ȽɂȻɊɂȾɂɁȺɐɂə ɊɍɋɋɄɈȽɈ ɋɌȺɊɈɈȻɊəȾɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ȽɈȼɈɊȺ ȼ ɉɈɅɖɒȿ
HYBRIDIZATION OF THE RUSSIAN OLD-BELIEVERS’ ISLAND DIALECT IN POLAND
ɋɌEɎȺɇ ȽɀɂȻɈȼɋɄɂ
ABSTRACT. The dialect of Old-Believers, who have lived in Poland on North-Eastern borderlands
since the end of 18th century, has retained its Russian, Pskovian character for a long time. After
World War II it became an island dialect, and in the last 30–40 years, due to a number of reasons, it started to change under growing Polish influence. The influence is visible mainly on lexical, syntactic and phonetic levels and leads to hybridization, i.e. such a change by which one of the languages provides a formal grammatical frame for functioning of the phenomena taken from both of them. In the case in question, Russian morphology is such a frame for emerging hybrid-dialect, and it allows to preserve its Russian dialectal characteristics.
Stefan Grzybowski Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, ToruĔ – Polska.
1.1. ȼ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɝɝ. ɋɭɜɚɥɤɢ ɢ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɨɜ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ XVIII ɜ., ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɜɨɪ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɨɣ ɝɨɜɨɪ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɨɪɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ „ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɤɚ”. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɧ ɫɬɚɥ ɧɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1945 ɝ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɚ-ɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɨɛɳɟ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɂɦɩɟɪɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɨɜɟɪɰɟɜ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɯ Ʌɢɬɜɵ ɢ Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ II Ɋɟɱɢ ɉɨɫɩɨɥɢɬɨɣ1. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟɬ, ________________ 1 ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɚɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɩɨɱɟɪɩɧɭɬɵ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬ ȿ. ɂɜɚɧɰɚ (ɫɦ. ȿ. I w a n i e c, Z dziejów staroobrzĊdowców na zie-miach polskich XVII–XX w., Warszawa 1977) ɢ Ƚ. ɉɨɬɚɲɟɧɤɨ (Ƚ. ɉ ɨ ɬ ɚ ɲ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ, ɋɬɚ-ɪɨɜɟɪɢɟ ɜ Ʌɢɬɜɟ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ XVII – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ XIX ɜɜ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, Vilnius 2006).
ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫ-ɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ2. ɋɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɵ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɢɥɢɧɝɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨ-ɜɨɪɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɸɬ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ, ɩɨ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦ, ɢɯ ɩɨɥɶ-ɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ3, ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɢɚ-ɥɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɫɚɦɵɦ ɹɪɤɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɦ dla + ɪɨɞ. ɩ. ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɠɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪ.: dla mnie to siĊ podoba). Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɧɨɪɦɭ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨ-ɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɨɤ. 800–1000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ) ɢ, ɫ ɞɪɭ-ɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɜ ɢɯ ɛɵɬɭ ɢ ɨɛɵ-ɱɚɹɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋɬɚɬɭɫ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɜ ɢɯ ɛɢɥɢɧɝɜɢɡɦɟ ɦɟɧɹɥɫɹ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɜ 60-ɟ ɝɝ. XX ɜ. ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɜɢɱ-ɧɵɦ, ɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɷɬɧɨɥɟɤɬɨɦ, ɬɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 70-ɯ ɝɝ. ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɜ ɧɚ-ɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɜɭɹɡɵɱɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɚɠɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ-ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛ-ɪɹɞɰɵ ɞɨɦɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɫ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɩɨ-ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɹ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ. 1.2. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɨɠ-ɧɚɹ4. ɇɚ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɵ, ɪɨɞɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɞɨ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ________________ 2 Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ – Ƚɚɛɨɜɟ Ƚɪɨɧɞɵ (Gabowe Grądy) ɢ Ȼɭɪ (Bór), ɜ 11 ɤɦ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɝ. Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɨɜ (Augustów), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟ-ɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ 10 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ Ʉɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɚ ɜ Ɍɨɪɭɧɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɟ-ɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɞ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɫɭɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɠɢ-ɜɚɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɝɝ. Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɋɭɜɚɥɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ (ɩɨ 200–300 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ), ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢ-ɥɨ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹɦ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɦɭ. ɉɨ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɧɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɦɚɡɭɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ. 3
ɋɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ A. Z i e l i Ĕ s k a, WielojĊzycznoĞü staroobrzĊdowców mieszkających w Polsce, Warszawa 1996.
