ɑɂɌȺɌȿɅɖ ɂ ȺȼɌɈɊɋɄȺə ɆȿɌȺɊȿɎɅȿɄɋɂə ȼ ɆȿɊɌȼɕɏ ȾɍɒȺɏ ȽɈȽɈɅə
THE READER AND AUTHOR’S METAREFLECTION IN GOGOL’S DEAD SOULS
ȼɅȺȾɂɋɅȺȼ ɄɊɂȼɈɇɈɋ
ABSTRACT. The article analyzes the functions and semantics of the term of the metatext “reader” playing an important role in metanarration in Gogol’s Dead Souls. The reader whom the author addresses is not only an imagined addressee, but also the imagined character of the author’s thinking who plays the role of the reader and stabilizes a possible relation to the written product. The author is discharged if the reader can mediate between the world of creativity and the world of heroes and can express a potentially possible opinion or judgement on the written product. Reproducing the reader’s reflection expressed in a certain form concerning a subject or image means the author, as a rule, foresees and anticipates that the reader will become acquainted with what is represented now, at the moment of creation, or in the prospective future.
ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ Ʉɪɢɜɨɧɨɫ, ɉɨɜɨɥɠɫɤɚɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ, ɋɚɦɚɪɚ – Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ. ɉɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ Ɇɟɪɬɜɵɯ ɞɭɲɚɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɡ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚ-ɥɨɫɶ, ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɪɚ, ɬɹɝɨɬɟɸɳɟɦ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɨɯɜɚɬɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ1. ɗɬɨɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ „ɭɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɮɚɛɭɥɵ”2. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢ-ɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ) ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɢɫɬɢ-ɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɩɨ-ɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵ-ɜɚɧɢɹ3. ________________ 1ɋɦ.: ɘ.ȼ. Ɇ ɚ ɧ ɧ, ɉɨɷɬɢɤɚ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ. ȼɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɬɟɦɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1996, ɫ. 247–248; ȼ.Ɇ. Ɇ ɚ ɪ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɢ ɱ, ɂ.ɋ. Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɦɚɧ XIX ɜɟɤɚ (30–50-ɟ ɝɨ-ɞɵ), Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1982, ɫ. 29–30. 2 Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑ ɭ ɞ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ȼɟɳɶ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, [ɜ:] Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, Ɇɨɫ-ɤɜɚ 1985, ɫ. 277. 3 ɋɪ.: ȼ.Ȼ. Ɂ ɭ ɫ ɟ ɜ ɚ, Ɇɟɬɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ, [ɜ:] ɉɨɷɬɢɤɚ. ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢ-ɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2008, ɫ. 119.
Ɍɚɤ, ɢɡɥɚɝɚɹ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜɚ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɟɪɨɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɤɟ: Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɥɢɫɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ: ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ, ɛɟɡ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɵɲɚɥ ɬɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɨɛ ɨɫɬɪɨɭɦɧɨɦ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɪɚɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɜ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɬɭɥɭɩɱɢɤɚɯ, ɩɪɨɧɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɬɭɥɭɩɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧ ɛɪɚ-ɛɚɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɠɟɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɧɟ4. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ⱦɨɧ Ʉɢɯɨɬɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɹɫɶ ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɵɲɟɞɲɭɸ ɜ ɫɜɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ɢ ɜɵ-ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɨ ɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɜ Ɇɟɪɬɜɵɯ ɞɭɲɚɯ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɫɥɵɲɚɬɶ ɨ „ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ”, ɤɚɤ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ. ɋɪ.: ɋɟɪɜɚɧɬɟɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ „ɠɢɡɧɢ”, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɨɟ ɬɨɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɪɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ5. ɍ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫ ɛɚɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɮɚɛɭɥɵ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɫɫɵɥɤɚ „ɧɚ ɹɤɨɛɵ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɪɨɦɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ”, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ „ɫ ɚɩɟɥɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ”, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ „ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ”6. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ, ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ „ɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɧɟ”. ɍ ɋɟɪɜɚɧɬɟɫɚ „ɦɢɪ ɤɧɢɝɢ” ɢ „ɦɢɪ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɤɧɢ-ɝɢ”, ɤɚɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ, „ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ”7. ɍ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ ɠɟ ɦɢɪ, ɜɦɟɫɬɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɮɚɛɭɥɵ, ɢ ɦɢɪ, ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɡɚ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ, ɧɨ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶ-ɤɭ ɞɟɥɨ ɢɞɟɬ ɨɛ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ. ɇɨ ɝɞɟ ɠɟ ɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɝɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ „ɫɥɵɲɚɥ”, ɜ ɱɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɫɨɦɧɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɛ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ, ɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɚ ɬɚɦ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟ-ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ? ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɢ ɦɨɝ ɨɬ ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɩɪɨ „ɬɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ”, ɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ – ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɡɚɹɜɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ, „ɛɟɡ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ”, ɷɬɭ ɢɫɬɨ-ɪɢɸ „ɫɥɵɲɚɥ”. ȼ Ɇɟɪɬɜɵɯ ɞɭɲɚɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɝɟɪɨɸ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ „ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹ-ɬɢɣ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ”, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ „ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨ-________________ 4 ɇ.ȼ. Ƚ ɨ ɝ ɨ ɥ ɶ, ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ 14-ɬɢ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. 6, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ–Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1951, ɫ. 236. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ; ɩɨɫɥɟ ɰɢɬɚɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ. 5ɋ.Ƚ. Ȼ ɨ ɱ ɚ ɪ ɨ ɜ, Ɉ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɪɚɯ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1985, ɫ. 26. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɤɭɪ-ɫɢɜ ɜ ɰɢɬɚɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ. 6ɘ.ȼ. Ɇ ɚ ɧ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 312. 7 ɋ.Ƚ. Ȼ ɨ ɱ ɚ ɪ ɨ ɜ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 27.
ɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɧɟɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɥɟɤɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɟɝɨ ɫɮɟɪɭ”8. ɗɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɦ ɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ, „ɧɟɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ” ɜɨ-ɜɥɟɤɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɢɪ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɡɢ-ɰɢɸ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧ ɢɦɟɧɭɟɬ „ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ”9. ɑɢ-ɬɚɬɟɥɶ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟ-ɦɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟ-ɦɵɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɝɪɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɨɥɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɢɲɭɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɩɪɨ-ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɝ ɜɵɫɬɭ-ɩɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɢɪɨɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɦ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɩɨ-ɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɢɲɭɳɟɦɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ10. ɂɬɚɤ, ɪɟɱɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɢɞɟɬ ɧɟ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɦɢɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɨɛ ɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɦɨɞɭɫɟ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɚɤɬɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɂɡɥɨɠɢɜ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜɚ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɝɟɪɨɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚ-ɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦ: ɇɨ ɧɟ ɬɨ ɬɹɠɟɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɵ ɝɟɪɨɟɦ, ɬɹɠɟɥɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɜ ɞɭɲɟ ɧɟɨɬɪɚ-ɡɢɦɚɹ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɝɟɪɨɟɦ, ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɵ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɢ. ɇɟ ɡɚɝɥɹɧɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɨɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɟɦɭ ɜ ɞɭɲɭ, ɧɟ ɲɟɜɟɥɶɧɢ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɤɨɥɶɡɚ-ɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɹɱɭɫɤɨɥɶɡɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɜɭɫɤɨɥɶɡɚ-ɟɬɚ, ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɶ ɫɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɦɵɫɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɢɤɨɦɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɜɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɚ ɩɨɤɚɠɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɝɨɪɨɞɭ, Ɇɚɧɢɥɨɜɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ, – ɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɪɚɞɟɲɟɧɶɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɛɵ ɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (242–243). Ƚɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɹ-ɦɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɂ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜ – ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɜ ɦɢ-ɪɟ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɚɹɫɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɚɤɬɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɛɥɢɠɚɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜɭ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ, ɫ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɢɪ, ɭɝɚɞɵɜɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɨɤɚ-________________ 8 ɉ.