Anna Drab-Kurowska
Shaping competition policy in postal
market : evaluation of using tools on
the example of Poland and Denmark
Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług nr 122, 197-204
IS S N : 1 8 9 6 -3 8 2 X | w w w .w n u s .e d u .p l/p l/e d u / DOI: 10.18276/epu.2016.122-18 | strony: 199-206
ANNA DRAB-KURO WSKA
U n i v e r s i t y o f S z c z e c i n 1
SHAPING COMPETITION POLICY IN POSTAL MARKET - EVALUATION OF USING
TOOLS ON THE EXAMPLE OF POLAND AND DENMARK
Summary
T h e a r t ic l e p r e s e n ts a n a n a ly s is o f t h e p o s t a l m a r k e t o n th e e x a m p le o f P o l i s h a n d D a n is h . I n p a r t ic u l a r , w e p r e s e n t a n a s s e s s m e n t o f th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f c o m p e t it io n i n th e s e m a r k e ts . T h e y p o in t e d to f a c t o r s s u c h a s th e le v e l o f in d e p e n d e n c e o f th e r e g u l a to r s o f t h e p o s t a l m a r k e t, th e a r e a o f u n iv e r s a l s e r v ic e a n d a v a il a b il it y o f t h e in f r a s t r u c tu r e b y a lt e r n a t iv e o p e r a to r s .Keywords:
p o s t a l m a r k e t, c o m p e t it io n p o lic y , to o l s o f e c o n o m i c p o lic y .Introduction
F o r m a n y y e a r s , t h e p o s t m a r k e t h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r e d s t r a t e g i c f o r t h e e c o n o m y o f e v e r y s t a t e ( B u d z i e w i c z - G u z l e c k a 2 0 1 2 ) . T r e m e n d o u s t e c h n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s f o r c e d t h e n a t i o n a l o p e r a t o r s t o a d j u s t t h e i r s e r v i c e s t o n e e d s o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n s o c i e t y , u s e e m e r g i n g b u s i n e s s o p p o r t u n i t i e s a n d p a y m o r e a t t e n t i o n t o a r a p i d l y g r o w i n g d i r e c t a n d i n d i r e c t c o m p e t i t i o n ( e .g . e l e c t r o n i c m a i l ) ( K o t y l a k 2 0 0 9 ; K u b i a k , B a d z i n s k a 2 0 1 3 ) . W i t h t h e g r o w i n g d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n o f p o s t a l s e r v i c e s , t h e v a l u e o f t h e m a r k e t i n c r e a s e d a t t r a c t i n g a d d i t i o n a l i n t e r e s t o f t h e s t a t e a s a p o t e n t i a l s o u r c e o f b u d g e t r e v e n u e . M a r k e t l i b e r a l i z a t i o n h a d a m a j o r i m p a c t o n t h e p o s t a l b u s i n e s s i n t h e E u r o p e a n U n i o n , a n d t h e p r o c e s s b r o u g h t s t e a d i l y g r o w i n g c o m p e t i t i o n f r o m p r i v a t e o p e r a t o r s . T h i s n e c e s s i t a t e d h a r m o n i z i n g t h e n a t i o n a l l a w w i t h r e l e v a n t E U r e g u l a t i o n s a i m e d a t e n h a n c i n g c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s o n t h e m a r k e t l e a d i n g198
Shaping competition policy in postal market - evaluation o f using tools...