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ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦ. ɧɟɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɸ Ɇ. Ƚɥɭɲɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ: M. G ł u s z k o w s k i, Socjologiczne i psychologiczne aspekty dwujĊzycznoĞci na przykła-dzie staroobrzĊdowców regionu suwalsko-augustowskiego, ToruĔ 2009.
ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɢɫɯɨɞ-ɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɚɤɚɸɳɢɦ ɝɨɜɨ-ɪɚɦ ɩɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɧɢɡɦɨɜ5. ȼ ɢɯ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɟɳɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱ-ɧɵɯ ɨɤɪɚɢɧ II Ɋɟɱɢ ɉɨɫɩɨɥɢɬɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ, ɪɨɞɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɡɠɟ, ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨ-ɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɨɬɪɵɜɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶ-ɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ II Ɋɟɱɢ ɉɨɫɩɨɥɢɬɨɣ, ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɜɵɲɟ 60 ɥɟɬ ɨɧ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɞɨɦ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɜɨɪ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɭɠɟ ɫɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɫ ɬɟɧɞɟɧ-ɰɢɟɣ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɂɯ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɪɵɜɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɪɨ-ɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɳɢɧɚɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ ɨɬ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɷɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɬɟɪɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɢɥɭ, ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ 60-ɯ ɝɝ. ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɦɢɪ. ɂ ɩɨɷ-ɬɨɦɭ ɫɪɟɞɢ 40- ɢ 50-ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɨ-ɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɜ ɩɨɥɶ-ɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ, ɲɤɨɥɭ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ, ɫɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɢɡɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ „ɩɨ-ɫɜɨɟɦɭ”, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ. ȼ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɹɯ ɫ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɪɨ-ɨɛɪɹɞɰɚɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ. əɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1975 ɝ., ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ6. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨ-ɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɹɯ ________________ 5 ɗɬɨɬ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɂ. Ƚɪɟɤ-ɉɚɛɢɫ (ɫɦ. ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɟe ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɬɨɦɟ: I. G r e k - P a b i s o w a, StaroobrzĊdowcy. Szkice z historii, jĊzyka i obyczajów, Warszawa 1999 ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ: Rosyjska gwara starowierców w województwach olsztyĔskim i bia-łostockim, Wrocław 1968 ɢ Słownictwo rosyjskiej wyspy gwarowej staroobrzĊdowców mie-szkających w Polsce. Rozwój i stan dzisiejszy, Wrocław 1983) ɢ ɂ. Ɇɚɪɵɧɹɤ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, I. M a r y n i a k o w a, Imiesłowy w rosyjskiej gwarze starowierców mieszkających w Polsce, Wrocław 1976), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɟɳɟ ɜ 50-ɟ ɢ 60-ɟ ɝɝ. ɏɏ ɜ.
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ɋɦ. M. G ł u s z k o w s k i, əɡɵɤ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɶ Ƚɚ-ɛɨɜɟ Ƚɪɨɧɞɵ ɢ Ȼɭɪ, „Slavia Orientalis” 2006, nr 2, c. 239–59.
