Natalia Lytvynenko
Accounting policies in mutual
internal settlements organization
according to financial accounting
and reporting standards of Ukraine
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio H, Oeconomia 46/4,
503-513
U N I V E R S I T A T I S M A R I A E C U R I E - S K Ł O D O W S K A L U B L I N - P O L O N I A
VOL. XLVI, 4 SECTIO H 2012
Lvov Polytechnic National University, Department of Accounting and Analysis
N A TA LIA LYTVYNENKO
Accounting policies in mutual internal settlements
organization according to financial accounting
and reporting standards o f Ukraine
Polityka rachunkowości w obszarze wzajemnych rozrachunków jednostek powiązanych według rachunkowości finansowej i standardów sprawozdawczości na Ukrainie
Keywords: accounting, accounting policy, mutual internal settlements, the procedure of accounting, measurement, inventory, accounts
Słowa kluczowe: rachunkowość, polityka w rachunkowości, wzajemne rozrachunki, procedury rachun kowości, pomiar, inwentaryzacja, konta
Introduction
Special nature o f management o f a multilevel company with a compound struc ture requires methodologically new approaches to organizing the accounting. To the foreground comes the task of constructing a stable system of interrelation of subjects o f integrated structures that cannot function without properly developed methodologi cal basis on the level of a state as well as on the level of an enterprise. This function is performed by the accounting policy of an enterprise which is perceived as “the unity o f principles, methods and procedures used by an enterprise to draft and submit financial reports”1. This internal envisages a legitimate possibility for an enterprise to choose different methodological accounting techniques including the methods of
1 Закон Украши «Про бухгалтерский облж та фшансову звИшсть в УкрашЬ» вщ 16.07.1999, № 996-XIV.
assessing assets and liabilities when performing internal settlements among enterprises or their associations. Therefore, while developing their accounting policy, enterprises have to take into account not only multiplicity o f treatment o f the concept apparatus but also pay attention to the wide circle of users o f financial reports whose needs define accounting measurements.
The above presented proves topicality of the theme and stipulates its goal. The goal o f the publication is to present the main elements o f the accounting policy that define the procedure of internal settlements accounting with the aim of optimization of the accounting process in groups of related enterprises on the one hand and ensur ing of analytical nature and maximum trustworthiness of accounting measurements used to determine financial result on the other hand.
1. Accounting policy and accounting procedures: the notion and terms.
The regulation o f the accounting process o f internal settlements among related parties is realized within the normative base o f the system o f external regulation and as stipulated by Art. 8 o f the Law “On Accounting and Financial Reporting in Ukraine”, it is fully within the competence of the owner of an enterprise. The above mentioned level of accounting management is realized in the form of development and implementation in the group of related with controlling and subordinating relationship enterprises of a complex of internal organizational and administrative documents (orders, directions, regulations), which is one of priority directions of organizing ac counting in economic entities of related subjects o f economic activity.
One of the main internal administrative documents is accounting policy meant to ensure systematic interrelation of legal, methodological, organizational and economic factors o f each subject of economic activity included into a group o f related enterprises. “Accounting policies are the specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices applied by an entity in preparing and presenting financial statements”2. All significant accounting principles and methods that management has chosen from among alternatives or that are peculiar to a particular industry”3 are to be disclosure in accounting policy.
The least studied components o f accounting policy include procedures o f ac counting. If we consider the essence of the accounting procedure as a sequence of ordered actions, we can state that the accounting procedure envisages methodologi cal as well as arithmetic approach to accounting, defines the order of registration of facts o f economic life and in this way proves realization o f elements of the method o f accounting4. In general terms the procedures of accounting should be perceived as
2 IAS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors, http://www.iasplus.com/ en/standards/standard8.
3 I. Kieso, E. Donald, Intermediate accounting, John Wiley & Sons Canada 2007, Ltd., pp. 768, index. 4 M.C. Пушкар, M.T. Щирба, TeopiR i практ ика ф орм ування oôniKoeoï noaimuKu: м оиогр., Терно-
established order of actions towards reflection and processing of information streams concerning financial and economic activity of a subject of economic activity.
The accounting policy that belongs to internal provisions (regulations) ensuring rational construction of internal settlements accounting is the means o f documentary execution of the accounting procedure of internal settlements. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the main stages o f accounting procedure (accounting process) o f internal settlements in order to determine expediency of their formulation in an administrative document on the accounting policy of a subject of economic activity with separate sub divisions or groups of enterprises related with controlling and subordinating relationship.
