Changes at the Job Market in Poland in 1980-1993

Janina Szubstarska

Changes at the Job Market in Poland

in 1980-1993

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio H, Oeconomia 28, 189-197

A N N A L E S

U N I V E R S I T A T I S M A R I A E C U R I E - S K L O D O W S K A L U B L I N — P O L O N I A

VOL. X X V III, 15 SECTIO H 1994

Z a k ł a d N a u k o P r a c y W y d z i a łu E k o n o m ic z n e g o U M C S

J a n i n a S Z U B S T A R S K A

Changes at the Job Market in Poland in 1990— 1993

Z m iany na ryn k u pracy w P o lsce w latach 1990— 1993

R eform s of Polish econom y s ta rte d in a u tu m n 1989, assum ed com plete econom ic sy stem tra n sfo rm atio n s in w hich m a rk e t m echanism s should p la y th e m a jo r role and th e y caused, am ong others:

— liq u id atio n of fu nctioning of deficit econom y and disclosure of excessive em ploym ent (20— 30% p rev io u sly em ployed),1

— in tro d u ctio n of m a rk e t prices for final p ro d u cts and applied factors of th e production,

— su b jectio n of th e econom y to com petition, dem onopolization and re stru c tu riz a tio n ,

— g rad u a l sp read ing th e m ark e t need of e x p en d itu res rationalization, th a t is saving th em and choosing th e s tru c tu re on a base of estim ation of relatio n s b etw een th e ir p ro d u ctiv ity and costs.

The change of econom ic system caused im p o rta n t changes at th e job m a rk e t th a t appeared in a v e ry sh o rt tim e. T ran sfo rm atio n of th e job m a rk e t from m a rk e t w ith a p ro tra c te d lack of m an p o w er to m a rk e t of in­ su fficien t d em and fo r th e job w ith p e rm a n e n tly rising open unem ploy­ m e n t w as th e m ost ch aracteristic.

1 E stim ation s o f M in istry of Job and S o cia l P o lic y [in:] P rogram o f U n em p lo y ­ m e n t C ou n teraction and S o ften in g Its N e g a tiv e R esu lts. ”R yn ek P r a c y ” 1993, N o 6, s. 2.

190 Jan in a S zubstarska

L E G A L -IN ST IT U T IO N A L C H A N G ES

A rising job m a rk e t directed by economic m echanism s req u ired creation of legal base to its functioning; these are tw o acts (w ith m any changes): u n em poym ent act of 28 D ecem ber 1989 as w ell as e m p lo y ­ m ent and unem p loy m en t act of 16 O ctober 1991.2

According to th ese acts th e public service reg ard in g em p loy m ent and u n em ploym ent (job ad m inistration ) w as appointed and to th e end of 1992 it was su b o rd in ated to com m on ad m in istratio n and since 1 J a n u a ry 1993 it has played th e role of special ad m in istratio n. A t c e n tral su m m it, M inistry of Job and Social Policy as w ell as su b o rdinated to it — Job Departm ent:, are the: organs of th a t ad m in istration . To th e basal fun ctio n of M inistry we can count, am ong, others, d e lim itatio n of s ta te policy in a b ran ch of ? em ploym ent and job m ark e t, endurance of b ud get m eans for its realizatio n and p re p a ra tio n of n ecessary law acts. Job D e p a rtm en t plays organ izatio n al-ex ecu tiv e functions and an aly tical ones realizing th e d elim itated sta te policy basing on th e e x tra cte d m eans, co-creating and applying th e in stru m e n ts of job m a rk e t such as: em ploym ent agencies, orientation and job guidance, professional schooling of unem ployed, in ­ terv e n tio n jobs and . public w orks, su p ply ing th e developm ent of sm all- -bussiness and new job places. Job D ep artm en t also coordinates the activity of 49 provincial job d e p a rtm e n ts th a t a re su b m itte d by 353 regional job d e p a rtm e n ts realizing in th e ir own areas th e w ide sp ectru m of activities in a ran g e of em ploym ent, co u n teractin g un em p lo y m en t and softening its resu lts. Because in Poland th e system of u n em p lo y m en t insurance has not come into being u n til now, th e regional job d e p a rtm e n ts are engaged in th e unem ployed reg istra tio n and u n em p loy m en t benefit paying.