t o i m p r o v e d f l e x i b i l i t y a n d c o n t i n u o u s i n n o v a t i o n i n t h e a r e a o f p o s t a l s e r v i c e s ( C h o r ó b 2 0 1 3 ) . G o a l s o f t h e a r t i c l e i n c l u d e : - p r e s e n t i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n o n t h e p o s t a l m a r k e t i n D e n m a r k a n d P o l a n d i n t h e c o n t e x t o f g r o w i n g c o m p e t i t i o n ; a n d - i n d i c a t i n g s e l e c t e d t o o l s o f t h e e c o n o m i c p o l i c y , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f c o m p e t i t i o n o n t h e p o s t a l m a r k e t . I n t h e v i e w o f t h e g o a l s s p e c i f i e d a b o v e , t h e a r t i c l e m a k e s r e f e r e n c e s t o s p e c i f ic r e g u l a t i o n s a s a b a s i s f o r e x a m i n i n g r e l e v a n t is s u e s . I t is t h e n f o l l o w e d b y a d e s c r i p t i o n o f p o s t a l m a r k e t s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e a r t i c l e p r e s e n t s s e l e c t e d e c o n o m i c p o l i c y t o o l s t h a t h a v e d i r e c t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e p o s t a l m a r k e t .1. Growing competition on the postal market
D e s p it e a c o m p l e te o p e n in g o f th e E U m a r k e t i n 2 0 1 3 , t h e c o m p e t it io n o n th e le t te r m a r k e t h a s b e e n s te a d il y g r o w in g i n th e m a j o r i t y o f E U m e m b e r s ta te s , w h e r e a s o p e r a t o r s p r o v i d in g a u n i v e r s a l s e r v ic e m a i n t a i n e d t h e i r m a j o r i ty s ta k e i n m o s t c o u n tr ie s . O u t o f 15 m e m b e r s s ta te s t h a t c o m p l e t e l y o p e n e d t h e i r m a r k e ts b e f o r e 2 0 1 1 ( in c lu d i n g D e n m a r k ) , in 2 0 1 3 e i g h t h a d o v e r 5 p e r c e n t c o m p e t i t i o n o n t h e l e t te r m a r k e t (a s r e g a r d s n u m b e r o f le tte r s ) . I n t h e g r o u p o f c o u n tr ie s w h i c h o p e n e d t h a t m a r k e ts a f te r 2 0 1 1 , u n t i l th e m i d - 2 0 1 3 , c o m p e t it o r s e x c e e d e d t h e i r 5 % s ta k e o f th e l e t te r m a r k e t in f iv e o f th e m . I n c o u n tr ie s w h i c h a ll o w e d c o m p e t it io n o n th e l e t te r m a r k e t, o p e r a t o r s p r o v i d in g ‘d o o r - t o - d o o r ’ s e r v ic e w h i c h d e v e l o p e d t h e i r o w n d is tr i b u ti o n n e t w o r k d e l i v e r le tte r s th e m s e l v e s . I n c o u n tr ie s w h e r e u n iv e r s a l s e r v ic e o p e r a t o r s u s e o t h e r b u s i n e s s e s f o r t h e f i n a l d e li v e r y , c o m p e t it io n r e g a r d in g a c c e s s to th e m a r k e t d e v e l o p e d i n S lo v e n ia , G r e a t B r it a in a n d G e r m a n y . I n s o m e E U m e m b e r s ta te s , d o m e s ti c c o m p e t it io n a u th o r i tie s a c c u s e d u n iv e r s a l s e r v ic e p r o v i d e r s o f a n ti - c o m p e ti ti o n b e h a v i o u r a n d m i s u s e o f a d o m i n a ti n g p o s i ti o n . S u c h i n s ta n c e s a p p lie d to il le g a l d is c o u n ts g i v e n to b u s i n e s s c lie n ts , n a r r o w m a r g i n a n d m a j o r p r i c e r e d u c t io n ( N a g a j 2 0 1 3 ) . T h e a b o v e m a y e n ti r e l y e x c lu d e c o m p e t it io n . E n tr y t o th e m a r k e t a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f c o m p e t it io n c a n b e h a m p e r e d b y c e r t a in r e g u l a to r y p r a c t ic e s , s u c h a s r e s tr i c ti o n s o n p e r m is s io n s g i v e n to n e w b u s i n e s s e s , m u c h b e y o n d th e r a n g e d e f i n e d in t h e D ir e c tiv e .
2. Postal services market in Denmark and Poland - comparative analysis
T h e a n a l y s i s s h o u l d s t a r t f r o m d e f i n i n g r e g u l a t o r y is s u e s . T a b l e 1 p r e s e n t s k e y i s s u e s r e l a t e d t o p o s t a l m a r k e t r e g u l a t i o n i n D e n m a r k a n d P o l a n d .
A n o t h e r c o m p a r i s o n is m a d e b e t w e e n t h e s c o p e o f u n i v e r s a l s e r v i c e s ( t a b l e 2 ) , w h i c h i n D e n m a r k i s m u c h w i d e r f o r s p e c i f i c g r o u p s o f s e r v i c e s i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h P o l a n d .
