Widok Wychowanie do ochrony przyrody na fundamencie wartości prawdy, dobra, piękna oraz wartości ekologicznych

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Prof. nadzw. dr hab. Edyta Wolter

Faculty of History of Education and Nurture Department of Pedagogical Sciences

Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw

Education for environmental protection

on the foundation of the value of truth, kindness,

beauty and ecological values

Wychowanie do ochrony przyrody na fundamencie wartości prawdy,

dobra, piękna oraz wartości ekologicznych

Abstract:

The purpose of the article is to explain how the (indirect) education was realized in the Polish society for the protection of nature in the quarterly "News of the League for Nature Conservation in Poland

Bulletin de la Ligue pour la Protection de la Nature en Pologne” (1933-1934). It presents the meaning of the

idea of environmental protection and the educational value of the idea of environmental protection and application actions in this scope.

Key words: the protection of nature, the idea of environmental protection, Abstrakt::

Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie jak realizowano wychowanie (pośrednie) społeczeństwa polskiego do ochrony przyrody na łamach kwartalnika „Wiadomości Ligi Ochrony Przyrody w Polsce Bulletin de la

Ligue pour la Protection de la Nature en Pologne” w latach 1933-1934. Zaprezentowano w nim znaczenie

idei ochrony przyrody oraz wychowawczy walor idei ochrony przyrody oraz działań aplikacyjnych w tym zakresie.

Słowa kluczowe: ochrona przyrody, idea ochrony przyrody

The values constitute an axiological basis of shaping ecological attitudes, environmental protection. The Platonic Triad has a particular meaning here: truth, justice and beauty, as well as ecological values, such as respect of life, liability for social and natural environment. By initiating the issuing of "News of the League of Nature Conservation in Poland Bulletin de la Ligue pour la Protection de la Nature en

Pologne” (hereinafter: „News of the League of Nature Conservation”)1_{, whose editors}

were: dr Karolina Lublinerówna and prof. dr Marian Sokołowski it was written that

1_{Address to editors and administration of the quarterly: Nowy Świat 2 in Warsaw. This was also the}

address of the Main Board of the League for Nature Conservation and the Warsaw Branch of LNC. Compare: Sprawozdanie Zarządu Głównego Ligi Ochrony Przyrody w Polsce z działalności za czas od 1

stycznia 1933 r. do 31 grudnia 1933 r. (1934), „Wiadomości Ligi Ochrony Przyrody w Polsce Bulletin de la Ligue pour la Protection de la Nature en Pologne” (Kwartalnik poświęcony sprawom ochrony przyrody.

Wydawnictwo Zarządu Głównego Ligi Ochrony Przyrody w Polsce), Warszawa (rok/year 2, 2-4 kwartał/quarter) 1934, zeszyt/volume 2-4, p. 11.

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F I D E S E T R A T I O Strona 239

the the League of Nature Conservation wants to popularize the idea of the protection of nature in the quarterly among the Polish society. Therefore the following aims were specified: first - informing the Polish society about current affairs concerning the protection of nature, second - integrating the fans of nature and enabling them to express themselves in "News of the League of Nature Conservation". The readers and members of the League for Nature Conservation were encourages to cooperate in creating the quarterly. They could send their articles, reports, letters so that "News of the League for Nature Conservation in Poland" could be connected with daily life and

reflect problems, needs, tasks. It could also gather all active workers in the area of environmental protection and win new ones. First of all we wanted to see (...) those, who

should really care about keeping the natural beauty of our land, namely the naturalists, foresters, teachers, tourists, hunters and many young people at school age” (Od Redakcji, 1933/1-3, p. 1).

1. The meaning of the idea of environmental protection

Marian Sokołowski (1933) assumed that the protection of nature is the fruit of deep social and cultural transformations, which occurred in the European culture for thousands of years, starting from the first human fears (people, helpless in confrontation with the miracles of nature, saw supernatural power in it), next, by the conquest of nature, until nowadays, when spiritual/philosophical/ideological values are discovered, when a human being is becoming a friend of nature and is trying to co-exist and co-habit with nature. Trying to understand the reasons of these transformations, Sokołowski quoted the thesis by Jan Kochanowski: „wonderful health

- nobody will know your taste until you fade aways” (ibidem, p. 3). He emphasized the

usefulness of the goods of nature (material and spiritual), because it may influence the human development, the lifestyle and health, it is an inspiration for artists, subject of scientific research and "the remnants of primeval forests, steppes, peats are

irreplaceable museums of nature and places of work for naturalists" (ibidem, p. 4).

