S U R V E Y OF SOVIET PAPYROLOGY 427 n a t e d t o t h e S t a t e t h e n existed also t w o kinds of other corporations: a) cor-porations of free workers a n d b) corcor-porations d e p e n d e n t from great land-owners. T h e corporations of t h e f i r s t kind conserved some appearance of auto-n o m y a auto-n d democratic coauto-nstitutioauto-n (the eligibility of a h e a d of a corporatioauto-n, regular meetings etc.). T h e corporations of t h e second kind acted u n d e r t h e m a n a g e m e n t of t h e geouchos t h r o u g h t h e kephaleotai who were a p p o i n t e d t o a period suitable f o r t h e geuchos. T h e m e m b e r s of t h e corporations of t h e f i r s t kind were b o u n d t o g e t h e r mainly on fiscal lines and these of t h e second kind, on fiscal a n d p r o d u c t i o n lines.
I. F . F i к h m a n, Remeslo i krupnoe imenie ν Vizantiyskom Egypte. (Po dan-nym grecheskikh papirusov) = Handicrafts and large estate in the Byzantine Egypt (after the data of the Greek papyri). Palestinskiy Sbornik, fasc. 7 (70). Moscow-Leningrad, 1962, pp. 51-88.
I n this essay t h e i m p o r t a n c e of h a n d i c r a f t s is examined for t h e e c o n o m y of secular a n d ecclesiastical large e s t a t e s ; t h e professions of artisans on t h e staff of large e s t a t e s are discussed, t h e n t h e f o r m s of application a n d p a y -m e n t of h a n d r i c r a f t work on t h e e s t a t e (upon a n e x a -m i n a t i o n of t h e d a t a concerning irrigation, production of ceramics, building t r a d e etc.) a n d t h e situation of artisans employed on large estates. T h e r e are enclosed t h r e e tables supplying: 1. t h e acknowledgements of a receipt of i m p l e m e n t s ; 2. t h e i m p l e m e n t s given out b y large e s t a t e ; 3. t h e i m p l e m e n t s let by large e s t a t e .
I. F . F i к h m a η, К problème socialnogo sostava remeslennikov ν Egipte IV— serediny VII v. n.e. Problemy socialno-ekonomicheskoy istorii drevnego mira. Sbornik pamyati akademika Α. I. Tiumeneva = The social composition of han-dicrafts men in Egypt in the period of the IV to the middle of the VII century A.D. The problems of social and economic history of the ancient world. A col-lection of essays in memory of the Academician A. I. Tiumenev. Moscow-Leningrad, 1963, p p . 355-356.
T h e servile l a b o u r did n o t play a n d even could not play a great role i n this period of t h e f a r gone decline of t h e slaveholding society. T h e m a i n group of c r a f t s m e n consisted of free men. T h e workers of S t a t e factories, h e r e d i t a r i l y and compulsovily a t t a c h e d to their occupations, could n o t be considered f r e e in t h e full m e a n i n g of t h e t e r m . T h e m a j o r i t y of E g y p t i a n c r a f t s m e n in-herited t h e professions of their p a r e n t s n o t in t h e w a y of compulsion b u t owing to t h e economic conditions and t r a d i t i o n . T h e compulsory h e r e d i t a r y b i n d i n g t o a profession c a n n o t be proved as existing in t h e I V c e n t u r y (cf. P . Ryl. I V , 654) nor, as assumed T h . Reil, in l a t e r times.