2. Stages of accounting procedure of internal settlements
2.1. The documenting of internal settlements
The first stage of the accounting procedure which includes processing of initial documents is ensured through organization of document circulation at an enterprise. Rationally organized process of processing and drafting documents, especially ac counting ones, is a precondition of effectiveness o f financial management of an enterprise. In order to correctly reflect each economic activity in the accounting, the economic essence of an economic operation and its legal form should coincide. This ensures compliance with the principle of the essence prevailing over the form.
As it was mentioned above, this stage o f the accounting procedure is realized through development of the schedule of documents circulation on the basis o f a struc tured scheme of an enterprise and the group of related subjects of economic activity as one economic unit, provisions on structural subdivisions and job descriptions of employees, other internal normative acts.
The schedule of documents circulation is to include the following items: typical forms of primary accounting that should be used on an enterprise or in the group of related subjects of economic activity, pre-printed forms of strict reporting special ized primary documents, documents drafted by an enterprise itself. This document regulates terms of drafting, submitting and processing of primary documents, defines the list of documents, the period of their processing and approval; officials responsible for drafting documents; the period of submitting the documents to the accounting office; the period of their processing and transition o f documents inside of the ac counting service of an enterprise; the term o f completing all works for the reporting period before drafting accounting balance and submission o f financial statement; the procedure of submitting documents to relevant authorities.
It is advisable to draft and approve the order of documents circulation as a sepa rate annex to the administrative document on the accounting policy with which as well as with job descriptions it should be logically coordinated. It should comply with envisaged procedures of transition and registration o f all primary documents, in
particular concerning internal settlements accounting. This organizational technique ensures compliance to such element of the m ethod o f accounting as documentation.
2.2. T h e p ro c e d u r e o f tr a n s f e r r i n g d a ta p ro v in g th e facts o f re a liz a tio n o f i n te r n a l s e ttle m e n ts to a c c o u n tin g re g is te rs
The procedure of transferring data that prove facts of realization o f internal settlements to accounting registers depends on a num ber of economic, organizational, legal and methodological factors. It is defined by the form o f accounting applied on the enterprise as well as by availability of technical and program m eans for keeping records following one of selected forms (the specific form should be indicated in the general part of an administrative document on accounting policy of an enterprise). This stage ensures compliance with such element of the method o f accounting as m easurem ent, double record and bookkeeping accounts.
As organizational basis of trustw orthiness o f forming data at this stage of current accounting of internal settlements serves established list of enterprises included into the group of subjects of economic activity related with controlling and subordinat ing relationship as well as branches having separate balance records, representative offices, divisions, other separate subdivisions, com m on activity (without creating a legal entity) of enterprises included into the group. The recom m ended order of disclosing information on related enterprises in the accounting policy of a subject of economic activity belonging to the group o f related subjects of economic activity is structurally presented in Picture 1.
M ethodologically the transference of data from prim ary documents from inter nal settlements records into accounting registers is ensured through stipulation of the choice o f methods of m easurem ent o f operations of transference o f assets and liabilities among related parties.
Therefore, implementation of internal settlement operations on transference of assets and liabilities among related parties as a dynam ic process stipulates the need to apply m ethods o f m easurem ent directly during implementation o f such economic operations. Moreover, the debt sum according to internal settlements that is u n re deemed at the end of reporting period as static remains should be remeasured. Thus, m ethods o f m easurem ent of internal settlements as a dynam ic process and debt bal ance should be reflected in the accounting policy.
2.3. M e th o d s o f e v a lu a tin g in te r n a l se ttle m e n ts as a d y n a m ic p ro c e ss a n d a b a la n c e o f in d e b te d n e s s
According to Provision (standard) of accounting 23, “Related parties’ relationship disclosure”, the m easurem ent of the transactions concerning the assets and liabilities
Structure of information on related enterprises in the accounting policy of a subject of economic activity belonging to the group
Branch enterprise The list of related enterprises
Associated enterprises Joint enterprises Organizational and legal form of an enterprise belonging to a group
Type (types) of economic activity of related with controlling and subordinating relationships enterprises
>
Type of dependence relationship among related parties
Economic (participation in statutory capital) Organizational (participation in management) For economically dependent enterprises the capital share should be Degree of control of parent Г indicated
> enterprise
For organizationally dependent the list of officials and position(s) should be indicated
Method of participation in the capital Method of investment stock-taking ■
_ Method of proportional participation Chosen method of assets and liabilities measurement in performing internal settlements Methods of recalculation of income and expenditures of an economic unit outsideUkraine in foreign currency
(the exchange rate on the date of transaction or an average exchange rate for the relevant month)
Note about reporting consolidation Inclusion to or exclusion from the consolidation perimeter with method of consolidation indicated
Horizontal integration Availability of controlled
enterprises (in every related party)
> Vertical integration
Circular integration
The list of separate structural subdivisions having separate balance records and those delegated the right to issue tax invoices
Pic. 1. S uggested stru ctu re o f disclosing fo rm atio n on related enterprises in acco u n tin g policy of a subject of econom ic activity* *Source: author’s elaboration
in transactions of related parties can be implemented using the following methods: comparative uncontrolled price; resale price; “plus expenditure”; balance costs.