All th e activities of these d e p a rtm e n ts at th e job m ark e t, b o th p ro ­ tective and activ atin g unem ployed, are financed from Job F un d created from obligatory shares of firm s and from budget m eans. The o bligatory shares of firm s are counted from th e sum of m eans for w ages at the level of1 3% (to th e end of 1992 it w as 2%).3

Aside to th e M inister of Job th e re w as appointed th e M ain E m ploym ent Council; sim ilar councils fun ctio n aside provincial and regional job dep artm en ts. They are ad v iso ry -co nsu ltative organs (w ith no decision

2 L egal A ct on E m p loym en t from 28.12.1989. ’’D zien n ik U sta w ” N o 75, pos. 446 as w e ll as L egal A ct on E m p loym en t and U n em p lo y m en t of 16.10.1991. ’’D zien n ik U sta w ” N o 106, art. 457.

3 The b udget su b sid y covered about 63% su m m ary ex p e n sis from T he Job Fund in 1993.

C hanges at th e Job M arket in P olan d in 1980— 1993 191

rights), rep resen tin g tra d e unions, em ployers, sta te ad m in istratio n and te rrito ria l governm ents.

B ehind th e range of in te rest of p ublic service regarding to em ploy­ m en t and un em p lo y m en t th e re are people rep resen tin g free occupiers (artists, w rite rs, c u ltu re creato rs) as w ell as persons w orking on a base of w o rk agreem en t or ag reem ent-m essage th a t are at p rese n t tim e m ore o ften Used fo r tem p o ral em ploym ent, specially in p riv a te sector in o rd er to avoid services for social insurance and o th e r strains. It reduces the effect of em ploym ent service on situ a tio n a t th e job m ark e t ju st like in th e g re y sp here of economy.

The situ atio n at th e job m a rk e t is a resu lt of m an y d iffe re n t and v e ry com plicated changes in econom y th a t progress not only u n d e r influence of in itiated m echanism s of m a rk e t econom y b u t also as a resu lt of econom ic and social policy of th e state. The fo u r y e a rs’ period of effects of th ese changes p e rm its to catch some tendencies at th e job m a rk e t th a t w ill be p resen ted below. T hey are:

— decrease of a social job activity, — still increasing un em ploym ent,

— sm all n u m b er of free places su b m itted by em ployers.

THE N UM BER OF EM PLO YED

G ath erin g n um eric d a ta on em ployed in nation al economy, The M ain S ta tistica l D ep artm en t (GUS) tak es into account th e follow ing groups of people: hired w orkers em ployed on a base of w ork agreem ent, em ployers and those w orking on th e ir ow n account, agents w orking on a base of agency ag reem ents and agreem ent-m essages, m em bers of ag ric u ltu ra l collective farm s, hom e-w orkers, w orking in the areas of w ork ers of na­ tio n al a g ric u ltu ra l farm s as w ell as p rie sts of all religions.

D uring th re e years, th a t is from th e s ta r t of 1990 to th e end of 1992 th é nu m b er of em ployed decreased by about 2 m ln people. This decrease w as not uniform . The highest one, about 1,1 m ln people, was noted in 1990, low er — about 600,000 people in 1991 and th e low est — about 300,000 in 1992. At th e end of th e first h alf of 1993, th e n u m b er of em ployed increased by about 200,000 people. Inhib ition of such a decrease can by reg arded as some success, despite th e fact th a t it appeared on avery low level in accordance w ith th e n u m b er of population and th e real reso u r­ ces of m an pow er. The p opulation in th e m entioned period increased ab o u t 467.000, and the co n trib u tio n of people em ployed to th e whole po­ p u la tio n decreased v e ry m uch — from 46.3% at th e end of 1989 to 41.4% at th e end of 1993 (Tab. 1).

192 Janina S zu b starsk a

Tab. 1. The em p loyed in n a tio n a l econ om y of P o la n d in 1989— 1993 (state on 31.12) Z atru d n ien ie w gosp od arce narod ow ej P o lsk i w latach 1989— 1993 (stan na 31.12)

S p ecifica tio n 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1. Sum o f em p loyed — p eople in m ln 17.6 16.5 15.9 15.6 15.8 * — p revious period = 100,0 X 93.8 96.3 98.5 101.4 2. E m ployed beyond in d iv id u a l agricu ltu re — people in m ln 13.5 12.4 11.8 11.4 11.4 — previous period = 100,0 X 92.0 95.0 96.6 100.0 am ong th em in sectors : in d u stry X 88.6 91.4 96.9 100.8 arch itectu re X 88.8 96.8 102.2 96.8 transport X 91.1 84.7 96.7 97.4 trade X 100.6 115.9 95.7 104.0 ed u cation X 103.6 94.6 104.4 98.8 h ealth secu rity X 101.8 95.1 102.8 96.8 start.e

a d m in istration X 94.5 118.9 117.4 109.3 * S ta te on 30.06.