Ƚɚɛɨɜɟ Ƚɪɨɧɞɵ ɢ Ȼɭɪ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɬ, ɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɋɭɜɚɥɤɢ ɢɡ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɜɥɚɞɟɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɹɯ. ɇɨ ɢ ɜ ɞɟ-ɪɟɜɧɹɯ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬ ɪɨɞɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ (ɫ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ), ɨɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ (ɜɟɪɨɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɚɧɢɟ, ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) ɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɛɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɚɦɢ (ɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɪɚɤɚɯ ɨɬɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɳɟ). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɛɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɭ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 90-ɯ ɝɝ. ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɤɭɪɫ Ȼɨɠɶɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɜ-ɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɝɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ. ɉɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟ-ɧɢɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ, ɬ.ɟ. ɹɡɵɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɵɦ ɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭ ɥɢɰ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ-ɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ, ɨɧ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ. ɉɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɜɚɸɬ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɦɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ, ɪɚɞɢɨ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɞɟɧɢɸ, ɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɟɪɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɱɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɟ ɞɜɭɹɡɵɱɢɟ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɟ ɤ ɞɢ-ɝɥɨɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɜɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɢ-ɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɨ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɷɬɧɨɥɟɤɬ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭ-ɝɚ ɢɞɢɨɥɟɤɬɵ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɡɭɫɚ. 2.1. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɱɟɪɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɫɢɥɶ-ɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ7. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɠɟ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɣ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ, ɢɫɤɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɬ.ɟ. ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɬɨ-ɪɢɱɧɨɣ, ɱɭɠɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɛɨ"ɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɜɨɡ-ɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɦ ɷɬɧɨɥɟɤɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɞɱɚɫ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɡɧɚɥ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨ-ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ, ɝɞɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɩɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɢɞɢɨɦɚɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɢɞɢɨɦɚɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ. ɂɫɤɨɧɧɨ ɩɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɛɟɥɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɨɪɦɨ- ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɭ-ɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ________________ 7
P. B a k k e r, Mixed languages as autonomous systems, [w:] Y. M a t r a s, P. B a k k e r, The mixed language debate, Berlin 2003, c. 107–150.
ɫɥɨɜɚɯ, ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɟɪɟ-ɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɦɨɪɮɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɛɟɡɭɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɤɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. ɗɬɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ--ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɝɨɜɨɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ. 2.2. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɥɨ-ɜɚɪɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨ-ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɮɪɚɡɵ ɢ ɢɞɢɨɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɜ ɪɟɱɢ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɢɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɱɶ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɩɨɞɱɚɫ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚ"ɸɫɶ8 , ɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɟɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɹ ɢɝɪɚɸ"ɫɶ, ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɚ"ɜɥɸɫɶ (ɫɪ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. nazywam siĊ ɢ bawiĊ siĊ). Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɵ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɩɨɜɨɪɚ"ɱɢɜɚɬɶ/ɫɜɨ-ɪɚ"ɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɭɜɚ"ɝɭ ‘ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ’ (ɫɪ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. zwracaü uwagĊ). ɉɨɥɨɧɢɡɢ-ɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɧɢɦɢɤɚ, ɚ ɜɟɪɧɟɟ – ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɢɥɶ-ɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ ȿɜɞɨɤɢ"ɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ Danuta, ɚ ɋɟɪɚɮɢ"ɦɚ ɫ Sylwia, ȼɚɫɢ"ɥɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨe ɢɦɹ Wacław, ɚ Ɍɢɦɨɮɟ"ɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ Tadeuszem). ɀɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ ɧɚ -ɢɧ, -ɨɜ ɬɟɪɹɸɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟɦ (ɧɚɩɪ.: ə ɟ"ɫɬɹ Ɇɚ"ɪɮɚ Ⱥɧɬɢ"ɩɨɜ), ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɮɚ-ɦɢɥɢɹɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɹɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ. 2.3. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ, ɜ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɚɞɦɢɧɢ-ɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨ-ɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɤɨɞɨɦ. Ɂɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɤ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɞɨɤɨɧɧɢɤ – ɩɚɪɚ"ɩɟ"ɬ, ɠɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɪɵɲɟ – ɛɥɹ"ɯɚ, ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɛɪɟɜɧɨ ɞɨɦɚ – ɲɜɟ"ɥɶɤɚ, ɚ ɫɚɪɚɣ – ɫɬɚɞɨ"ɥɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. əɪɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɹɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɫɜɨɣ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɜɨɪɭ – ɥɹɞɭ"ɜɤɚ (ɫɪ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. lodówka). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦ Ⱦ. ɉɚɫɶɤɨ, ɜ ɪɟɱɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟ-ɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɶ Ƚɚɛɨɜɟ Ƚɪɨɧɞɵ ɢ Ȼɭɪ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɨɤ. 1100 ________________ 8 ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɫɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɨɬɪɚ-ɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɟɡɭɞɚɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɤɚɥɢɡɦ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɜeɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ).