Among the four above presented methods of measurement of transactions among related parties [4] in the national legislative basis, definitions o f only three terms are included: “balance value o f assets” that should be understood as “value o f assets at which they are included into the balance sum”5.
5 Положения (стандарт) бухгалтерского облшу 32 «1нвестицшна нерухомють». Затверджений наказом МФУ вщ 02.07.2007, № 779, [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу: h ttp ://search .lig azak o n . u a /l doc2.nsf/link1/R E 14090.htm l.
In our opinion, for purposes of accounting records of internal groups we can also use such a definition as “carrying amount” - value o f assets, liabilities and own capital reflected in the balance’”5.
On the basis of the method of comparative uncontrolled price the methodology of price setting envisages application of the price “calculated by the price for analogical ready products (goods, works, services) sold to the buyer unrelated to the seller in usual conditions of work”7, “fair value is the sum at which the assets exchange can be realized or payment for liabilities as a result of the transaction among informed, interested and independent parties8. Thus, we can consider that methodology of price setting using the method o f comparative uncontrolled price and essence of the term “fair value” are identical.
What concerns such methods of measurement o f assets or liabilities in transactions of related parties as “resale prices” and “expenses plus”, they can rather be considered a short name for the methodology of price setting that can be used in transactions among related parties. Summarized presentation of methods of internal settlements as a dynamic process and static remains is given in Table 1.
Taking into consideration different hierarchal levels of management on which internal settlements are performed, each participant o f the transaction should mea sure debit and credit debt when drafting individual balance (the level of subject of economic activity subordinated to the main [parental] enterprise) and when realizing an elimination procedure (the level o f the main enterprise of the group) in the period o f formation o f consolidated reports. These methods should be unified for enterprises related with controlling and subordinating relationship reports of which should be consolidated, while for enterprises included into the group o f related parties - legal units reports o f which are not consolidated they can differ but on agreement o f their owners.
When choosing the method of measuring economic transactions among related parties, it is necessary to keep to the same approach. Decisive factors of adoption of an economically stipulated decision about rational choice o f the method of measure ment are: conditions in which one or another economic transaction is performed (or a transaction is performed in common conditions of functioning), and type of the activity within which it takes place (operational, investment or financial); conse quences of each economic transaction from the point of view o f their impact on the
6 Положения про порядок визначення вартосП чистих актив1в шституПв сшльного швестування (пайових та корпоративних швестицшних фонд1в). Затверджено р1шенням Державно1 KOMiciï з цшних n anepiß та фондового ринку вщ 16.12.2008, № 1441, [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу: http://zakon. rada.gov.ua/cgi-B IN /L A W S /M A IN .C G I?N R E G = Z 0606-02. 7 Положения (стандарт) бухгалтерского облжу 23 «Розкриття шформацн щодо пов’язаних сторш». Затверджений наказом МФУ вщ 18.06.2001, № 303, [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу: h ttp://zakon. rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/law s/m ain.cgi?nreg=z0539-01. 8 Положения (стандарт) бухгалтерского облшу 19 «Об’еднання шдприемств». Затверджений наказом МФУ вщ 08 жовтня 1999, № 237, [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу: http://zakon.nau.ua/ doc/?code=z0725-99.