Source: ’’R zeczp osp olita” of 7.08.1993. A d d ition : S ta tistics of P o la n d as w e ll as ’’R zeczp osp olita” of 7.02.1994. A d d ition : S ta tistics of P olan d .

The larg e r decrease of th e n u m b er of em ployed was in econom y b ra n ­ ches — out of individual a g ric u ltu re — about 2.1 m ln people. This decrease was d iffe re n t in th e p a rtic u la r branch es of economy. In th e first y e a r of reform s, the highest decrease took place in in d u stry , a rc h ite c tu re and tra n sp o rt. In a rc h ite c tu re and tra n s p o rt it k ep t also in th e n e x t years, and in in d u stry it was stopped in 1993. The econom y b ran ches w ith the h ighest increase of em ploym ent w ere sta te ad m in istratio n (except of 1990) and tra d e (except for 1992). In sta te a d m in istra tio n this increase w as, am ong others, due to increase in em p loym en t in self-go vernm ent adm inis­ tra tio n finance d e p a rtm e n ts and job dep artm en ts.

From th e view -point of economic system tran sfo rm atio n s, system atic increase of th e em ployed in p riv a te sector — up to 59.6% in Ju n e 1993, is an im p o rtan t factor to v aluation. Beyond th e indiv idu al a g ric u ltu re , con­ trib u tio n of this sector increased from 31.2% (D ecem ber 1989) to 45.6% (June 1993). The hig hest p ercen tage of em ployed in p riv a te sector is in tra d e — 92% and a rc h ite c tu re — 77.6%.4

In economic u n its w ith 5 and m ore em ployed people th e re can be seen a slig h tly d iffe re n t view of changes. The n u m b e r of em ployed persons decreased d u rin g 1993 by about 2.8% and th is decrease took place in all

C hanges at th e Job M arket in P olan d in 1980— 1993 ₁₉₃

qu arters. It is proved by W. K rencik th a t it has not been stopped in th is firm s y e t.5

Sim ilar m isgivings arise due to rep re sen ta tiv e investigations of GUS. C om paring th e re su lts of th ese investigations in N ovem ber 1993 and F e b ru a ry 1994, we m ay find th a t th e n u m b er of em ployed decreased in the m entioned period b y about 494,000 persons 6. M oreover, from these in v esti­ gations it follow s th a t th e s tru c tu re of th e em ployed reg ard in g economic sectors still d e p a rts from th e s tru c tu re of econom ically developed countries. In ag ric u ltu re and fo re stry alm ost 1/4 of all em ployed p o p ulation w orks, in in d u stry and a rc h ite c tu re — 31.7%, and in services — 43.7%.

These investigations (in sh o rt BAEL) are carried in d ep en d en tly of official sta te statistics, in accordance w ith in te rn atio n a l ru les and d e fin i­ tions. They are m ore rigoristic because, fo r exam ple, to th e em ployed th e re are counted all persons of m ore th a n 15 y ears of age, th a t in th e w eek w h en investigations are carried, have w orked for m oney at least 1 hour.

To th e im p o rta n t changes th a t ap p eared at th e job m a rk e t in th e in ­ vestigated period th e re m u st be counted th e change of p ro p o rtio n betw een th e n u m b er of em ployed persons and n u m b e r of em ployers as w ell as w orking on th e ir ow n account. The n u m b er of em ployed decreased from 12,088,000 persons in 1989 to 9,453,000 in 1992, th a t is about 2,6 m ln persons (22%). The n u m b er of em ployers increased in th a t tim e (to g eth er w ith w ork in g on th e ir ow n account) from 4,957,000 to 5,883,000 people, th a t is by about 926,000 people (11.9%).7 It proves a diractio n and d e p th of changes in p ro p e rty tra n sfo rm atio n s seen at th e job m ark et.