T a b le 1
I n s titu tio n a l F ra m e w o r k a n d N a tio n a l C o m p e titio n A u th o rity
Institutional Framework
Denmark Poland
M in istr y f o r p o s ta l p o lic y
Ministry o f Transport Ministry o f Administration and
Digital Affairs o f Poland.
National regulatory authority
Danish Transport Authority Office of Electronic Communi
cations
National Competition Authority
Denmark Poland National competition
authority
Danish Competition and Consumer Authority
Office of Competition and Consumer Protection
Prim ary authority for competition rules
National competition authority (NCA) National regulatory authority
for postal affairs (NRA)
(N C A ) N R A /N CA cooperation
Share data: Yes Regular consult: No Coord agmt: No
Share data: Yes Regular consult: No Coord agmt: No S o u rce: M a in D e v e lo p m e n ts in th e P o s ta l S e c to r ( 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 1 3 ) C o u n try R e p o rts , W IK C o n su lt, B a d H o o n e f 2 0 1 3 , p . 2 5 - 2 7 , 9 4 -9 7 . T a b le 2 T h e s c o p e o f u n iv e r s a l s e rv ic e s in D e n m a rk a n d P o la n d
Scope of Universal Service
Service Ensured Price regulated Service standards D K P L D K P L D K P L Single piece letter
post (F S C ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes B u lk letters Yes No No No B u lk advertise ments Yes No Yes No Yes No Newspapers, maga
zines, etc. Yes
No
No No No No
Non-priority corre
spondence Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Single piece parcels Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
B u lk parcels Yes No Yes No Yes No
Delivery frequency for L P 6 days per week 5 days per week Delivery frequency for parcels 5 days per week 5 days per week Delivery point: Par cels must be delivered without charge to addressee Delivery point: Par cels must be delivered without charge to addressee
Source: M ain Developments in the Postal Sector (2010-2013) Country Reports, W IK C on sult, B ad H oonef 2013, p. 25-27, 94-97.
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F r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f p o s t a l m a r k e t d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e a c c e s s t o t h e m a r k e t is p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t . I n P o l a n d , o p e r a t o r s m a y s t a r t o p e r a t i n g b a s e d o n a n e n t r y t o a r e g i s t e r r u n b y t h e p o s t a l m a r k e t r e g u l a t o r . T h i s is c o n s i d e r e d a v e r y l i b e r a l s o l u t i o n . H o w e v e r , i n a n u m b e r o f E U m e m b e r s s t a t e s , i n c l u d i n g D e n m a r k , a p r o s p e c t i v e p o s t a l o p e r a t o r n e e d s t o m e e t m o r e s t r i n g e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s , n a m e l y o b t a i n a l i c e n c e o r a p e r m i t ( t a b l e 3 ) . O p e r a t o r s d e l i v e r i n g l e t t e r s ( u p t o 1 k g ) a r e r e q u i r e d to h a v e i n d i v i d u a l l i c e n c e s i n s u c h c o u n t r i e s a s F i n l a n d , F r a n c e , S w e d e n a n d G e r m a n y , w h e r e a s g e n e r a l p e r m i t s a r e m a n d a t o r y i n I t a l y a n d S p a in . I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n a l i c e n c e o r a p e r m i t , a n e n t i t y n e e d s t o p a y a f e e t o a s i n k i n g f u n d o r m e e t o t h e r o b l i g a t i o n s , e .g . m a i n t a i n s e r v i c e q u a l i t y o r m e e t c o m p e t i t i o n r u l e s . T a b le 3 L e g a l T re a tm e n t o f C o m p e titiv e S e rv ic e sLe gal Treatment of Competitive Services
DK
PL
Special tariffs are trans
parent and non
discriminatory?
B u lk letters: R e q u ire d by la w b u t n o t v erifie d in p ra c tice
D ire c t m ail: R eq u ired by la w b u t n o t v erifie d in p ra c tice B u lk parcels: R e q u ire d by la w b u t n o t v erifie d in p ra c tice B u lk letters: R e q u ire d by la w b u t n o t v erifie d in p ractice D ire c t m ail: N o t re q u ire d b y la w o r v erifie d in p ractice B u lk parcels: R e q u ire d by la w b u t n o t v erifie d in p ractice
Special tariffs are availa
ble to other postal opera
tors?