According to prof. Marian Sokołowski, the most powerful meaning of nature is its educational role for children and youth, especially thanks to the respect of the rights of nature. The idea of environmental protection also serves to build understanding between nations (e.g. thanks to founding border national parks), to promote the peaceful coexistence of people and it even helps fighting the racial hatred (compare: ibidem, p. 5; compare: Sokołowski, 1933/1-3, p. 26). This was the reason why "News of the League for Nature Conservation in Poland" wrote about the necessity to protect the natural landscape of the Tatra mountains, to prevent the destruction of the future Tatra National Park by tourists and youths during school

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trips. It was stated that the development of the Tatra National Park will not impede the tourism, but it will make it even more attractive thanks to new health resorts, by

the creating in the Tatras a unique natural and touristic miracle in the scale of the Central Europe. (…) It is about keeping the possible unchanged interior of the Tatras, at the redevelopment and civilization of Podtatrze” (The Main Board…, 1933/4, p. 6). January

Kołodziejczyk reminded that the Polish geographer Wacław Nałkowski when writing about the need to create national parks (in the column „Natura i Siła”, in the periodical „Prawda” of 1893) stated: „the humankind will see the moment, when a come

back to nature is not useless, but absolutely impossible, and it will be so because there will not be a place to come back to” (Kołodziejczyk, 1933/4, p. 8). Bolesław Hryniewiecki wrote

about a project of building a cableway to Kasprowy Wierch. He claimed that the project was against the idea of environmental protection and the natural Tatra landscape (compare: Hryniewiecki, 1934/2-4, p. 1-3). There was a comment about this matter in "News of the League for Nature Conservation in Poland" from the Witkiewicz Committee, which was created not only for the purpose of taking care of the artistic output of Stanisław Witkiewicz, but also to realize his idea of the Podhale regionalism and the defense of the natural Tatra landscape.

Komitet Witkiewiczowski recommended to artistic and cultural associations to participate in the protest against the lift to Kasprowy Wierch. The protest was justified in the following resolutions: League for Nature Conservation in Poland, Polish Tatra Association, Polish Nature Association and Physiography Commission of the Polish Academy of Learning (compare: Komitet Witkiewiczowski…, 1934/2-4, p. 4). In this matter the quarterly also encouraged the scouts, the members of the League for Nature Conservation and numbers of Tatra fans (compare: Od Redakcji, 1934/2-4, p. 5). There was information about the need to a further buyout of goods, which are to be included in the future national park in Tatras, thanks were expressed to prof. Władysław Szafer - chairman of the National Council of Nature Conservation and prof. Walery Goetel for his unbroken attitude in this matter (compare: Rezolucja w sprawie…, 1934/2-4, p. 14-15).

As already mentioned in "Wiadomości Ligi Ochrony Przyrody w Polace" it was emphasized that the idea of environmental protection is a valuable cultural and scientific gain. It is also a social action of a considerable educational value, because „nature is health; the sun and air are the best doctors and silence and beauty of the virgin

landscape is the most efficient medicine for tired nervous system of a city person”

(Turowska, 1934/1, p. 5). There were articles about an urgent need to issue a law on environmental protection in Poland, as well as appealing to the Military Institute of Geography with a request to mark the nature reserves in maps, as well as natural monuments and protected objects such as the Polish, Czech and Slovakian National

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Park in Pieniny, Reserve of S. Żeromski in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (compare:

Sprawozdanie…, 1933/4, p. 11-12). The readers were informed about the condition of

the beautiful beech forest reserve in Złoty Potok (Mazoń, 1934/1, p. 5-7), and about projects of creating new reserves in the area of Warsaw, thanks to which precious trees will be under protection (oak, hornbeam, elm, ash), numerous plants in the undergrowth and several erratic rock (compare: Kronika…, 1933/4, p. 14-15).

2. The didactic value of the idea of environmental protection

According to Marian Sokołowski the idea of environmental protection should be accounted for in educational curriculums of all schools. The Ministry of Religions and Public Education in the period of the Second Republic of Poland (1918-1939) undertook actions in this scope, among others, by the organization of the holiday of planting and by recommending to teachers to teach active ecological approach in the didactic and educational process and building nests and bird feeders (compare: Sokołowski, 1933/1-3, p. 6).

The delegates of the League for Nature Conservation at annual conventions of the League for Nature Conservation in Poland discussed the necessity to apply to the Ministry of Relations and Public Eduction with a request to include more of the issue of environmental protection to the educational activity of common schools and teacher training centres (compare: Sprawozdanie…, 1933, p. 24).

