […] to byáo sprzedawane do cepelii //
tam miaáa kilka osób / dziewczyny tam u niej byáy i robiáy wáaĞnie róĪne rzeczy // nawet takie rzeczy drobne jak zakáadki do ksiąĪek […] //
ɇɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɧɮɨɪ- ɦɚɧɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɫ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɟɯɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɸ.
Ɂɚɩɢɫɶ ɪɟɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɢɞɢɨɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ əɅ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɟ- ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɥɸɞ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɢɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɞ.), ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: b'ul’b’išn’icɴ (ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɭɩ), m’ak'uškɴ (ɩɢɪɨɝ ɫ ɦɚɤɨɦ), g'ušþɴ (ɤɭɲɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɚɲɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɯɚ), al’'ej (ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ), br'ytk’i (ɛɭɥɨɱɤɢ), kudr'ofkɴ (ɤɨɜɪɢɤ), l’ež'ankɴ (ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɤɟ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɚ), z'edl’ik (ɬɚɛɭɪɟɬ).
ɋɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ əɅ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ. Ⱥɤ- ɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ (ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ). Ʉ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɚɫɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɡɦɵ, ɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚ- ɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɡɭɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ.
ȼɵɹɜɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚ.
ȼ ɡɚɩɢɫɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ 13 ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɡ- ɦɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɤɫɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ „ȿɞɚ”. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨ- ɜɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɂɪɵɞɵ Ƚɪɟɤ-ɉɚɛɢɫ, ɤ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
ɚ) ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ, ɧɨ ɢɧɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧ- ɬɢɤɭ, ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ;
ɛ) ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɚɪɨ- ɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ [Grek-Pabisowa 1983: 37].
ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɡɦɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭ- ɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:
xɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ: kaf'ejɴ – ɠ. ɪɨɞ (ɪɭɫɫ. ‘ɤɨɮɟ’ – ɦ. ɪɨɞ);
xɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ: prɴstak’'išɴ (ɪɭɫɫ. ‘ɩɪɨɫɬɨɤɜɚɲɚ’), vang'or’
(ɪɭɫɫ. ‘ɭɝɨɪɶ’);
xɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ:
bark'an ‘marchew’ (SGS, M ‘marchew’; SRNG ɛɚɪɤɚғɧ ‘ɦɨɪɤɨɜɶ’), b'ul’b’išn'icɴ ‘kartoflanka’ (SGS, M ‘krupnik z kartoflami’),
kudr'ofkɴ ‘chodnik’ (SGS, lm M kudr'ofk’i – ‘chodniki’), m’ak'uškɴ ‘makowiec’ (SGS, ‘ciasto droĪdĪowe’), skr’'eþk’i ‘skwarki’ (SGS, skr’éþkɴ ‘skwarka’),
kr’ep'oxɴ ‘nadzienie z ziemniaków z kaszą’ (ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ SGS), s’eþ'oxɴ ‘danie z ziemniaków, z kaszą’ (ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ SGS),
SRNG ɫɟɱɺɯɚ ‘ɤɭɲɚɧɶɟ ɢɡ ɦɟɥɤɨ ɩɨɪɭɛɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɲɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ’), pytal'aj’i || pytol'aj’i ‘postna babka ziemniaczana’ (ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ SGS ɢ SRNG);
xɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ: most ‘ɩɨɥ ɜ ɢɡɛɟ’, pax'at’ ‘ɦɟɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɦɟɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɥ’.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɭɝɭɛɨ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɷɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɡɦɵ). ɋɥɨ- ɜɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɛɥɸɞɚ – ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɡɦɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ. ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɂɜɚɧɰɚ:
W zakresie poĪywienia staroobrzĊdowcy zawsze doĞü powaĪnie róĪnili siĊ od okolicznej ludnoĞci w Polsce. Do dziĞ zachowali w pewnej mierze kuchniĊ narodową, co nieroz- áącznie wiąĪe siĊ z tradycją religijną. Zmuszaáa ona ich do rygorystycznego przestrze- gania postów oraz wykluczaáa caákowicie spoĪywanie niektórych pokarmów [Iwaniec 1977: 232].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨ- ɪɨɜ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɨɹɡɵɱɧɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ (ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨ-ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɟ ɨɤɪɭ- ɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɛɵɜɲɟɣ ɉɪɭɫɫɢɢ), ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ „ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡ- ɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɪɟɚɥ” [Ɋɚɞɱɟɧɤɨ, Ɂɚɤɭɬɤɢɧɚ 2004: 44].
5. Ɋɨɥɶ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ȼ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ əɅ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɱɟɜɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧ- ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ – ɬɟɤɫɬɵ. ɉɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɂɜɚɧɰɨɜɨɣ, əɅ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɤ „ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɞɢ- ɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬ, ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɟɸ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ” [ɂɜɚɧɰɨɜa 2002].
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬ ɤ ɢɡɭ- ɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɯ ɠɚɧɪɨɜ – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨ- ɜɟɤɚ [Ʉɚɡɚɤɨɜɚ 2004]. ȼ ɪɟɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɠɚɧɪɵ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ (ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ (ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ-ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚ- ɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ-ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ:
1. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ – ɠɚɧɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɚ. Ɉɧ ɜɵɩɨɥ- ɧɹɟɬ, ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɟɦ „ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɛɵɬɵɦɢ” [Ʉɚɡɚɤɨɜɚ 2004].