Ⱥ. ɉ ɥ ɟ ɬ ɧ ɟ ɜ, ɋɬɚɬɶɢ. ɋɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɢɫɶɦɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1988, ɫ. 57. 9 ɋɪ. ɨɛ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɟ: „Ɉɧ ɩɨɯɨɠ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɱɢɤ ɧɚ ɪɟ-ɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ (ɪɨɥɶ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɢɝɪɚɸɳɢɦ ɟɟ ɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ)” (ɐ. Ɍ ɨ ɞ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɜ, ɉɨɷ-ɬɢɤɚ, [ɜ:] ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɥɢɡɦ: „ɡɚ” ɢ „ɩɪɨɬɢɜ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1975, ɫ. 78); ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬ „ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɩɚ-ɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ (ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ), ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ” (ɀ. ɀ ɟ ɧ ɟ ɬ ɬ, Ɏɢɝɭɪɵ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɟ ɜ 2-x ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. 2, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1998, ɫ. 266). 10ɋɦ. ɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ: Ɇ.ɇ. ɗ ɩ ɲ ɬ ɟ ɣ ɧ, Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɨɝɨ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2001, ɫ. 95.
ɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ. ɋɚɦɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɭ, ɝɞɟ ɟɦɭ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɤɨɧɮɭɡɢɬɶɫɹ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧ ɝɟɪɨɟɦ: ɇɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɡɞɭɦɚɥ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɷɬɭ ɫɰɟɧɭ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɟɫɬɶ? ɇɭ, ɢ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ, ɢ ɬɚɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɛɟɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɚɬɭɪɟ. ɑɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ: ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɢ, ɛɟɡɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɢ? ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɱɨɪɬ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ! ɉɥɸɧɟɲɶ, ɞɚ ɢ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɡɚɤɪɨɟɲɶ (175). ɋɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɝɟɪɨɟɦ ɨɬ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜ „ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɥ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɬɨɦ ɝɟɪɰɨɝɢɧɢ Ʌɚɜɚɥɶɟɪ, ɨɬɵɫɤɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɦɨɞɚɧɟ” (211), ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɨɦ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ƚɟɪɰɨɝɢɧɹ ɞɟ Ʌɚɜɚɥɶɟɪ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɞɪɭ-ɝɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɋ.Ɏ. ɀɚɧɥɢɫ, ɧɚɡɢɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɨɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɬɟɧɢɟ11. ɋɪ. ɩɪɟɞɜɨɫɯɢɳɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɦ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ, „ɤɚɤɨɜ ɨɧ ɟɫɬɶ”, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ: ɇɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɸ: ɤɬɨ ɠɟ ɨɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ? ɑɬɨ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɝɟɪɨɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ-ɞɟɬɟɥɟɣ, ɷɬɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ. Ʉɬɨ ɠɟ ɨɧ? ɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ, ɩɨɞɥɟɰ? ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɠ ɩɨɞɥɟɰ, ɡɚɱɟɦ ɠɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤ ɫɬɪɨɝɭ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ? (241). ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɣ („ɤɬɨ ɠɟ ɨɧ ɨɬɧɨ-ɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ”) ɢ ɧɟɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ („Ʉɬɨ ɠɟ ɨɧ? ɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ, ɩɨɞɥɟɰ?”), ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɱɶ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɪɢ-ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ, ɨɤɚɠɢɫɶ ɨɧ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɝɟɪɨɸ, ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɦɭ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ, „ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɢ, ɛɟɡɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɢ” ɫɰɟɧɚ, ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɫɬɚɥ, ɜɡɞɭɦɚɣ ɟɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ „ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ”. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɦ ɝɟɪɨɹ (ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɝɟɪɨɟ). ȼ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɵɝɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɯ ɠɚɧɪɨɜ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ „ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ”, ɧɨ ɭɬɪɚɬɢɜɲɢɯ „ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɱɭɠɢɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɦ”12. Ɉɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢ-ɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞ „ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɭɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ”13, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ14. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ________________ 11 ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɨɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ȼ.Ɏ. Ɉɞɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧ ɫɬɚɪɨɜɟɪ-„ɤɥɚɫ-ɫɢɤ”, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɀɚɧɥɢɫ, „ɞɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɪɨ-ɦɚɧɢɫɬɚɦ – ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɟɲɶ – ɫɥɚɞɤɨ, ɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ, ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨ, ɞɭɲɚ ɨɬɞɵɯɚɟɬ” (ɉ.