THE LEVEL A N D ST R U C TU R E OF U NEM PLO YM EN T

The in fo rm atio n on th e ran g e of un em p lo ym en t in Poland comes from tw o sources. The first one are statistics of regional job d ep artm en ts, reg istra tin g th e unem ployed in accordance w ith th e req u irem e n ts in legal acts, th e second one is sta te d before th e in vestigations on social economic activ ity (BAEL), carried by rep re sen ta tiv e m etho d by The M ain S tatistical D e p a rtm en t (GUS) e v e ry q u a rte r, s ta rtin g from M ay 1992 and ad ju ste d to th e needs of in te rn atio n a l statistics. B oth m ethodology of these in v estig a­ tions and adopted definitions of unem ployed persons are not com parable

5 W. K r e n c i k : C hanges at th e Job M arket in 1993. ’’P raca i Z ab ezp ieczen ie S p o łeczn e” 1994 N o 5, pp. 4— 5.

6 T he less num ber of us are w ork in g. ’’R zeczp osp olita” of 13 M ay 1994. A d d ition M ark ets-F irm s, p. 6.

7 W. K r e n c i k : P rob lem s of th e job m ark et in P olan d according to th e sta te report on a sta te con d ition (attem p t at estim ation ). ’’P raca i Z ab ezp ieczen ie S p o ­ łe c z n e ” 1994 N o 1, p. 4.

194 Jan in a S zubstarska

Because of rela tiv e ly sh o rt period of c a rry in g them , m ainly th e data of job d e p a rtm e n ts are going to be used. T h eir analysis for 1990— 1993 p e rm its to point to th e follow ing m ain a ttrib u te s of u nem ploym ent in Poland:

1) fast increase of the n u m b er of unem ployed and u nem ploym ent rate, 2) high co n trib u tio n of unem ployed in groups of young age,

3) increasing p a rticip a tio n of unem ployed of low education, 4) increasing c o n trib u tio n of lon g -term unem ployed,

5) high share of unem ployed wom en,

6) increasing p articip atio n of unem ployed w ith o u t rig h t for taking the un em p loy m en t benefit,

7) large space d iffe re n tia tio n of unem plo ym ent rate. Most of these a ttrib u te s are confirm ed by th e d a ta in Table 2.

The m ost of unem ployed w ere registered in 1990 — over 1.1 m ln people. They m ade 6.1% of civil society active in job. In 1991 alm ost 1 m ln of unem ployed w ere added and this caused an increase of u n em plo y­ m en t ra te to 11.4%. 1992 was the year of th e low est increase of u n em ­ ployed in absolute num bers; it was 350,000; a little h ig h er increase of unem ployed — about 380,000 was noted in 1993.

N ow adays, Poland can be counted am ong th e countries of the hig h est un em p lo y m ent ra te in E urope (15.7%). It is w o rth adding th a t G U S’ś rep re sen ta tiv e investigations (BAEL) confirm th e high unem ploym ent

l a b . 2. L evel and m ain attrib u tes o f u n em p loym en t stru ctu re in P olan d in 1000— 1993 (state on 31.12)

P oziom i g łó w n e cech y stru k tu ry bezrobocia w P o lsce w latach 1990— 1993 (stan na 31.12)

S p ecifica tio n 1990 1991 1992 1993 1. Sum of u n em p loyed in th ou san ds

o f p eop le 1,126.1 2,155.6 2,509.3 2,889.6 2. U n em p lo y m en t rate in % 6.1 11.4 13.6 15.7 3. C ontribution to w h o le num ber of

u n em p lo y ed (in %):

— w o m en 50.9 52.6 53.4 52.2 — p eop le to age of 34 — 65.0 7"2.3 63.0

— p eo p le w ith fu ll and partial elem en ta ry ed u ca tio n as weJI as elem en ta ry occu p ation al

ed u ca tio n 67.4 69.6 71.4 — p eop le w ith o u t th e right to

u n em p lo y m en t b en efit 28.8 25.0 47.7 51.7 — b ein g w ith o u t a job longer

th a n 12 m onths — — 45.2 44.8 S ou rce: S ta tistic a l A n n u a l o f G U S 1991, p. 106. S ta tistic a l A n n u a l o f G U S 1992, pp. 108— 109. ’’R yn ek P ra cy ” 1992 N o 1, pp. 43— 46. ’’R y n ek P r a c y ” 1993 N o 1, pp. 31— 35. ’’R yn ek P ra cy ” 1994 N o 2, pp. 80— 84.

C hanges at th e Job M arket in P oland in 1980— 1993 ₁₉₅

rate. In N ovem ber 1992 it w as close to th a t in Table 2 and was 13.7%, how ever in N ovem ber 1993 it was a little low er and w as 14,9%.