B u lk letters: R e q u ire d by la w b u t n o t v erifie d in p ra c tice
D ire c t m ail: R eq u ired by la w b u t n o t v erifie d in p ra c tice B u lk parcels: R e q u ire d by la w b u t n o t v erifie d in p ra c tice B u lk letters: N o t re q u ire d by la w o r v erifie d in p ractice D ire c t m ail: N o t re q u ire d b y la w o r v erified in p ractice
B u lk parcels: R e q u ire d b y la w b u t n o t v erifie d in p ractice
Licence required within
US area
G en eral au th o risatio n re q u ired fo r p ro v isio n o f som e serv ices w ith th e u n iv ersal service area
N o au th o risatio n req u ire d fo r p ro v isio n o f serv ices w ith th e u n iv ersal service area
Use of potentially restric
tive authorisation condi
tions
U niv. servs: N o Q uality co nditions: N o C om petence: N o
U niv. servs: N o
Q u ality conditio n s: Y es C o m p e tence: Y es
Access to postal infra
structure by competitors
A ddr. database: Y es P o st office boxes: Y es D e livery boxes: Y es A ddr. database: N o P o s t office boxes: Y es D eliv ery boxes: Y esSource: M ain Developments in the Postal Sector (2010-2013) Country Reports, W IK C on sult, B ad H oonef 2013, p. 25-27, 94-97.
3. Selected economic policy tools on the postal service market
T h e g r o w t h o f c o m p e t i t i o n o n t h e p o s t a l s e r v i c e m a r k e t d e p e n d s o n s e v e r a l e c o n o m i c p o l i c y i n s t r u m e n t s ( m e n t i o n e d a b o v e ) w h i c h e i t h e r d i s c o u r a g e o r a t t r a c t n e w p o s t a l o p e r a t o r s . B e l o w p r e s e n t e d a r e t w o o f t h e t o o l s t h a t h a v e m a j o r i m p a c t o n t h e m a r k e t c o n c e r n e d . T h e s e i n c l u d e : - d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t o r , a n d - r e g u l a t i o n s o n a c c e s s t o t h e p o s t a l in f r a s t r u c t u r e . T h e d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t o r w a s i n t r o d u c e d t o m i t i g a t e n e g a t i v e s o c i a l c o n s e q u e n c e s o f m a r k e t l i b e r a l i s a t i o n . I n D e n m a r k , P o s t D a n m a r k is t h e d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t o r . T h e c o m p a n y is a p a r t o f P o s t N o r d A B , i n w h i c h 6 0 % o f t h e s t a k e is o w n e d b y t h e S w e d i s h G o v e r n m e n t , w h e r e a s 4 0 % b y D e n m a r k . I n P o l a n d , s u c h a r o l e is p l a y e d b y P o c z t a P o l s k a S .A ., a S t a t e T r e a s u r y C o m p a n y . D e s p i t e c o m p l e t e l i b e r a l i s a t i o n o f t h e p o s t a l m a r k e t , t h e d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t o r g u a r a n t e e s t h a t a ll c i t i z e n s h a v e a c c e s s t o h i g h q u a l i t y a n d a f f o r d a b l e s e r v i c e s p r o v i d e d i n v i r t u a l l y a n y l o c a t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y o n t h e s a m e c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s is p o s s i b l e a ls o b e c a u s e P o c z t a P o l s k a S .A . p r e p a r e d a l r e a d y i n 2 0 0 9 a s t r a t e g y f o r t h e n e x t y e a r s , c o n t a i n i n g i n i t i a t i v e s a n d a c t i o n s i n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n t h e c o m p a n y 's f i n a n c i a l s t a b i l i t y u n d e r f u l l c o m p e t i t i o n c o n d i t i o n s ( C z a p l e w s k i 2 0 1 1 , p . 4 0 ) . T h e f u l l o p e n i n g o f t h e p o s t a l m a r k e t b e n e f i t s t h e e n t i r e e c o n o m y o f t h e E U , a n d i m p r o v e s t h e q u a l i t y a n d r e d u c e s p r i c e s . H o w e v e r , p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f g e n e r a t i n g p r o f i t m a y l e a d t o r e s t r i c t i n g t h e a c c e s s t o p o s t a l s e r v i c e s f o r s p e c i f i c g r o u p s , in p a r t i c u l a r p e o p l e l i v i n g i n t h e m o u n t a i n s , a s w e l l a s r u r a l a n d s p a r s e l y p o p u l a t e d a r e a s . I t i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t