ɇ. ɋ ɚ ɤ ɭ ɥ ɢ ɧ, ɂɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ. Ʉɧɹɡɶ ȼ.Ɏ. Ɉɞɨɟɜɫɤɢɣ. Ɇɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ. – ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ, ɬ. 1, ɱ. 2, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1913, ɫ. 377–378). 12 Ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼ ɚ ɯ ɬ ɢ ɧ, ɗɫɬɟɬɢɤɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1979, ɫ. 239. 13Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 243. 14 ȼ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ „ɜ ɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ”, ɬɚɤ ɢ „ɪɚɡ-ɜɟɪɧɭɬɵɣ ɡɧɚɤ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ „«ɫɥɨɜɨɦ» ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪ-ɫɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɟ. ɋɪ.: Ⱦɚ, ɦɨɢ ɞɨɛɪɵɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɢ, ɜɚɦ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɛɟɞ-ɧɨɫɬɶ. „Ɂɚɱɟɦ”, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɜɵ, „ɤ ɱɟɦɭ ɷɬɨ? Ɋɚɡɜɟ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɫɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɡɪɟɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɥɭɩɨɝɨ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ? ɂ ɛɟɡ ɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟɭɬɟɲɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨ. Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɣɬɟ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ, ɭɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɡɚɛɭɞɟɦɫɹ ɦɵ!” – „Ɂɚɱɟɦ ɬɵ, ɛɪɚɬ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɲɶ ɦɧɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɫɤɜɟɪɧɨ?” ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɩɨɦɟɳɢɤ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɱɢɤɭ. „ə, ɛɪɚɬ, ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɸ ɛɟɡ ɬɟɛɹ, ɞɚ ɭ ɬɟɛɹ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɟ ɧɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢ? Ɍɵ ɞɚɣ ɦɧɟ ɩɨɡɚɛɵɬɶ ɷɬɨ, ɧɟ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɹ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜ”. ɂ ɜɨɬ ɬɟ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɞɟɥɨ, ɢɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɡɚɛɜɟɧɶɟ (243). Ɋɟɱɟɜɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ („ɞɨɛɪɵɦɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ”) ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɣ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɛɟɫɟɞɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɛɥɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ, ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɭɸ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ Ɇɟɪɬɜɵɯ ɞɭɲɚɯ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚɹ ɜɫɟɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ, ɭɦɟɸɳɢɦ „ɫɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ” (210), ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ „ɬɟɤɭɳɟɦɭ ɩɨɤɨ-ɥɟɧɢɸ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ „ɫɚɦɨɧɚɞɟɹɧɧɨ, ɝɨɪɞɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɥɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ” (211), ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɪɟ-ɱɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ15. Ȼɭɞɭɱɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɪɟɱɶ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɫ ɱɢɬɚ-ɬɟɥɟɦ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟ-ɦɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ „ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ”, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ „ɚɜɬɨɪɚ”. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨ, „ɤɚɤ” ɢ „ɨ ɱɟɦ” ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ, ɧɨ ɢ „ɱɬɨ” ɨɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ. Ɋɟɱɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ – ɷɬɨ ɱɭɠɚɹ ɪɟɱɶ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɹɜ-ɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɬɟɦɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ; ɨɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɱɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɱɭɠɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚ-ɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɜɭɱɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɦɚ ɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɱɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ16. ________________ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ” (ɇ.ȿ. Ɇ ɟ ɞ ɧ ɢ ɫ, „ɋɥɨɜɨ” ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ 30-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, [ɜ:] Ȼɨɥ-ɞɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ, Ƚɨɪɶɤɢɣ 1978, ɫ. 25–26). Ɉ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ „ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ” ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɦ.: Ɇ.ȼ. ɋ ɬ ɪ ɨ ɝ ɚ ɧ ɨ ɜ, ɑɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ, [ɜ:] Ɉ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɯ, ɜɵɩ. 2, Ɍɜɟɪɶ 2005, ɫ. 26–28. 15 ɋɪ. ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɵ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢɦɟ-ɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɢ ɰɟɥɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɥɚ-ɸɬ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɞɟɥɚ-ɸɬ, ɨɬɜɟɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ: G. P r i n c e, Reader, [ɜ:] The living handbook of narratology, Hamburg 1911. URL=http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de /lhn/index.php?title=Reader&oldid=883 (view date: 19 Mar 2011).