Table 1. M easurem ent o f econom ic tran sactio n s on transference o f assets and liabilities am ong related parties*
Tim e o f m e a su re m ent Subject o f m e a su re m ent M ethod o f m e a su re
m ent C h a racteristics o f the m ethod
P e rf o rm a n c e of ec o n o m ic a c ti v it y Ass ets an d li a b il it ie s tr a n s fe re n c e of w h ic h is re a li z e d am o n g re la te d p a rt ie s C o m pared u n co n tro lled price
T he price is calculated b y th e price for analogical ready products (goods, w orks,
services) sold to th e buyer u n related to th e seller in u su al conditions o f w ork
E x ch an g e su m Resale price
A pplication o f price for ready products excluding th e relevant ex tra charge
Expenses plus
A pplication o f the price th a t includes cost price o f ready p roducts (goods, w orks, services) d e te rm in e d by a seller and relevant e x tra charge
B alance value M easurem ent o f assets and liabilities using the b alance value
O n th e da te of b a la n c e D eb it d e b t C u rr e n t F or th e m a in ac tivity a n d o th e r P rim a ry value/pure
sale value H istorical (actual) cost price
L o n g -t e rm Fo r w h ic h in te re st s a re c a lc u la te d C u rren t value
D isco u n ted sum o f fu tu re paym ents (excluding th e sum o f ex p ected reim bursem ent) th a t is ex p ected to be n eeded to clear o ff liabilities in the
process o f u su a l fu n ctio n in g o f the enterprise
O
th
e
r
P rim ary value H istorical (actual) cost price
Cred it d e b t C u rr e n t F or th e m ai n a c ti vi ty a n d o th e r
The sum to clear o ff
U ndisco u n ted sum o f costs or th e ir equiva lents w hich is expected to be paid to clear o ff liabilities in th e process o f u su al fu n ctio n in g o f
an enterprise L o n g -t e rm For w h ic h in te re st s a re c a lc u la te d C u rren t value
D isco u n ted sum o f fu tu re paym ents (excluding th e sum o f ex p ected reim bursem ent) th a t is ex p ected to be n eeded to clear o ff liabilities in the
process o f u su a l fu n ctio n in g o f the enterprise
O
th
e
r
The sum to clear o ff
U ndisco u n ted sum o f costs or th e ir equiva lents w hich is expected to be paid to clear o ff liabilities in th e process o f u su al fu n ctio n in g o f
an enterprise
share and amount of corporative rights and correspondingly the degree o f control by the owner as a result of the transaction o f transference o f assets or liabilities; the form of settlement (monetary, non-monetary, combined).
Thus, we propose to reflect internal settlement transactions as a dynamic process in accounting at balance or fair value while debt balance formed as a result of such transactions - at primary value, current value or value o f clearing off. All necessary amendments stipulated by the need to apply different accounting measurements should be made only on the date of drafting financial statement.
2.4. M e th o d o lo g ic a l g ro u n d s o f re fle c tin g i n te r n a l se ttle m e n ts o n a c c o u n tin g re c o r d s , fo rm a tio n o f a c c o u n tin g re g is te rs a n d th e p r o c e d u r e o f d r a f tin g fin a n c ia l r e p o r ts
When forming the working plan o f accounting records, in particular records for accounting internal settlement relations, there should be taken into consideration or ganizational and legal form of each enterprise and its separate structural subdivisions subordinated to the group of enterprises related with controlling and subordinating relationship, while paying attention to the type o f report drafted by each participant o f the group o f related subjects o f economic activity as well as management needs in obtaining efficient information on internal settlements.
From the whole range of synthetic accounts it is necessary to choose those applica tion which will allow to adequately reflect commercial, financial and economic activity and w ill ensure systematized formation o f comprehensive and reliable information on financial situation of each individual subject of economic activity - the participant of the group o f related enterprises - as well as the group of related subjects o f economic activity as one economic unit. This means that on the basis o f the list o f accounts and subaccounts of general accounts it is necessary to develop a nomenclature of subac counts acceptable for each subject of economic activity included into the group of enterprises related with controlling and subordinating relationship.
When developing the working plan of accounts, it is necessary to remember that data on economic transactions generalized on accounts meant for accounting internal settlement relations are used not only for drafting primary, combined and consolidated report statements but also for management of monetary streams inside of the group o f related parties, decision-making concerning crediting, provision (and receipt) of subvention, cross-subsidizing and tax planning. Therefore, in the working plan o f ac counts of the group of related enterprises it is necessary to envisage subaccounts and analytical accounts in such a hierarchal sequence that will ensure systematization of participants of internal settlements according to their organizational and legal forms and their division into those whose reporting documents are subject to consolidation, and those whose reporting documents are not consolidated. Moreover, there should be ensured arranged generalization of economic transactions among such participants
and methods of measurement of internal settlement relationships for transactions in investment, financial and operational activities. The above mentioned is reached with the help o f hierarchal approach to construction of analytical bookkeeping accounts.