t o e x a m i n e o b l i g a t i o n s o f t h e d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t o r , w h i c h i n c l u d e c r e a t i n g a s u f f i c i e n t n e t w o r k o f p o s t o f f i c e s a n d p o s t o f f i c e b o x e s , a ls o in a r e a o f l o w p o p u l a t i o n . I n t h e l a t t e r , p o s t a l s e r v i c e s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t in e n s u r i n g c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n p e o p l e , p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n e c o n o m i c l i f e a n d l a b o u r m a r k e t , w h i c h t r a n s l a t e s i n t o s o c i a l a n d t e r r i t o r i a l c o h e s i o n i n a c o u n t r y . A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t o b l i g a t i o n o f t h e d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t o r is t o e n s u r e f r e q u e n c y o f p o s t a l s e r v i c e s , e .g . d e l i v e r y a t l e a s t o n c e a d a y f o r f i v e d a y s a w e e k . Y e t a n o t h e r f a c t o r w h i c h p r e v e n t s e x c l u s i o n is a f f o r d a b l e p r i c e a n d s i n g l e t a r i f f a ll o v e r t h e c o u n t r y , r e g a r d l e s s g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n o f a c l i e n t a n d c o s t f o r t h e p o s t . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , a g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e is t h a t p r i c e s o f u n i v e r s a l p o s t a l s e r v i c e s s h o u l d c o r r e s p o n d w i t h t h e c o s t i n c u r r e d b y t h e d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t o r a n d d o n o t d i s t o r t t h e c o m p e t i t i o n . T o m e e t t h o s e r e q u i r e m e n t s , t h e p o s t a l m a r k e t is s u p e r v i s e d b y t h e p o s t a l m a r k e t r e g u l a t o r . 2 A n o t h e r e c o n o m i c p o l i c y t o o l , h a v i n g a m a j o r i m p a c t o n t h e p o s t a l s e r v i c e m a r k e t , is t h e a c c e s s t o t h e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . T h u s , a p p r o p r i a t e r e g u l a t i o n s e n s u r i n g2 D esig n ated o p e ra to r in th e E u ro p e a n U nion. S o lu tio n s a p p lied in p ro v isio n o f p u b lic p o stal serv ices in 2 7 E U m e m b e r states.
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a c c e s s t o t h e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e s t i m u l a t e c o m p e t i t i o n . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e T h i r d P o s t a l D i r e c t i v e , d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t o r s i n a l l E U m e m b e r s s t a t e s a r e r e q u i r e d t o p r o v i d e a c c e s s f o r o t h e r o p e r a t o r s t o s e l e c t e d p a r t s o f t h e i r o w n p o s t a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , e .g . s y s t e m o f p o s t c o d e s , d a t a b a s e o f a d d r e s s e s f o r r e d i r e c t i n g p o s t i n g s , p o s t o f f i c e b o x e s , a n d d e l i v e r y b o x e s . A s r e g a r d s o t h e r e l e m e n t s o f t h e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , a c c o r d in g t o a r t i c l e 11 o f t h e T h i r d P o s t a l D i r e c t i v e , m e m b e r s t a t e s s h o u l d a d o p t h a r m o n i s a t i o n m e a s u r e s n e c e s s a r y t o e n s u r e t r a n s p a r e n t a n d n o n - d i s c r i m i n a t o r y a c c e s s t o t h e p o s t a l n e t w o r k f o r a l l u s e r s a n d p o s t a l o p e r a t o r s . T h e r e p o r t o n t h e ‘M a i n D e v e l o p m e n t s i n t h e P o s t a l S e c t o r ( 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 1 3 ) ’, d e v e l o p e d b y W I K C o n s u l t , a G e r m a n r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e , a n d c o m m i s s i o n e d b y t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m i s s i o n , p r o v i d e s a d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f t h e p o s t a l o p e r a t o r s ’ i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i n p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r i e s ( t a b l e 4 ). T a b le 4 A c c e s s p ro v id e d to p o s ta l in fra s tru c tu re in E U m e m b e r sta te sAccess to postal infrastructure in EU