ɥɟɤɫɟɦ, ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɚɞɚɩ-ɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ9. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɤɫɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɱɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ (ɷɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ) ɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɤ-ɫɢɤɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɇɢɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɯ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɜɲɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢ-ɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ: ɝɥ ɚɝɨɥ ɵ ɚɛɯɚɞɢ"ɬɶ (ɫɪ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. obchodziü – ‘ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ, ɩɪɚɡɞɧɨɜɚɬɶ’), ɚɞɩɚɜɹ"ɞɚɬɶ (odpowiadaü – ‘ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ’), ɚɬɩɪɚɜɚɞɡɚ"ɬɶ (odprowadzaü – ‘ɩɪɨɜɨɠɚɬɶ’), ɚɲɭɤɚ"ɬɶ (oszukaü – ‘ɨɛɦɚɧɭɬɶ’), ɛɪɚɤɚɜɚ"ɬɶ (brakowaü – ‘ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ’), ɛɭɞɚɜɚ"ɬɶ (budowaü – ‘ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ’), ɞɚɬ-ɤɧɭ"ɬɶ (dotknąü – ‘ɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɭɬɶɫɹ’), ɧɚɝɚɬɚɜɚ"ɬɶ (nagotowaü – ‘ɧɚɜɚɪɢɬɶ’), ɥɚɞɚ-ɜɚ"ɬɶ (ładowaü – ‘ɝɪɭɡɢɬɶ’), ɥɭɱɢɬɶ/ɫɹ (łączyü/siĊ – ‘ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɬɶ/ɫɹ’), ɧɚɪɟɤɚ"ɬɶ (narzekaü – ‘ɫɟɬɨɜɚɬɶ’), ɩɨɛɪɚ"ɬɶɫɹ (pobraü siĊ – ‘ɠɟɧɢɬɶɫɹ’), ɩɨɜɫɬɚ"ɬɶ (po-wstaü – ‘ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ, ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ’), ɩɫɭ"ɬɶ/ɫɹ (psuü/siĊ – ‘ɩɨɪɬɢɬɶ/ɫɹ’), ɱɭɬɶɫɹ (czuü siĊ –‘ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ’) ɢ ɢɯ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ; ɫɭɳ ɟɫɬɜ ɢɬɟɥ ɶɧɵɟ: ɚɛɪɨ"ɧɱɤɚ (obrączka – ‘ɨɛɪɭɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ’), ɤɚɥɟɠɚ"ɧɤɚ (koleĪanka – ‘ɩɨɞɪɭ-ɝɚ’), ɤɚɥɟ"ɣɤɚ (kolejka – ‘ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ’), ɧɚɭɱɵɬɟ"ɥɶ/ɤɚ (nauczyciel/ka – ‘ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶ/ɧɢ-ɰɚ’), ɩɚɞɥɨ"ɝɚ (podłoga – ‘ɩɨɥ’), ɩɚɤɭ"ɬɚ (pokuta – ‘ɩɨɤɚɹɧɢɟ’), ɩɚɬɷ"ɥɶɧɹ (pa-telnia – ‘ɫɤɨɜɨɪɨɞɚ’), ɫɤɥɟɩ (sklep – ‘ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧ’) ɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ; ɩɪ ɢɥ ɚɝɚ -ɬɟɥ ɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɪ ɟɱɢɹ: ɥɚɝɨɞɧɵɣ (łagodny – ‘ɤɪɨɬɤɢɣ’), ɧɟɛɟ"ɫɤɢɣ (niebieski – ‘ɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ’), ɩɚɜɢ"ɧɟɧ (powinien – ‘ɞɨɥɠɟɧ’), ɮɚ"ɣɧɵɣ (fajny – ‘ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ’), ɨɞɪɚ"ɡɭ / ɨɬɪɚ"ɡɭ (od razu – ‘ɫɪɚɡɭ’) ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. 2.4. əɪɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɥɶɤɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɫɨ-ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɢɫɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸ-ɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢ. Ⱦ. ɉɚɫɶɤɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɚ ɨɤ. 300 ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɜɨ-ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ: ɚɬɧɚɣɬɢ" (‘ɧɚɣɬɢ, ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ’ – ɫɪ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. odnaleĨü), ɞɚɤɭɞɚ" (‘ɤɭɞɚ’ – dokąd), ɧɚɤɪɭ"ɬɚ (‘ɜɤɪɭɬɭɸ’ – na twardo), ɩɟɪɟɞɜɚɟ"ɧɧɵɣ (‘ɞɨɜɨɟɧɧɵɣ’ – przedwojenny), ɩɪɟɤɥɢɧɚɬɶ (‘ɩɪɨ-ɤɥɢɧɚɬɶ’ – przeklinaü), ɩɪɢ"ɦɚɪɚɡɤɢ (‘ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɢ’ – przymrozki), ɫɦɭ"ɱɢɬɶ (‘ɡɚ-ɦɭɱɢɬɶ’ – zmĊczyü) ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ: ɪɚɞɢ"ɧɚ (‘ɫɟɦɶɹ’ – rodzina), ɭɜɚɠɚ"ɬɶ (‘ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɞɭɦɚɬɶ’ – uwaĪaü), ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹ"ɬɶ (‘ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ’ – zostawiaü) ɢ ɞɪ. ȿɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɤɚɥɶɤɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɲɬɨɞɟ"ɧɧɟ (‘ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ’, ɫɪ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. codziennie), ɩɚɞɩɢɥɶɧɚɜɚ"ɬɶ (‘ɩɨɞɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ’ – podpilnowaü). 2.5. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɧ-ɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɥɶɤɢ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɫɟ-ɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɦɟɬɶ/ɢɦɟ"ɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛ-ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ________________ 9