Transference of data on internal settlements from accounting registers to the ledger should be ensured with the list of related parties, a schedule of documents circulation, a working plan of accounts. Thanks to the check o f turnover balance and accounts of the ledger the controlling function of accounting is realized. Taking into consideration the fact that transference of data from registers o f synthetic account ing does not envisage any peculiarities concerning individual subjects o f accounting policy (in particular internal settlements), at this stage of accounting procedure there is no need to present possible methodological techniques meant for displaying this object in an administrative document on accounting policy.
In order to check the amounts of remains registered on accounts of the ledger before drafting financial statement it is necessary to establish norms of inventory keeping of internal settlements according to their structural components. The ac counting policy of the group of related enterprises can envisage the composition of a permanent inventory commission and terms of conducting an inventory. Frequency o f conducting the inventory should be determined by the executive management body for the group of enterprises related with controlling and subordinating relationship. The terms of conducting the inventory should be indicated separately for external and internal settlements in relation to the group of counteragents. Considering the fact that the amount o f internal transactions is usually big, it is reasonable to envisage monthly inventory of internal settlements.
When performing the procedures o f drafting financial reports and reflection of internal settlements in them (transference of data of synthetic accounting o f internal settlements from the ledger into primary financial reporting documents), it is neces sary to take into consideration types of financial reporting: primary, combined and consolidated envisaged for compound in terms of organizational structure groups of enterprises related with controlling and subordinating relationship and to take into consideration availability in such groups of separate structural subdivisions. In an administrative document on accounting policy this accounting procedure should be presented through characteristics of procedures of combination and consolidation.
Such stages o f accounting procedure as processing of primary documents, regis tering accounting entries into special journals (sheets), transference o f data into the ledger, check of balance of ledger accounts can be regarded as standardized ones. In the accounting policy they are realized through formation of the schedule of docu ments circulation, the working plan of accounts (developed on the basis of the list of related parties), introducing certain form of accounting.
In organizing the accounting process o f internal settlements special attention should be paid to the procedures aimed at formation o f primary reporting documents of separate subdivisions, procedures of combined reporting (aggregation o f indices with mutual excluding o f internal economic turnovers) and consolidation (in particular
taking into consideration combined balances envisaging aggregation o f indices and elimination o f some of them). Methodological provision o f the procedure o f report drafting will ensure comparison of consolidated financial reports for different report ing periods9, disclosure of information on accounting policy o f a legal unit and its branches as a unified economic unit as well as on the change o f accounting policy.
Accounting policy adequate to economic processes o f each individual participant of the group is a precondition for formation of relevant information characterizing relations of ownership, income distribution, financial streams and compliance with settlement discipline inside of the group of related enterprises. Basic grounds o f the accounting policy should be developed by the main enterprise o f the group or the central company. They have to be unified within the group of related enterprises where each participant being a legal unit has to make individually the final decision as for disclosure in the accounting policy o f information, taking into consideration concrete economic situation in which it functions.
Accounting policy for consolidated groups included into economic formations of subjects of economic activity related with controlling and subordinating relationships should be agreed. Such an approach ensures representativeness o f results of the group in general, especially of those of its participants whose reports are consolidated.
Conclusions
Thus, agreed accounting policy o f a group o f enterprises related with controlling and subordinating relationship and unified accounting policy o f subjects o f economic activity belonging to such economic groups and having separate structural subdivi sions should be adapted to conducting representative accounting on each concrete enterprise-participant of the group through the complex of principles, methods and procedures called to adequately reflect economic processes and should be ensured through realization of organizational, methodological and technical components.
Internal regulations of a group of related enterprises developed with consider ation of presented in the paragraph provisions should correspond to specific nature of business processes of each subject o f economic activity belonging to the group and disclose organizational provision and contain documentary registration o f ac counting procedure the technology o f which should be realized through methods of accounting. Complex approach to drafting internal regulations should ensure unity of the system of accounting in internal settlements in a group of enterprises related with controlling and subordinating relationship, in particular those having separate structural subdivisions.
9 B.M. К остю ченко, О б л ж i анал1з д1яльнос,л гр у п и ш д п р и ем ств я к едино! економ1чно1 одинищ : м оногр, К.: Ц ентр учб ово! лЦ ер ату р и , 2007, pp. 504.