ɨɛɨғɪɚ / ‘obora’ / no to ɩɨ-ɩɨғɥ’ɫɤ’ɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɧ’ɢɦɚғɟɦ oboғra / no to gd’e tam stoi byғdáo //
ɚ ɡɞ’ɟɫ’ ɨɛɨғɪɚ – podvuғrko […] //
ɫɚғɯɚɪɶ / […] to byá ɫɚғɯɵɪ’ / tak nazyvaғl’i / […] to byá cuғk’er f koғstkah / (a cuk’er sypk’i?) / a to byғáa muškabaғta// […] bo cɚғɯɚɪ’ ɬɨ ɮɫ’ɨ ɛɪɚғɥ’ɢ ɤ ɱɚɣɤɭғ / ɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɭғɫɤɭ //
2. Ɋɚɫɫɤɚɡ-ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ (ɪɟɰɟɩɬ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ- ɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ [Ʉɚɡɚɤɨɜɚ 2008].
ɋɬɵɧɤɚ ɬɭɲɺɧɚɹ – ɪɟɰɟɩɬ
bárZo þénsto rob’íáa bábþ’a / rob’íáa máma i rób’e teš i*a / dušónoþ // to znáþy nái**p’erf na patél’Ĕi tróxe pod:úše cebúlkĊ / pótem rýpkĊ posolónoþ // pótem i*éšþe trošéþke ná v’ešx cebúlk’i // trošéþke týlko táúšþu / bárZo mááo / i
Ҁak’ei
ҀĞ ol’ívy / þy oléi*u / no i podlévam vódoþ i to Ğe dúĞi // pózaùtym i*éšþe i*a naùpšýkáat bárZo lúb’e do rýp nátk’i p’etrúškĊ dodávaþ // <…> pot kóĔec dodái*e trošéþke ná v’ešx v’úrk’i maséáka // no i to i*est súper i*eZéĔe //
3. Ɋɚɫɫɤɚɡ-ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɢɞɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɟɥɟ
ɜ ɧɚɱáɥ’ɟ ɞɜɚɰáɬɚɜɚ ɜ’éɤɚ ɨɧ’ɢғ ɧ’ɟ ɡɧáɥ’ɢ ɲɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤóɟ // ɤɨɝɞá ɨɧ’ɢғ éɡ’ɞ’ɢɥ’ɢ ɮ ɫɚɞɵғ / ɢ ɬɚɦ ɛɵғɥ’ɢ ɣáɛɥɨɤ’ɢ ɢ ɝɪɭғɲɵ ɜ ɷғɬ’ɢɯ ɫɚɞáɯ ɭ ɛɨɝáɬɵɯ ɥ’ɭɞ’éɣ // ɬɨɝɞá ɨɧɢғ ɜ’ɢғɞ’ɟɥ’ɢ ɲɬɨ ɜ ɨɝɨɪóɞ’ɟ ɲɬó-ɬɨ ɪɚɫɬ’óɬ ɬɚɤóɟ ɢɧɬ’ɟɪ’écɧɨɜɨ ɤɪáɫɧɨɜɨ / ɫɧɚɱáɥɚ ɡ’ɟɥ’óɧɵɟ / ɩóɫɥ’ɟ ɤɪáɫɧɵɟ // ɢ ɦáɦɚ ɪɚɫɤáɡɵɜɚɥɚ / ɨɧ’ɢғ ɫɪɵɜáɥ’ɢ ɢ ɛɪɨɫáɥ’ɢɫ’
/ ɷғɬɨ ɧ’ɟ ɮɤɭғɫɧɵɟ ɛɵғɥ’ɢ / ɲɬɨ ɷғɬɨ ɬɚɤóɟ? //[...] ɭ ɦáɦɵ ɛɵɥá ɭɠɷғ ɞ’éɫ’ɚɬ’ ɥ’ɟɬ / ɟɲɱó ɪɚɧ’ɲɷ ɧ’ɟ éɥɚ (ɫɦɟɟɬɫɹ) // ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬóɦ ɛáɛɭɲɤɚ: ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪ’ɢғɬ’ɟ / ɷғɬɨ ɧ’ɟ ɬɚɤóɟ ɩɥɨɯóɟ / ɧɭ ɢ ɜɡ’ɚɥ’ɢғ naĞóna ɢ ɩɨɫ’éɣɚɥ’ɢ ɞóɦɚ / ɢ ɬɚɤ ɩɨɣáɜɢɥ’ɢɫ’ tumáty / bo to z n’em’eck’égo //
6. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɩɵɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɚ.
ȿɺ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ Ɇɚɡɭɪɢɢ, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɲɚɝɨɜɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɨ- ɜɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɦɢɪɚ ɦɚɡɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
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Summary
Some Aspects of the Old Believers’ Linguistic Identity
The article provides description of the Old Believers’ linguistic identity. We have chosen a person – a member of the Masurian Old Believers’ bespopovtsy community from Galkovo.
In a study of verbal-semantic level of linguistic identity we found lexical dialects, which are typical for Masurian Old Believers, but we also noticed the genre aspect of her speech, motivational parameter and sphere of values which is one of the aspects of an Old Believers’
linguistic identity.