In the content of the quarterly "News of the League for Nature Conservation in Poland" people shared information received from the Committee of Protection of the Fir Forest, concerning the project of opening a regional school museum of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, organizationally connected with the Museum of the Polish Sightseeing Society in Kielce. It was stated that it is supposed to serve with an educational support during regional sightseeing courses for teachers. In connection with the project, there will be sections of Fir Forest Young Friends (for children and youths), in the radius/distance of one day trip from school. It was explained that the Board of the Society is composed of five persons: The Main Forest Friend and the

Spring, Summer, Fall or Winter Chronicle Writer in Fir Forest as well as the Treasurer of Forest Friends and two Spring, Summer, Fall or Winter Guards in the Fir Forest. Societies

or sections are organized under the care of a teacher - the Main Forest Friend, who is the constant courier of a given section and the Committee of Fir Forest Protection. The most active sections are awarded with the "Friendship Award" in the form of Stefan Żeromski's piece of work "Fir Forest" or "Świętokrzyskie Diary 1930". It was emphasized in the quarterly that the Fir Forest Protection Committee engaged the local youth in cooperation to prepare the regional bibliography concerning the

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Świętokrzyskie Mountains (compare: Ochrona przyrody…, 1933/4, p. 10-11). It may be added that there was also information about the organizational progress concerning environmental protection in the scouts center (Kronika…, 1933/1-3, p. 27).

3. Appeal of the League of Nature Conservation to teachers

The Main Board of the League for Nature Conservation, in the content of the analyzed periodical, called teachers, teacher organizations to enter the League for Nature Conservation, to organize sections of the League for Nature Conservation in Poland (also at schools), which would work, as in Western Europe, for environmental protection (compare: Sokołowski, 1933/1-3, p. 7). The purpose of developing the idea of environmental protection among the school students and teachers - in "News of the League for Nature Conservation in Poland" published normative acts, which encouraged the active attitudes towards ecology, care for protected objects, feeding birds, building bird feeders (compare: Komunikaty…, 1933/1-3, p. 8-9).

4. Protection of nature at school

In the quarterly there was also a text on the idea of environmental protection at schools, it mentioned precious and worth following initiatives such as the foundation of a school reserve in Miodobory (based on information contained in the "Quarterly Informational Bulletin" of the Delegate of the Minister of Religions and Public Education for Environmental Protection (Wydawnictwa, 1933/1-3, p. 29; compare: Ochrona przyrody…, 1933/1-3, p. 10). As well as on cooperation between sections of school youths and the League for Nature Conservation. It was explained that youths and children at common schools, general and professional secondary schools, teacher seminars, may support the activity of the League for Nature Conservation in Poland, by cooperating with this social association in the form of Young Friends of the League for Nature Conservation in Poland. It was emphasized that the cooperation translates into the knowledge of the idea of the protection of nature and its popularization in the local community, especially by observing the "Young Nature fans Commandments" and financial support of the League for Nature Conservation - thanks to buying (once a year) one 30 grosz worth stamp made by the League, by every Young Friend of the League for Nature Conservation in Poland (compare: Kółka…, 1933/1-3, p. 11). It was stated that the youths should take part (as an organized association: sightseeing section, naturalist section, animal protection, environmental protection) in the work of the League for Nature Conservation and all

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resolutions and reports of particular Sections in the scope of environmental protection, and after acceptance of Section carers, should be provided to the authorities of LNC (compare: ibidem, p. 11). Whereas the organizations of the League of the Nature Conservation (circles, branches, the Main Board) grant to the associations of Young Friends of the League of Nature Conservation in Poland support/help in issues concerning the protection of nature, for example by lending books, slides, photos and other collections from their libraries and (on request of carers) may receive subsidies, speeches or celebrations of The Week of Nature

Protection(compare: ibidem, p. 12). The Ministry of Religions and Public Education accepted the participation of the school youths in the works of the League for Nature Conservation, but only in the form of a sightseeing or naturalist section (compare:

Sprawozdanie…, 1933/1-3, p. 14-15).

4.1. Protection of birds

The quarterly described the active participation (from almost thirty schools in Warsaw) and students of the Warsaw Agricultural University in the action of feeding birds in the school year 1932/1933. The active participation of children from the Institute of the Sight and Hearing Defects (compare: Ochrona ptaków, 1933/1-3, p. 13). There was information about active ecological attitudes of students of common schools in Zduńska Wola, who regularly hang cases for birds and feed them in Winter (compare: Ochrona ptaków…, 1934/2-4, p. 17).