16ɋɦ. ɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɟ ɱɭɠɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ: ȼ.ɇ. ȼ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɲ ɢ ɧ ɨ ɜ (Ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼ ɚ ɯ ɬ ɢ ɧ), Ɇɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɨ ɹɡɵɤɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1993, ɫ. 125.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɫɬɪɨɢɬ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɢɦ ɪɟɱɶɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ; ɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɱɭɠɭɸ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ-ɬɟɦ ɤ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɟɟ ɫɦɵɫɥ17. Ɍɚɤ, ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɦ ɭ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, „ɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɢ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɨɞɟɬɵɣ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧ”, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɫɯɢɳɚɟɦɨɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ: Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɡɨɜɭɬ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɬɨɠɟ ɜ ɭɝɨɞɭ ɢɦ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɛɵ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ; ɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɛɟɞɭ ɜɫɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫ-ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɬɟɦ ɟɳɟ ɢɡɭɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɛɵɥ ɧɟ ɜ ɝɥɭɲɢ, ɚ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɢɰ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɫɥɚɜ-ɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɹ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɨɜ (206). ɑɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ („ɧɚɡɨɜɭɬ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ”) ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ (ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ. ɂɪɨɧɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɤɢ („ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɛɟɞɭ”, „ɬɟɦ ɟɳɟ ɢɡɭɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ”) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɱɶɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɪɟɱɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ; ɚɜɬɨɪ ɫɬɪɨɢɬ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫ ɪɟɱɶɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɹ ɟɟ, ɧɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɹ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ, ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɦɢ, ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɹ ɪɟɱɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɟɛɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸ-ɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɩɥɢɤɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɟɱɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɟɛɟ; ɚɜɬɨɪ ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɡɚ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ: ɂ ɞɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɚɞɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝ ɫɧɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ! ɦɨɝ ɬɚɤ ɢɡɦɟ-ɧɢɬɶɫɹ! ɂ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ? ȼɫɺ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ, ɜɫɺ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ. ɇɵɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɠɟ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɸɧɨɲɚ ɨɬɫɤɨɱɢɥ ɛɵ ɫ ɭɠɚɫɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɟɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɠɟ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ (127). Ʉɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɉɥɸɲɤɢɧɚ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ („ɂ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ?”), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɝɭɪɨɣ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɸ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɫɥɵɲɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ; ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɫ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɢ ɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟ. Ɉɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɬɨɥɤɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɯɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɲɢɟ ɤ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɩɪɨɤɭɪɨɪɚ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɫɯɢɳɚɟɬ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ: „ɇɨ ɷɬɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɠ, ɧɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ! ɷɬɨ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ! ɷɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢ ɬɚɤ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɧɚɩɭɝɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɡɞɨɪ, ɬɚɤ ɨɬɞɚɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɭ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɜ ɱɟɦ ɞɟɥɨ!”. Ɍɚɤ ɫɤɚɠɭɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɭɤɨɪɹɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɧɟ-________________ 17 ɋɦ. ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ „ɹ” ɢ „ɬɵ” ɜ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ: Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ƚ ɨ ɝ ɨ ɬ ɢ ɲ ɜ ɢ -ɥ ɢ, Ɏɢ-ɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ Ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɚɯɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɛ-ɥɟɦɚ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟ-ɥɹɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ, [ɜ:] Ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɚɯ-ɬɢɧ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1992, ɫ. 153.
ɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɨɜɭɬ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɭɪɚɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɳɟɞɪ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɞɭɪɚɤ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɫɥɭɠɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɦ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɞɟɧɶ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɦɭ (210). ɂ ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ, ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ, ɫɥɨɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɪɟɱɶ, ɜɡɹɬɚɹ ɜ ɤɚɜɵɱɤɢ, ɢɥɢ ɪɟɱɶ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɚɹ („ɧɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɹɯ”, „ɞɭɪɚɤɚɦɢ”), ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɫɥɨ-ɜɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɨ ɫɥɨɜɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨ-ɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɨ-ɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɬɜɨɪ-ɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɬɨ ɨ „ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɯ”, ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ „ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ”, ɬɨ ɨ „ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɯ”, ɭɤɨɪɹɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ „ɜ ɧɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɹɯ”. ȼ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɨɧ ɫɥɵɲɢɬ ɬɨ ɨɞɧɢ, ɬɨ ɢɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦ „ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɧɵɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ”18, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɟɟ ɱɢɬɚ-ɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɬɟɯ, „ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɭɠɟ ɤ ɱɢɧɚɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɦ” ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɝɟɪɨɹ, „ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɠɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤ”, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ „ɩɪɟɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ” ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ „ɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɜɧɢ-ɦɚɧɢɟɦ” (21), „ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ”, ɩɪɢɞɢɪɱɢɜɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤ ɹɡɵɤɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɯɨɬɹ „ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɟ ɭɫɥɵɲɢɲɶ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɧɨ-ɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɧɨ-ɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ” (164), „ɞɚɦ”, ɧɟɩɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɠɟɥɚɸɳɢɯ, „ɱɬɨɛ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɛɵɥ ɪɟ-ɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ” (223), „ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɨɜ”, ɨɫɤɨɪɛɥɹɸ-ɳɢɯɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ „ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɤɧɢɝɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɝɨɪɶɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɞɚ” (243), ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚ-ɟɬɫɹ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɥɢɤ19, ɧɨ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɫ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ20. Ɉɬ-ɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ „ɝɨɥɨɫ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ” ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜ Ɇɟɪɬɜɵɯ ɞɭɲɚɯ „ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨ-ɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ”, ɜɛɢɪɚɹ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ „ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ”, ɨɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɋɥɨɜɚ ɨ ɩɨɥɤɭ ɂɝɨɪɟɜɟ ɞɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, ɡɜɭɱɚɳɟɝɨ „ɢ ɜ ɮɢ-________________ 18 Ɇ.ɇ. ɗ ɩ ɲ ɬ ɟ ɣ ɧ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 96. 19ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ „ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ”, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɢ-ɝɭɪɨɣ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ „ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ” (ȼ. ɒ ɦ ɢ ɞ, ɇɚɪɪɚɬɚɥɨɝɢɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2003, ɫ. 99). ɋɪ.: Ʉ.ɇ. Ⱥ ɬ ɚ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ʌ ɟ ɫ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɫ, ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɟ, „ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ. ɋɟɪɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ” 1980, ɬ. 39, ʋ 1, ɫ. 36–37. 20 ɋɦ. ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ „ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ” ɨɬɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ „ɝɨɥɨɫ” ɨɬ ɩɨ-ɧɹɬɢɹ „ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ”: ɉ. Ɋ ɢ ɤ ɟ ɪ, ȼɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ, ɬ. 2, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ–ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2000, ɫ. 107. ɋɪ. ɪɚɡɛɨɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢɡ Ɇɟɪɬɜɵɯ ɞɭɲ, ɝɞɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ: ɇ.Ⱥ. Ʉ ɨ ɠ ɟ ɜ -ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ɍɢɩɵ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚ-ɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ XIX–XX ɜɜ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1994, ɫ. 99.