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B elg iu m , B u lg aria, C roatia, F in lan d , Spain, N eth erlan d s, Irelan d , L atv ia, R o m an ia, S lo vakia, S w ed en S o u r c e : W IK M a in D e v e lo p m e n ts in th e P o s ta l S e c to r 2 0 1 0 -2 0 1 3 . N o n e o f E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s d e c i d e d t o e n s u r e f u l l a c c e s s t o a l l p a r t o f t h e d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t o r ’s n e t w o r k . S e l e c t e d c o u n t r i e s ( B e l g i u m , E s t o n i a , G e r m a n y , L a t v i a , L i t h u a n i a , M a l t a , P o r t u g a l , S l o v e n i a , G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d H u n g a r y ) p r o v i d e a c c e s s to t h e f i n a l s t a g e o f t h e s e r v i c e , n a m e l y t h e d e l i v e r y , a ls o k n o w n a s th e d o w n s t r e a m a c c e s s , w h i c h r e q u i r e s t h e d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t o r t o d e l i v e r m a i l p r o v i d e d b y o t h e r u n i v e r s a l s e r v i c e o p e r a t o r s o r i n c l u d e d i n u n i v e r s a l s e r v i c e s . R e g u l a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e a c c e s s t o t h e p o s t a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e c a n b e d i v i d e d in t o t h r e e m a i n t y p e s ( P o l i s h P o s t a l I n s t i t u t e 2 0 1 5 ) : - P r o v i s i o n o f a c c e s s t o t h e p o s t a l n e t w o r k ( a c c o r d i n g t o d o m e s t i c l a w ) a n d p a r t s o f i t s i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . S u c h a s o l u t i o n h a s b e e n a p p l i e d f o r i n s t a n c e i n D e n m a r k . - O p e n i n g o f p o s t a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e c a t a l o g u e ( b y i n d i c a t i n g s a m p l e c a l c u l a t i o n ) , a p p l i e d i n s u c h c o u n t r i e s a s B e l g i u m a n d E s t o n i a . - P r o v i d i n g a c c e s s to l i s t e d e l e m e n t s o f p o s t a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , a p p l i e d i n P o la n d . P o i n t 3 4 o f t h e p r e a m b l e t o t h e T h i r d P o s t a l D i r e c t i v e r e f e r s t o t h e o b l i g a t i o n o f e n s u r i n g i n t e r o p e r a b i l i t y o f p o s t a l n e t w o r k s i n c a s e th e r e a r e s e v e r a l o p e r a t o r s
p r o v i d i n g a u n i v e r s a l s e r v i c e a n d h a v i n g t h e i r r e g i o n a l p o s t a l n e t w o r k s . S o f a r , D e n m a r k a n d P o l a n d d e c i d e d t o h a v e o n l y o n e d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t o r . T h e f i n a l s c o p e o f t h e a c c e s s t o t h e p o s t a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i n p a r t i c u l a r E U s t a t e s m a y v a r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e p e n d i n g o n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f a n i n d i v i d u a l p o s t a l m a r k e t , s e e t a b l e b e lo w . T a b le 5 A c c e s s to p o s ta l in f ra s tru c tu re in D e n m a rk a n d P o la n d A c c e s s to : P o s t c o d e s P o s t o ffic e b o x e s D e liv e r y b o x e s A d d r e s s d a t a b a s e C h a n g e s in a d d r e s s d a t a b a s e R e t u r n s e r v ic e s D e n m a r k + + + + + + P o l a n d + + + S o u r c e : W IK M a in D e v e lo p m e n ts in th e P o s ta l S e c to r 2 0 1 0 -2 0 1 3 . A c c e s s t o p o s t a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i n D e n m a r k i s w i d e r t h a n i n P o l a n d . T h i s c r e a te s b e t t e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r a l t e r n a t i v e o p e r a t o r s i n t e r e s t e d i n o p e r a t i n g o n t h e D a n i s h p o s t a l m a r k e t .