E stim ating th e increase of un em p loy m en t in Poland, M. K abaj sta te s th a t from J a n u a ry 1990 to J u ly 1993, un em p loy m en t was increasing by about 3,000 people every w orking day. One can say th a t each d ay one big firm was liq u id ated .8

A nalysing th e s tru c tu re of unem p lo ym ent it should be pointed out th a t m ore o fte n w om en sta y w ith o u t a job. They are 52— 53% am ong u n e m ­ ployed. A n o th er a ttrib u te of un em p lo y m ent s tru c tu re is young age of people w ith o u t a job. A p pro x im ately 2/3 of unem ployed are people of age to 34 (Tab. 2), and th e sh a re of unem ployed aged 33 and m ore, w as in the investig ated period only 1.7— 2.0%. P a rtic ip a tio n of persons w ith th e low est education w hich a t th e end of 1993 w ere 71.4% of unem ployed population, is still grow ing in th e s tru c tu re of unem ployed. T hey are p e r ­ sons w ith fu ll e le m en ta ry education and p a rtia l one as w ell as elem en tary occupational education. The sh are of unem ployed w ith o u t rig h t to u n e m ­ plo y m en t benefit, w ho in th e first tw o years of th e investigated period w ere 1/5 to 1/4 of all, also increases and late ly th ey have been over h a lf of unem ployed.

Tab. 3. Job offers in P olan d in 1990— 1993 (state at th e end of th e quarter) O ferty p racy w P o lsce w latach 1990— 1993 (stan na k on iec k w artału )

Y ears N um ber of o ffers _{in th ou san ds}

N um ber of u n em p loyed per 1 job offer 1990 I 24.1 11.1 II 42.5 13.7 m 61.0 15.2 IV 54.1 20.8 1991 i 45.8 28.9 i i 47.4 33.2 i i i 48.0 41.1 IV 29.1 73.9 1992 1 26.8 82.7 II 31.7 72.5 111 40.5 61.7 IV 22.9 109.6 1993 I 27.2 97.4 II 37.0 73.0 III 41.8 68.0 IV 21.7 133,1 Source: S ta tistica l A n n u a l of G U S 1993, p. 122. ’’R yn ek P r a c y ” 1993 No 4, p. 70. ’R yn ek P r a c y ” 1993 N o 7, p. 82. ’’R yn ek P r a c y ” 1993 No 10, p. 64. ’’R yn ek P r a c y ” 1994 ?;o 1. p 79.

* M. K a b a j : O u tlin e of th e program of u n em p lo y m en t cou n teraction . ’’P raca i Z a b ezp ieczen ie S p o łeczn e” 1993 N o 10— 11, p. 1.

196 Jan in a S zu b starsk a

An im p o rtan t a ttrib u te of u nem p lo y m en t is also large p a rticip a tio n of long-term unem ployed am ong th e to ta l n u m b er of searching fo r job. People rem aining w ith o u t a job over 12 m onths m ake about 45% of all th e unem ployed b u t in absolute n u m b ers it grew in 1993 (1,294,700 people in relatio n to 1,134,100 a t th e end of 1992).

Like in ev ery cou n try, unem p lo ym ent in Poland is ch aracterized by a large space differen tiatio n . The un em p lo y m en t ra te in provinces w ith th e low est and th e highest u n em p loym ent w as as 1:4. It refe rs both to 1992 w hen th e ra te in W arsaw province was 5.9% and in K oszalin province — 24.1%, and to 1993 w hen th e low est un em p lo y m en t ra te seen in C ra­ cow province — 7.2% and th e h ighest one in K oszalin province — 28.7%. F o r th re e years th e list of regions and com m unes w ith specially high s tru c tu ra l unem p lo ym ent has b een c a rrie d on. 412 com m unes are in it; am ong them th e re are all com m unes of Lodz, S łupsk and W ałbrzych provinces. These regions tak e the special s ta te h elp and th ey are given about 3 tim es m ore m eans for th e figh t ag ainst th e unem ploym ent. The unem ployed in these regions have the rig h t fo r tak in g th e u nem p loy ­ m en t ben efit longer, not 12 b u t 19 m onths. M oreover, in these regions m any in stru m e n ts for economic activ ity and in vestm en ts are in use,

JOB O FFER S . ■ ■

At th e end of 1989 th e r e 'w e r e 25.4 free job places p e r one person locking for a job. This facto r displayed th e existence of w o rk e r’s job m a r­ ket. From 1990 th a t situ a tio n has g en erally changed. F o r one job o ffe r from em ployers the h ig h er n u m b er of unem ployed have w aiting. We can s ta te th a t th an k s to estim atio n of th a t facto r at th e end of th e q u a rte rs of the p a rtic u la r y ears (Tab. 3). It is v e ry d iffe re n t and it decreases in q u a rte r IV (except fo r 1990), w hich shows th e seasonal drop of economic situ atio n at th e job m ark et. The high increase of unem ployed in some occupations (for instance arc h ite c tu ra l) at th e end of th e y e a r confirm s this.