ɋɦ. ɟe ɧɟɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɸ: D. P a Ğ k o, Funkcjonowanie rosyjskiej gwary staroobrzĊdowców z Gabowych Grądów i Boru w warunkach dwujĊzycznoĞci polsko--rosyjskiej, ToruĔ 2008.
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ mieü. ɗɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɵɪɚ-ɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ – ɧɚɩɪ.: ɧɚɦɺɬɵ ɦɚ"ɸɬ (‘ɭ ɧɢɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɚɥɚɬɤɢ’ – ɫɪ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. mają namioty), ɹ ɦɚ"ɸ ɞɨ"ɱɤɢ (‘ɭ ɦɟɧɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɨɱɟɪɢ’), ɛɪɚɬ ɦɚ"ɟɬ ɠɟɧɭ" (‘ɭ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɚ’). ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ X ma N latɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ"ɦɚ"ɟɬ ɞɜɚ"ɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ, ɹ ɦɟ"ɥɚ ɫɟɦ ɝɨɞ. ɉɨɥɶ-ɫɤɢɟ ɮɪɚɡɵ ɫ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ mieü ɢ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛ-ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɟɲɱɨ" ɝɨ"ɞɢɤ ɦɚ"ɟɬ ɭɱɵ"ɬɶɫɹ (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ), ɲɬɨ ɦɚ"ɸ ɞɟ"ɥɚɬɶ (ɞɨɥ-ɠɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ), ɧɟ ɦɟ"ɥɢ ɲɬɨ ɤɭɩɥɹ"ɬɶ (ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɤɚ-ɤɨɟ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ) ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɉɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ N1 – N1 (Ɇɨɣ ɨɬɟɰ – ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ) ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡ-ɤɚ ɟɫɬɶ/ɟ"ɫɬɹ, ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɠɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ (ɚɧɚ" ɟ"ɫɬɹ ɫɬɭɞɟ"ɧɬɤɚɣ, ɨɧ ɟɫɬɶ ɲɨ"ɮɟɪɚɦ, ɝɥɚ"ɜɚ ɞɨ"ɦɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɭɠ). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧ-ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ jest ɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɟɫɬɶ/ɟ"ɫɬɹ (ɟ"ɬɚ ɟ"ɫɬɹ ɫ ɦɹ"ɫɚ – ‘ɷɬɨ [ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ] ɢɡ ɦɹɫɚ’, ɜ ɛɚ"ɣɧɢ ɟ"ɫɬɹ ɬɺɦɧɨ). Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɨɧ-ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɲɬɨ + ɜɢɧ. ɩɚɞɟɠ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɢ: ɲɬɨ ɝɨɞ, ɲɬɨ ɧɟɞɟ"ɥɸ, ɲɬɨ ɜɟ"ɱɟɪ, ɲɬɨ ɞɜɚ ɱɚɫɚ" (ɫɪ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. co dzieĔ, co godzinĊ). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤ-ɰɢɹ ɪɚɡ ɧɚ + ɜɢɧ. ɩɚɞɟɠ: ɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵ"ɪɟ ɝɨ"ɞɚ, ɬɪɢ ɪɚ"ɡɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɞ (ɫɪ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. raz na rok). Ɏɪɚɡɵ ɡɚ ɧɟɞɟ"ɥɸ, ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɚ ɱɟ"ɪɟɡ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɚ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɩɨɥɶ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ. Ƚɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɱɚɫ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɠɟɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɬɚɥɢ"ɱɤɚɣ, ɪɚ" -ɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɟ"ɬɚɣ ɪɚɛɨ"ɬɵ, ɠɞɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɬɟ"ɪɭ, ɩɨ"ɥɶɡɨɜɚɟɦɫɹ ɫ ɬɟ"ɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɋɩɥɨɲɶ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɞɢɨ-ɦɵ, ɫɦɵɫɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɦɵɫɥ ɮɪɚɡɵ ɨɧ ɭɠɟ" ɧɟ ɠɢɜɺɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɦɺɪ ɭɠɟ"(ɫɪ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. on nie Īyje – ‘ɨɧ ɭɦɟɪ’). ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɹɝɚ"ɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɥɛɵ, ɞɚɫɬɚɜɚ"ɬɶ ɛɟ"ɥɚɣ ɝɚɪɹ"ɱɤɢ, ɩɚ"ɪɚ ɢɲɥɚ" ɫ ɝɚɥɚɜɵ", ɩɟɪɟɛɪɚ"ɬɶ ɦɟ"ɪɤɭ, ɧɟ ɜɯɚɞɢ"ɬɶ ɜ ɝɚɥɚɜɵ", ɧɟ ɦɟ"ɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɵ", ɧɟ"ɪɜɵ ɩɭɫɬɢ"ɥɢ, ɧɢɤɚɦɭ"ɜɨ"ɥɚɫ ɫ ɝɚɥɚɜɵ" ɧɟ ɫɩɚɥ, ɲɬɨ ɚɞɢ"ɧ ɬɨ ɥɭ"ɱɲɟ, ɧɚɤɢ"ɧɭɬɶ ɤɥɹɬɜɭ ɢ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ (Ⱦ. ɉɚɫɶɤɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɚ ɨɤ. 50) ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵ ɩɨɞɱɚɫ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɡɧɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ. 