B ib lio g ra p h y
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4. IA S 8 A c c o u n tin g P o licies, C h a n g e s in A c c o u n tin g E stim a te s a n d E rro rs.
5. П о л о ж ен и я (стан д ар т ) б у х га л т е р с ь к о го о б л ж у 32 « 1 н в е с т и ц ш н а HepyxoMicTb». З атв е р д ж е н и й н а к а з о м М Ф У в щ 0 2 .07.2007, № 779. 6. П о л о ж е н и я п р о п о р я д о к в и зн а ч е н н я в а р т о с П ч и с т и х акти в1в iHCTHTyTiB с ш л ь н о г о ш в е с т у - в а н н я (п а й о в и х т а к о р п о р а т и в н и х ш в е с т и ц ш н и х фонд1в). З а т в е р д ж е н о р1ш ен н ям Д е р ж а в н о ! KOMiciï з ц ш н и х n a n e p iß т а ф о н д о в о го р и н к у в щ 16.12.2008, № 1441. 7. П о л о ж е н и я (с т а н д а р т ) б у х г а л т е р с ь к о г о о б л ж у 23 « Р о з к р и т т я ш ф о р м а ц п щ одо п о в ’я з а н и х CTopiH». З а т в е р д ж е н и й н а к а з о м М Ф У в щ 18.06.2001, № 303. 8. П о л о ж е н и я (с т а н д а р т ) б у х г а л т е р с ь к о г о о б л ж у 19 « О б ’е д н а н н я ш д п р и е м с т в » . З а т в е р д ж е н и й н а к а з о м М Ф У ввд 08 ж о в т н я 1999, № 237. 9. З а к о н У к р а ш и « П р о б у х г а л т е р с ь к и й обл1к т а ф 1н ан сову 3BiTHicTb в У краш Ь> в1д 16.07.1999, № 996-X IV .
A ccounting policies in m utual internal settlem ents organization a c c o r d i^ to financial accounting and reporting standards o f U kraine
S e p a ra te th e o re tic a l p o s itio n s o f a c c o u n tin g p ro c e d u re w h ic h w ill e n a b le c o m p le x fo rm in g o f p re sc rip tiv e d o c u m e n t a b o u t a c c o u n tin g p o lic y o f e n te rp ris e in th e c u t o f its s tru c tu ra l c o n s titu e n ts (p rin c ip le s , m e th o d s a n d p ro c e d u re s) w ere d e sc rib e d . S ta n d a rd iz e d p ro c e d u re s o f o p e ra tio n s, c o n c e rn in g m e a s u re m e n t an d e lim in a tio n o f tra n s a c tio n s w ith o th e r c o m p o n e n ts o f th e sam e e n tity a n d tra n sa c tio n s b e tw e e n th e re la te d p a rtie s w h ile fo rm in g c o n s o lid a te d fin a n c ia l re p o rtin g o f m u ltile v e l e n te rp ris e s and e c o n o m ic g ro u p s o f su c h e n te rp ris e s w e re a n a ly z e d a s w ell.
Polityka rachunkow ości w obszarze w zajem nych rozrachunków jednostek pow iązanych w edług rachunkow ości finansowej
i standardów spraw ozdaw czości na U krainie
W a rty k u le o p isa n o p o sz c z e g ó ln e te o re ty c z n e p o z y c je p ro c e d u ry ra c h u n k o w o ści, k tó ra u m o ż liw i stw o rzen ie k o m pleksow ego d o k u m e n tu n o rm a ty w n e g o n a te m a t po lity k i ra c h u n k o w o ści p rz e d się b io rstw a w c z ę ści d o ty c z ą c e j je j s k ła d n ik ó w stru k tu ra ln y c h (zasa d , m e to d i p ro c e d u r). A n a liz ie p o d d a n o ró w n ie ż sta n d a rd o w e p ro c e d u ry o p e ra c ji d o ty c z ą c y c h p o m ia ru i e lim in o w a n ia tra n s a k c ji z in n y m i s k ła d n ik a m i tej sam ej c a ło ści o ra z tra n s a k c je m ię d z y p o w ią z a n y m i stro n a m i p o d c z a s tw o rz e n ia sk o n so lid o w an ej sp ra w o z d a w c z o ści fin a n so w e j w ie lo p ła s z c z y z n o w y c h p r z e d s ię b io r s tw i g r u p e k o n o m ic z n y c h ty c h p rz e d się biorstw .