Considering th e sta te situ a tio n at th e end of the y e a r one can see th a t the n u m b er of unem ployed p er one job o ffer still increases. In 1990 it w as 20,8, in 1991 — 73,9, in 1992 — 109.6 and in 1993 — 133. The n u m b er of job offers is v e ry sm all com pared w ith the n u m b e r of unem ployed looking for a job. M oreover, d iffe re n tia tio n of th is facto r on a national scale is very high. From th e d ata of Job D e p a rtm en t edited in ’’Życie G ospodarcze” it resu lts th a t p e r one job o ffe r as a w o rk er, th e re w ere in Zamość province — 1,208 persons searchin g for a job, in O strołęka

9 E conom ic S itu a tio n in th e C ountry. T he Job M arket. ’’Ż ycie G ospodarcze” 1994 No 5, p. 50.

C hanges at th e Job M arket in P olan d in 1980— 1993 ₁₉₇

province — 956 and in K rosno province — 772 9. It testifies to a dram atic situatio n at th e job m ark e ts in th ese provincies. The chances of finding an em ploym ent w ith such a low dem and for a job are p ractically close to zero.

Changes at th e job m a rk e t can be th e source of m an y th reats. U nem ploym ent is of chronic and m assive ch aracter. It is an im p o rtan t economic, social and p o litical problem . Its ran ge w ould be la rg e r unless th ere w as possibility for sooner re tire m e n t or d isa b ility pension for p a rt of w orkers. From th e d a ta of Statistics, A nalyses and Prognoses D e p a rt­ m en t of Social In su ran ce In stitu tio n it resu lts th a t in th e 80’s th e n u m b er of given th e re tire m e n t pensions w as about 130,000 and d isab ility pensions — about 180,000. In 1991 (record year), 500,000 re tire m e n t and over 300,000 d isability pensions w ere given. E very sev en th pension paid in Poland was given u n d er th e act about sooner re tire 10 (the n u m b er of retire d em ployees and pensioners at the end of 1993 was 8,729,600 persons). The average age of sooner re tire d em ployees is 52 fo r w om en and 58 for men.

In th e n earest y ears th e situ atio n at th e job m a rk e t m ay get worse due to th e h ig h er g row th of job resources w hich follows from th e second a fte r-w a r dem ographic explosion.

In th e view of th e problem s above th e re arises an u rg e n t need for im provem ent of efficiency of p ast em ploym ent policy and policy in the range of u n em plo y m en t lim itation.

S T R E S Z C Z E N I E

Z m ian y sy stem u gospodarczego w P o lsce, rozpoczęte pod k oniec 1989 roku, zm ien iły w isto tn y sp osób m ech an izm y fu n k cjo n o w a n ia i sy tu a cję na rynku pracy. R yn ek ten w bardzo krótkim czasie p rzek ształcił się z rynku pracy o sta ły m , dużym niedoborze siły roboczej w ryn ek n ied o sta teczn eg o p opytu na pracę. C echą rynku pracy jest m asow e, szyb k o n arastające bezrobocie. D o tyczy ano g łó w n ie ludzi m ło ­ dych, o n isk ich k w a lifik a cja ch , częściej k o b iet n iż m ężczyzn. R ośnie liczba d łu g o ­ tr w a le bezrobotnych oraz osób bez p raw a do zasiłk u . N a n iek tó ry ch lo k a ln y ch i r e ­ g io n a ln y ch ryn k ach pracy p rob lem y te w y stęp u ją z dużo w ięk szy m n asilen iem . In n ą cechą zm ian na rynku pracy jest spadek liczb y p racujących, zm ian y w stru k tu rze oraz znikom a liczba ofert pracy zgłaszan ych przez p racodaw ców .

10 W. P r e t k i e l : S u rp risin g fa cts ign oran ce. ’’Z ycie G ospodarcze” 1994 N o 1, p. 31.