3.1. ɉɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛ-ɪɹɞɰɟɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ 60–70-ɥɟɬɧɢɯ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɢ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɟ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɛɥɢɡ-ɤɭɸ ɤ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɵɥɢ: 1) ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ-ɦɹɝ-ɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɲɢɩɹɳɢɯ ɢ [ɫ], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ 2) ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɹɤɚɧɶɟ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɢɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɚ ɦɹɝɤɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɟ-ɪɟɞɧɟɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɨ-ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ: t d s z ł n r t' d' s' z' l' n' r'. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɢɛɪɚɧɬɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɢɯ ɥɟɤ-ɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɋɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬ-ɜɭɟɬ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ [n] : [Ĕ]. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ [t'], [d'], [s'], [z'] ɜ ɪɟɱɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɵ: [t'], [d'] ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɚɮɮɪɢɤɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɚɥɚɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɹɡɵɱɧɨ--ɡɭɛɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ [s'] ɢ [z'], ɜ ɢɯ ɬɟɦɛɪɟ ɧɟɬ ɲɟɩɟ-ɥɹɜɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɣ [ł] ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɡɭɛɧɭɸ ɫɦɵɱɤɭ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɧɮɨɪ-ɦɚɧɬɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɡɜɭɤ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ ɝɥɚɣɞɚ [w]. ɂ. Ƚɪɟɤ-ɉɚɛɢɫ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɭɠɟ ɜ 50–60-ɟ ɝɝ. ɏɏ ɜ. ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɣɞɚ [w] ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɞɢɨ-ɥɟɤɬɚɯ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ10. ȿɝɨ ɦɹɝɤɢɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɬ [l'] ɭ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ-ɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɚɥɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɡɭɛɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɨ-ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɦɹɝɤɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɸ (ɝɭɛɧɵɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ), ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ [ɟ] ɜ ɢɫɤɨɧɧɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɟ. ɍ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɬɚɪ-ɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪ. ɜɟɧɞɥɢ"ɧɵ [v'endl'¦iny] – ‘ɦɹɫɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ’, ɫɪ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. wĊdliny; ɞɵɪɟɤɬɨ"ɪ-ɤɚ [dyr'ekt¦orka] – ‘ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ-ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ’ ɫɪ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. dyrektorka. ɇɨ ɭɠɟ ɢ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟ-ɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɫɨɫɤɚɥɶɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɲɟɩɟɥɹɜɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɚɥɚɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɡɭɛɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ [t'] ɢ [d'], ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɡɜɭɱɚɬ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ [ü] ɢ [<"]. Ɇɹɝɤɢɟ ɮɪɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭ-ɬɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ. ɂɯ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɪɟɞɧɟɹɡɵɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨ-ɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ [Ğ], [Ĩ] – ɷɬɨ ɭɞɟɥ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɩɨɦɨɥɨɠɟ, ɩɨɡɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɨ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɡɭɛɧɭɸ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɰɢɸ [ł], ɦɹɝɤɢɣ ɠɟ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɣ ɭɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵ-ɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɫ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɵɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɹɝɤɨɫɬɢ. ɍ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɮɨ-________________ 10
ɮɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɵ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɣ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɩɟɫɧɹɯ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɟɳɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɶ ɫɥɵɲɚɥɨɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ [Ğiv¦odĔa], [Ğvid¦aĔija], [Ği<"¦it], [üib'¦a], [d¦umawa], [lubl¦u] ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɡɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɫ ɪɟɱɶɸ ɧɵɧɟ ɭɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞ-ɰɟɜ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XIX–XX ɜɜ. ɂ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɵ ɦɨɥɨɠɟ 50 ɥɟɬ ɡɧɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɹɡɵɱɧɭɸ (ɩɚɥɚɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ) ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɹɡɵɱ-ɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɹɡɵɱ-ɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɝɥɚɣɞ [w] ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɭɛɧɨɝɨ [ł]. 3.2. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɚɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɢɮɢ-ɤɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɢɛɪɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɫɬɶ ɲɭɦɧɵɯ ɫɨ-ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɚɫɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɩɚɥɚɬɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɚɥɚɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ-ɦɹɝɤɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚ-ɬɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ: ɜɟɥɹɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɣɞ vs. ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɛɨ-ɤɨɜɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɚɥɚɬɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɟɪɟɞ [i] ɢ [j], ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ [l]. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: t d s z n w r ü <" Ğ Ĩ Ĕ l r' ɝɞɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ [r] ɢ [r'] ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ „ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ – ɦɹɝɤɢɣ”, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ-ɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪ-ɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɭ ɝɭɛɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɟɳɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɮɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ-ɦɹɝɤɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɧɨɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɩɨɱɟɤ ɬɢɩɚ [C’V] : [C’jV], ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɦɹ"ɫɨ : ɫɟɦɶɹ". ɍ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɦɥɚɞɲɢɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɚɫɢɧ-ɯɪɨɧɧɨɣ, ɣɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɫɬɢ ɝɭɛɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ, ɬ.ɟ. ɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟ-ɧɢɸ [p' j¦aü] [b' j¦ewyj], ɱɬɨ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɭɬɪɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹ ɢ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ, ɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɦɹɝɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜ ɮɨɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɥɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɶ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɮɨɧɟɦɵ [<] ɢ [<], ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɸ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ɞɡɛɚɧ, ɚɞɩɪɚɜɚɞɡɚ"ɬɶ ɢ ɞɠɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɛɚ-ɜɨɱɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɦɹɝɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɮɨɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɥɨɠɟ 60 ɥɟɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚ-ɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɢ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ [ɟ] ɜ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪ.: [par¦apet], [dyr¦ektor], [t¦exĔikum] ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɢɡɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɢɛɪɚɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ.