ɧɚɥɟ ɩɨɷɦɵ”21. Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜ Ɇɟɪɬɜɵɯ ɞɭɲɚɯ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɫ ɱɢ-ɬɚɬɟɥɹ; ɨɬɫɸɞɚ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ-ɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɟɣ ɝɨɥɨɫ ɢɥɢ ɱɶɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɫɥɵɲɢɬ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ, ɤɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ. ɂ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɵɲɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɨ. ɋɪ.: ȼɵ ɩɨɫɦɟɟɬɟɫɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬ ɞɭɲɢ ɧɚɞ ɑɢɱɢɤɨɜɵɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɢɬɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɫɤɚɠɟɬɟ: „Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɠ ɤɨɟ-ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɥɨɜɤɨ ɩɨɞɦɟɬɢɥ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɟɫɟɥɨɝɨ ɧɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ!”. ɂ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɭɞɜɨɢɜɲɟɸɫɹ ɝɨɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɟɫɶ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ, ɫɚɦɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɥɵɛɤɚ ɩɨ-ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɟ ɜɚɲɟɦ, ɢ ɜɵ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɟ: „Ⱥ ɜɟɞɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɟɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɟ-ɫɦɟɲɧɵɟ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɸɞɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹɯ, ɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɰɵ ɩɪɢɬɨɦ ɧɟɦɚɥɵɟ!” (245). ȼ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɤɚ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɧɟɩɨɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ „ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɢɬ ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɡ ɫɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɮɚɛɭɥɵ, ɚ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɨ-ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɨɛɵɝɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ „ɞɜɨɣɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɪɚɰɢɢ”22, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ „ɦɢɪɚ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ”, ɢ „ɦɢɪɚ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ”23, ɧɨ ɭɞɜɨ-ɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɵ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ. ȼɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ Ȼɟɥɨɝɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɭɤ-ɬɭɪɚ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ɇɟɪɬɜɵɯ ɞɭɲɚɯ, ɢɦɟɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɵɝɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ „ɧɚɝɪɨɦɨɠɞɟ-ɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɨɛɪɵɜɨɜ”, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɨɛɪɵɜ „ɛɭɞɢɬ, ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ”24. Ȼɭɞɢɬ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɟɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɟɣ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɟɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɟɣ ɱɢ-ɬɚɬɟɥɹ. ȼɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɮɥɟɤ-ɫɢɸ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɟɞɭɝɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɫɯɢɳɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɤɚɠɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɹɫɶ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɦ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟ-ɦɨɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɩɨ-ɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɢɦ ɷɤɡɢ-ɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟ-ɦɨɝɨ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ Ƚɨɝɨɥɶ, „ɜɫɟ «ɦɨɠɟɬ ________________ 21ȿ.Ⱥ. ɋ ɦ ɢ ɪ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɉɨɷɦɚ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ „Ɇɟɪɬɜɵɟ ɞɭɲɢ”, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1987, ɫ. 78–79. 22ɀ. ɀ ɟ ɧ ɟ ɬ ɬ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 244. 23Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 245. 24Ⱥ. Ȼ ɟ ɥ ɵ ɣ, Ɇɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1996, ɫ. 107.
ɛɵɬɶ»”25, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɲɭɳɟ-ɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ – ɪɟɚɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɚɤɬɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ26. ________________ 25ɘ. Ʌ ɨ ɬ ɦ ɚ ɧ, Ɉ „ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɟ” Ƚɨɝɨɥɹ, [ɜ:] Ɍɪɭɞɵ ɩɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. (ɇɨɜɚɹ ɫɟɪɢɹ), ɬ. II, Ɍɚɪɬɭ 1996, ɫ. 12. 26 ɋɪ.: „ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɫ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɹ, ɩɢɫɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ” (ɋ.Ƚ. Ȼ ɨ ɱ ɚ ɪ ɨ ɜ, ɋɸɠɟɬɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1999, ɫ. 23).