4.2. Protection of healing plants

Valuable floral monuments were also enumerated, as well as their therapeutic qualities, such as: adonis vernalis (Adonis vernalis L.), yew (Taxus boccata) (Turowska, 1934/1, p. 9). A list of wild growing therapeutic herbs in Poland was published with the information which may be collected without limits (because there are many of them) (ibidem, p. 14-17), as well as a list of therapeutic herbs, which may not be collected in the radius of ten kilometers from the borders of cities, which are not capitals of voivodships and in the radius of three kilometers from the provincial city borders (with secondary schools) (ibidem, p. 17-18). There was a list of wild herbs growing in Poland, which should not be picked up, because they are rare and meaningful from scientific point of view (areas of their existence were published). Examples are the following: the already mentioned adonis vernalis (Adonis vernalis

L.), arolla pine (Pinus cembra L.), scrub mountain pine (Pinus montana L.) (ibidem, p.

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arolla pine in the Estern Karpaty and Tatra Mountains against people and animals destructing it. (compare: Na pomoc…, 1934/2-4, p. 18).

4.3. Monuments of nature

In „Wiadomości Ligi Ochrony Przyrody w Polsce” there was a description of an ancient flora of the peatland: Czarny Ług” near Supraśl (compare: Ludera, 1934/2-4, p. 8-9). The readers were informed that based on the decision of the Conservation Office of the District Police for the capital city Warsaw of 17 December 1934 (No. 17 K.-1/217) Lasek Bielański (with the protected area of 46 ha) was recognized as a monument and the Municipal Government of Warsaw took the forest (Lasek Bielański) in lease (compare: Lublinerówna, 1934/2-4, p. 9).

4.4. Exhibitions of environmental protection

The readers of the monthly were informed about exhibitions devoted to the issue of environmental protection. The example may be the Exhibition of Nature Conservation in Białystok, which was organized on: 3-10 December 1933 thanks to efforts of the National Council of the Nature Conservation and the Białystok Branch of the League of Environmental Protection, under the management of prof. Franciszek Ludera. Władysław Szafer and Bolesław Hryniewiecki participated in the inauguration. During the exhibition there was a presentation of national parks - in the form of respectively chosen pieces of landscape from the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, the Tatras, Pieniny, Babia Góra, the Białowieża Forest and Polesie. There was a separate whole of reserves illustrated by the landscape of Ojców, Cieszyn Silesia, the Baltic Sea Coast (compare: Ludera, 1933/4, p. 13). There were also photos of the National Park in Yellowstone and other foreign parks. The organizers prepared sections of the protected species: plants, birds, protected animals, still nature (collections of rocks and minerals) as well as Corner of School Activities, in which works of students were exposed, presented in the form of landscape albums, reports of trips and construction and placement of bird feeding boxes, feeding birds. They also presented an extensive collection of literature devoted to the issue of environmental protection and beekeeping, silk production (compare: ibidem, p. 14).

In 1933 there was a text on preparation works in the framework of the project of organizing and preparing a permanent exhibition of the nature protection in Warsaw (Z życia organizacji, 1933/1-3, p. 10), which was opened on 16 January 1934, ul. Nowy Świat 2/ 2. It was formed thanks to efforts of the Main Board of the League of the Protection of Nature. It was composed of the following seven sections:

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1. General section (destruction of nature, organization and map of reserves) 2. Reserves of the surroundings of Warsaw

3. National Parks 4. Protection of birds

5. Protection of species of plants 6. Protection of animals

7. Protection of still nature (Z życia…, 1934/2-4, p. 16-17).

This was also discussed during the V Annual Convent of the Delegates of the

League of Nature Conservation in Poland, which was held on 15 September 1933 in

Poznań (in Collegium Minus of the Poznań University). It was assumed then that the permanent exhibition of the protection of nature will serve to popularize the idea of the protection of nature in the Polish society (compare: Sprawozdanie…, 1933/4, p. 13).