3.3. ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɤɚɥɢɡɦɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧ-ɧɨ ɛɟɡɭɞɚɪɨɫɨɛɟɧ-ɧɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɨɫɨɛɟɧ-ɧɨɟ ɚɤɚɧɶɟ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɨɫɨɛɟɧ-ɧɨɟ ɹɤɚɧɶɟ
ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɢɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɬɢɜɧɨ-ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɹ-ɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɤɨɧɧɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨ-ɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɱɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. ɍ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɭɞɚɪɧɨɟ [ɨ] ɜ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: [potstav¦ovuju], [koleĪ¦ank'i]. ɍ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɬɦɚ ɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɝɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɧɟɪ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɬɦɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ⱥ. ɉɨɬɟɛɧɢ 1 2 3 1 ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɪɢɬɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɛɥɢɡɤɭɸ ɤ ɩɨɥɶ-ɫɤɨɣ, ɬ.ɟ. 2 2 3 2. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɭɞɚɪɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ-ɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɡɭɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ [ɴ], ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸ-ɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɱɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɦ [ɚ] ɜ ɩɪɟɞɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ – ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɟ – ɝɥɚɫɧɵɦ [ɭ] ɜ ɡɚɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɝɚɯ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɨɧɟɱ-ɧɵɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪ.: [maw¦odyva] – ɦɨɥɞɨɝɨ, [g¦owyt] – ɝɨɥɨɞ, [st¦aryĞü] – ɫɬɚ-ɪɨɫɬɶ, [l¦etym] – ɥɟɬɨɦ, [ j¦exyw] – ɟɯɚɥ, ɧɨ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɝɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪ.: [tynceyv¦aw] – ɬɚɧɰɟɜɚɥ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɧɢɤ-ɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɮɨɮɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɟɡɭɞɚɪ-ɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɤɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɟɡ-ɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɦɨɪɮɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɸɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨ-ɢɡɧɟɫɟɧɢɣ [ɭ] ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɭɞɚɪɧɵɟ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪ.: [m¦awyjɚ] – ɦɚ"ɥɚɹ, [d¦umyju] – ɞɭ"ɦɚɸ, [kɴv¦alerym] – ɤɚɜɚɥɟ"ɪɨɦ, [na j¦agɴdyx] – ɧɚ ɹ"ɝɨɞɚɯ.
ɉɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɟ ɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ, ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɢɦ-ɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɟ. ɋɚ-ɦɵɦ ɹɪɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɟ ɜɟɲa"ɤ (‘ɜɟɲɚɥɤɚ’ ɫɪ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤ. wieszak), ɜɟɲɚɤa", ɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɩɚɪa"ɩɟɬ – ɩɚɪɚɩe"ɬɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɧɭɥɶɬɢɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ. 3.4. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɫɨ-ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɤɚɥɢɡɦɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɬ-ɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɢɡɦɟ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɸ. Ƚɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɜɨɤɚɥɢɡɦ ɩɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɢɡɦɚ.