Conclusions
E a c h m e m b e r s t a t e r e g u l a t e s i t s p o s t a l m a r k e t a s p r e s c r i b e d b y P o s t a l D i r e c ti v e s . T h e a n a l y s i s o f E u r o p e a n s o l u t i o n s ( i n c l u d i n g t h o s e i n D e n m a r k a n d P o l a n d ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t p r e v i o u s p u b l i c o p e r a t o r s b e c o m e d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t o r s d u e t o t h e i r m u l t i p l e - y e a r e x p e r i e n c e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e w a s n o c o n c e r n t h a t t h e d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t o r w o u l d f a i l t o p r o v i d e u n i v e r s a l s e r v i c e s o f r e l e v a n t s t a n d a r d .Literature
1. B u d z ie w ic z - G u ź l e c k a , A . ( 2 0 1 2 ) . M a n a g e m e n t o f C h a n g e s i n E n te r p r is e s a s a F o r m o f A d a p ta ti o n to E - E c o n o m y . Z eszyty N aukow e U niw ersytetu S zczecińskie go. S cien tific Journal. Service M a n a g e m e n t, 8, 1 9 9 - 2 0 7 .2. C h o ró b , R . (2 0 1 3 ). Instytucjonalne determ inanty rozwoju innow acyjnych pow iązań integracyjnych. Zeszyty N aukow e Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. E konom iczne P ro blem y Usług,(1 0 4 E u r o p e js k a p r z e s tr z e ń k o m u n ik a c ji e le k tro n ic z n e j. T . 1), 1 6 9 - 1 7 7 . 3. C z a p ie w s k i, M . ( 2 0 1 1 ) . B ehaviors o f the P olish P o st before the f u l l p o s ta l m a rket
lib era liza tio n, in : m a te r ia ły k o n f e r e n c ji I P o C C „ I n t e r n a t io n a l P o s t a l a n d e - C o m m u n ic a t io n C o n f e r e n c e ” , I n s tit u t J a n a P e r n e r a o .p .s ., P a r d u b i c e 2 0 1 2 .
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4. K o ty la k , S. (2 0 0 9 ) . K o n tr o la s p o łe c z n a a d m in is tr a c ji w k o n te k ś c ie r o z w o ju s p o łe c z e ń s tw a in f o r m a c y jn e g o . Zeszyty N aukow e Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, E kono m iczne P roblem y Usług ( S o c ia l c o n tr o l a d m in is tr a tio n i n th e c o n te x t o f th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e in f o r m a tio n s o c je ty . Scientific P apers o f the U niversity o f Szczecin, Econom ic P roblem s Services),n r 3 5 , c z . 2: R ynki przesyłu i przetw arzania inform acji - stan obecny i p erspektyw y rozw oju (M arkets transm ission a n d p rocessing o f infor m ation - current state a n d developm ent prospects), 1 2 1 - 1 3 5 .
5. K u b ia k , K .; B a d z iń s k a , E . ( 2 0 1 3 ) . Z a s to s o w a n i e te c h n o l o g i i i n f o r m a t y c z n y c h w k o n te k ś c ie r o z w o ju w ie d z y w o r g a n iz a c ji. Z eszyty N aukow e U niw ersytetu S zcze cińskiego, E konom iczne P ro b lem y U sług n r 104: E uropejska p rzestrzeń ko m u n ika cji elektronicznej, t. 1 ( T h e u s e o f in f o r m a t io n te c h n o l o g y i n th e c o n te x t o f th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f k n o w le d g e i n th e o r g a n iz a tio n . S cien tific P a p ers o f the U niversity o f Szczecin, E co n o m ic P ro b lem s o f the Services, N o . 1 0 4 : E u ropean area o f elec tronic com m unication,V o l. 1), 3 4 1 - 3 4 8 .
6 . M a in D evelo p m en ts in the P o sta l S ecto r (2 010-2013) C ountry R eports, W I K C o n s u lt, B a d H o o n e f 2 0 1 3 .
7 . M ię d zy obow iązkiem a korzyścią biznesow ą - udostępnianie infrastruktury p o c z tow ej (sieci p o czto w ej) p r z e z operatora w yznaczonego. P rze g lą d rozw iązań europejskich (B etw een o bligation a n d business p r o fit - p ro v id in g access to p o sta l infrastructure [p o sta l n etw ork] b y d e sig n a ted operators. E u ropean solutions), P o l i s h P o s t a l I n s titu te , O c t o b e r 2 0 1 5 , 2 1 .
8. N a g a j, R . ( 2 0 1 3 ) . A n E c o n o m i c R e g u la t io n M e t h o d a n d th e D e v e lo p m e n t o f E n d U s e r E le c t r ic i ty P r ic e s . A c tu a l P ro b lem s o f E conom ics, N o . 1 (V o l. 2 ), p . 9 0 - 9 9 .
