Widok Summaries in English
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(9) Ei..,a Rewers. "Transculturalism or Glocalism? Two Discourses on the Postmodern Condition" Following Lotman's position on the necessary coexfatence and overlapping of two or more languages, Rewers argues that multicuJturaiism is not just a cultural or social postulate but a basie, primordial situation of the postmodem world. Alongside globaHsation it has become a key notion, used to describe what Rewers calls the ground level in the study of culture. Further, she explores Florian Znaniecki's approach to cu!tura! space and Ronald Robertson's notion of glocalisation as a global perspective adapted to loca! circumstances and conditions. Rewers singles out urban spaces as the most interesting areas for the study of cultural space. She puts forward a project of transcultural and transdisciplinary studies focused on urban space, which should become part of what she describes as critical cultural studies.. Edward. Możejko. "A Great Chance or an Illusion. Multiculturalism in the Age of Postmodernity" "A Great Chance or an Ulusion. Multiculturalism in the Age of Postmodernity" takes as its starting point a discussion of Charles Taylor's essay "Multiculturalism and the Politics of Recognition". Możejko, following Taylor, reconstructs the development of the ideological and philosophical foundations of multiculturalism. However, he points to the fundamental difficulty connected with the definition of multiculturalism, the impossibility of solving its arnbiguity and reducing its polysemy. .Możejko distinguishes officia) multicuJturalism (characteńsed by the assumption and recognition of the equality of all cultures in terms of their geography, races and religions) and unofficiaJ multiculluralism (which implies a form of actlvity meant to prevent the repression of selected social and ethnic gro ups and their identities). What remains the central issue in all discussions of multiculturalism is our attitude to the Other and the relationships which originate from an encounter with other cultures and identities.. Woj ci ech Ka 1ag a "The Obligation of the Other. The Third" Any identity (an individual, a community, a nation} exists with an inherent debt towards the Other, since - as an identity - it constructs itself to a large extent througb the difference frorn and of the Other. Thls ontological predicament inevitably involves an ethkal question - the question of reciprocity: one' s obligation is to repay the · debt. That ethical question is frequently annulled through an essentialist construal of the concept of identity. lf we reject or want to avoid essentialism, bowever, we have to recognize the obligation and find ways of fulfilling it: through obliterating clear-cut boundaries and construing identities as nebular densities rather than as reified objectivities and, consequently, through internalizing the difference and through accommodating the Other inro the space of one' s own identity. Yet, since reciprocity is of itself a symmetrical concept and must work both ways, the question of obligation must also be reversed: what are the obligations of the Other? Can the obligation to reciprocate be waived from the Other in certain circumstances? Or will it rather be an incapacitation of ihe Other through deprivation of responsibility? The problem becomes particularly acute in the circumstances of displacement: exile, emigration. or even hospitality. All these circumstances involve a mis ba lance of power, an interpenetration and a conflict of values, legitimisation of individual and communal expectations. In such a context, while keeping in mind the ethical aspect of obligation, one must also be aware of its political and axiological implications, especially when the problem of reciprocity is approached in terms of racial, ethnic and cultural difference. The objective of the essay is to explore those multifaceted aspects of the obligation of reciprocity and to place tbem in the context of post-Cartesian notions of subjeclivity on the one hand, and of multiculturalism, on the other hand..
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