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Opór wobec zmian w procesach rozwoju zewnętrznego przedsiębiorstw

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(1)Zeszyty Naukowe nr. 836. 2010. Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie. $QQD%DOFHUHN:LHV]DOD .DWHGUD(NRQRPLNLL2UJDQL]DFML3U]HGVLÚELRUVWZ. :RMFLHFK6]\POD .DWHGUD(NRQRPLNLL2UJDQL]DFML3U]HGVLÚELRUVWZ. 2SyUZREHF]PLDQZSURFHVDFK UR]ZRMX]HZQĕWU]QHJR SU]HGVLĕELRUVWZ :VWÚS :VSyãF]HVQHSU]HGVLĕELRUVWZRXVWDZLF]QLHSRGOHJD]PLDQRPQDVNXWHNWDNLFK ]MDZLVNMDNJOREDOL]DFMDUR]ZyMU\QNyZD]MDW\FNLFKV]\ENRUR]ZLMDMćFHVLĕ WHFKQRORJLHF]\WHŧV]F]HJyOQLHZURG]LPHMJRVSRGDUFHSURFHV\UHVWUXNWXU\]DFML LSU\ZDW\]DFMLSU]HGVLĕELRUVWZ=PLDQLHXOHJDMćVWUDWHJLH ZSURZDG]HQLHQRZ\FK SURGXNWyZZHMŋFLHQDQRZHU\QNL

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(19) Opór wobec zmian w procesach rozwoju…. 199. Z]LĕFLHP]QDF]QLHEDUG]LHMVNRPSOLNRZDQ\PZ\PDJDMćF\PF]ĕVWR]QDF]Q\FK QDNãDGyZILQDQVRZ\FKRJURPQHJRZ\VLãNXLQWHOHNWXDOQHJRL]DDQJDŧRZDQLD ]HVWURQ\NLHURZQLFWZDILUP\ILUPLLQQ\FKRVyEZGUDŧDMćF\FK]PLDQ\ UR]SR F]\QDMćFHJRVLĕQLHNLHG\QDZLHOHPLHVLĕF\SU]HGU]HF]\ZLVW\PSRãćF]HQLHP

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(22) 200. Anna Balcerek-Wieszala, Wojciech Szymla. ² SU]HURVWNRV]WyZ]PLHQLDQLDZ\QLNDMćF\]H]E\WZLHOX]PLDQZSURZDG]D Q\FKMHGQRF]HŋQLHL]ZLć]DQH]W\PWUXGQRŋFL]]DFKRZDQLHPFLćJãRŋFLSUDF\ ² REDZDSU]HGXWUDWćWZDU]\MDNRZQLRVHNŧHWRFRSUDFRZQLF\URELOLZF]H ŋQLHME\ãREãĕGQHLQLHZãDŋFLZHSU]H]FRMHVWLPREHFQLHQLH]UĕF]QLH ² WURVNDRZãDVQHNRPSHWHQFMHZ\QLNDMćFD]HVWUDFKXF]\VNXWHF]QLHSRUDG]ć VRELH]QRZ\PLZ\PDJDQLDPL ² QDGPLDUSUDF\NWyUHMVWDOHSU]\E\ZDZ\PDJDMćFHMXF]HQLDVLĕ ² QDFKRG]HQLHQDVLHELHHIHNWyZNLONXZGUDŧDQ\FKMHGQRF]HŋQLH]PLDQFR Z\PDJDFLćJãHMNRUHNW\SODQyZDZ\QLND]EUDNXZLHG]\RLVWQLHMćF\FKSRZLć]D QLDFKLSRGHMPRZDQLDG]LDãDĸEH]ZF]HŋQLHMV]HJRUR]H]QDQLDV\WXDFML ² SU]\SRPQLHQLHVRELHSU]HV]ã\FKGRŋZLDGF]HĸJG\WUXGQRŋFL]ZLć]DQH]ZGUD ŧDQLHP]PLDQPLDã\SU]\QLHŋþSR]\W\ZQHHIHNW\SUDF\L]DJZDUDQWRZDþVXNFHV SU]HGVLĕELRUVWZGRF]HJRMHGQDNQLHGRV]ãRVNDUJLMDNLHZyZF]DV]JãDV]DQRE\ã\ OHNFHZDŧRQH ² U]HF]\ZLVWH]DJURŧHQLHER]PLDQDQDMF]ĕŋFLHMSRZRGXMĕXWUDWĕF]HJRŋLEyO :VNUyFLHWHSU]\F]\Q\PRŧQDRSLVDþQDSU]\NãDG]LHSUDFRZQLNDNWyU\ GRNãDGQLHQLHZLHMDNLH]PLDQ\PDMćQDVWćSLþMDNLHEĕGćRQHPLDã\VNXWNLGOD QLHJRQLHUR]XPLHLQLHXIDÅQRZ\Pµ OXG]LRPVWUXNWXURP

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