5. Reading events of the League of Nature Conservation

Members of the Main Board of the League of Nature Conservation made speeches (in Poland and abroad), devoted to the issue of the protection of nature. Bolesław Hryniewiecki (during the anniversary of 100 years of the Botanic Garden in

Dijon, at the Convent of the French Botanic Society in Nancy and at the meeting of

foresters and botanists in Montpellier) made a speech entitled „About Parks and

Reserves in Poland”. The readers of „Wiadomości Ligi Ochrony Przyrody w Polsce”

were informed that Marian Sokołowski – professor of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (among others) „On the organization of the protection of nature” (during Week of

Nature Conservation), „On the Protection of Nature” (in Łowicz), „On the Need of Cooperation of Teachers and the Authorities of the Protection of Nature” (during the

General Assembly of the Teachers of Poland). He also gave two speeches by the radio entitled: „On the Protection of Nature”, „On the Nature of Mountains”, and also during a course for instructors of education outside schools „On the Protection of Nature”, „On

the Progress of Environmental Protection” (compare: Sprawozdanie Zarządu…, 1934/2-4,

p. 13).

During the Day of the Protection of Nature organized by the Main Board of the League of Nature Conservation and the Warsaw Committee of the National Council of Nature Conservation on 29 January 1933 the following speeches were given: prof. the Warsaw University of Life Sciences Seweryn Dziubałtowski entitled „Plants of the

National Park of S. Żeromski in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains”, prof. of the Poznań

University Jan Gabriel Grochmalicki entitled „Results of ten years of breeding wisent in

Poland”, prof. AGH Walery Goetel entitled „Journey in the Alpine National Parks (Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy)”, prof. of the Jagiellonian University Władysław

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Szafer entitled „Progress of Environmental Protection in Poland” (compare: ibidem). It may be added that the above mentioned speeches were illustrated with films and slides. Besides, the Main Board of the League of Nature Conservation took part in numerous convents, meetings, assemblies (among others the Committee of the Protection of Fir Forest), in The Forest Holiday and Week of Nature Conservation (compare: ibidem, p. 14).

6. Environmental protection abroad

In „Wiadomości Ligi Ochrony Przyrody w Polsce” there was a text on the formation of the League of Nature Conservation in Czechoslovakia (Ceskoslovenska

liga pro ochranu prirody), in which the Professor of the University of Prague dr Karel

Domin was very active (compare: Ochrona…, 1933/1-3, p. 12-13). Texts were written about a cooperation of the Club of Czechoslovakian Tourists and the Polish Tatra Society in the scope of the completion of the National Park in the Tatras (compare:

Ochrona…, 1934/2-4, p. 15-16).

Publishings

There were recommendations of publications concerning environmental protection. An example may be the following publications of the National Council of Nature Conservation: "Ochrona Przyrody" and "Kwartalny Biuletyn Informacyjny" of the Delegate of the Ministry of Religions and Public Enlightenment for the Protection of Nature, as well as scientific monographes, such as the work of Józef Paczoski entitled „The Białowieża Forests”. The following may also serve as examples: J. Morozewicz's „Liga Ochrony Przyrody”, A. Janowski's „Chrońmy przyrodę ojczystą”, M. Sokołowski's „Zabytki przyrody i rezerwaty w okolicach Warszawy”. Among the publications of the Environmental Society of Stanisław Staszic in Łódź there was W. Szafer's „Motywy ochrony przyrody” (compare: Wydawnictwa, 1933/1-3, p. 29-31).

The monthly „Ziemia” was recommended (Body of the Polish Sightseeing Society) and "Free Addition to the Sightseeing Monthly for Youths the Flight of the Eagle Devoted to the Protection of Nature" (which was issued by the National Council of Nature Conservation) (compare: Wydawnictwa, 1934/4, p. 16). Besides, they published a list of fourteen books concerning the issue of protected healing plants (Bibliografia…, 1934/1, p. 22). There was an article about the work of Jan Sokołowski: „Ptaki ziem polskich”, issued by the League of Nature Conservation from the support of the Fund of the National Culture (ten volumes) (compare:

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The Readers were informed that in the Library of the League of Nature Conservation (date of 1933) there are publications devoted to the issue of environmental protection (219 catalog issues to be used free of charge by the members of the League of Nature Conservation) and 370 slides. It was marked that the following magazines were donated to the Library of the League of Nature Conservation: „Wierchy”, „Przegląd Turystyczny”, „Ziemia”, „Łowiec Polski”, „Wiadomości Geograficzne”. Whereas „Orli Lot” was subscribed (compare:

Sprawozdanie…, 1934/2-4, p. 14).

It should be emphasized that the issue of education for ecological attitudes, environmental protection undertaken in the quarterly “News of the League for Nature Conservation in Poland Bulletin de la Ligue pour la Protection de la Nature en

Pologne” in the period of twenty years between the two world wars (1918-1939)

constitutes an implication of the Polish culture heritage, as well as the antecedence of the recent trends of development of ecological education in the 21st century.

Bibliography:

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